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Gol'tsman, G.; Minaeva, O.; Korneev, A.; Tarkhov, M.; Rubtsova, I.; Divochiy, A.; Milostnaya, I.; Chulkova, G.; Kaurova, N.; Voronov, B.; Pan, D.; Kitaygorsky, J.; Cross, A.; Pearlman, A.; Komissarov, I.; Slysz, W.; Wegrzecki, M.; Grabiec, P.; Sobolewski, R. |
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Title |
Middle-infrared to visible-light ultrafast superconducting single-photon detectors |
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Journal Article |
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2007 |
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IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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17 |
Issue |
2 |
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246-251 |
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SSPD, SNSPD |
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We present an overview of the state-of-the-art of NbN superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs). Our devices exhibit quantum efficiency (QE) of up to 30% in near-infrared wavelength and 0.4% at 5 mum, with a dark-count rate that can be as low as 10 -4 s -1 . The SSPD structures integrated with lambda/4 microcavities achieve a QE of 60% at telecommunication, 1550-nm wavelength. We have also developed a new generation of SSPDs that possess the QE of large-active-area devices, but, simultaneously, are characterized by low kinetic inductance that allows achieving short response times and the GHz-counting rate with picosecond timing jitter. The improvements presented in the SSPD development, such as fiber-coupled SSPDs, make our detectors most attractive for high-speed quantum communications and quantum computing. |
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431 |
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Korneev, A.; Kouminov, P.; Matvienko, V.; Chulkova, G.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Currie, M.; Lo, W.; Wilsher, K.; Zhang, J.; Słysz, W.; Pearlman, A.; Verevkin, A.; Sobolewski, Roman |
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Title |
Sensitivity and gigahertz counting performance of NbN superconducting single-photon detectors |
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2004 |
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Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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Volume |
84 |
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26 |
Pages |
5338-5340 |
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SSPD, NEP, QE |
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We have measured the quantum efficiencysQEd, GHz counting rate, jitter, and noise-equivalentpowersNEPdof nanostructured NbN superconducting single-photon detectorssSSPDsdin thevisible to infrared radiation range. Our 3.5-nm-thick and 100- to 200-nm-wide meander-typedevices(total area 10310mm2), operating at 4.2 K, exhibit an experimental QE of up to 20% inthe visible range and,10% at 1.3 to 1.55mm wavelength and are potentially sensitive up tomidinfrareds,10mmdradiation. The SSPD counting rate was measured to be above 2 GHz withjitter,18 ps, independent of the wavelength. The devices’ NEP varies from,10−17W/Hz1/2for1.55mm photons to,10−20W/Hz1/2for visible radiation. Lowering the SSPD operatingtemperature to 2.3 K significantly enhanced its performance, by increasing the QE to,20% andlowering the NEP level to,3310−22W/Hz1/2, both measured at 1.26mm wavelength. |
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0003-6951 |
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532 |
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Semenov, A.; Engel, A.; Il'in, K.; Gol'tsman, G.; Siegel, M.; Hübers, H.-W. |
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Title |
Ultimate performance of a superconducting quantum detector |
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Journal Article |
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2003 |
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Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys. |
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21 |
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3 |
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171-178 |
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NbN SSPD, SNSPD |
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We analyze the ultimate performance of a superconducting quantum detector in order to meet requirements for applications in near-infrared astronomy and X-ray spectroscopy. The detector exploits a combined detection mechanism, in which avalanche quasiparticle multiplication and the supercurrent jointly produce a voltage response to a single absorbed photon via successive formation of a photon-induced and a current-induced normal hotspot in a narrow superconducting strip. The response time of the detector should increase with the photon energy providing energy resolution. Depending on the superconducting material and operation conditions, the cut-off wavelength for the single-photon detection regime varies from infrared waves to visible light. We simulated the performance of the background-limited infrared direct detector and X-ray photon counter utilizing the above mechanism. Low dark count rate and intrinsic low-frequency cut-off allow for realizing a background limited noise equivalent power of 10−20 W Hz−1/2 for a far-infrared direct detector exposed to 4-K background radiation. At low temperatures, the intrinsic response time of the counter is rather determined by diffusion of nonequilibrium electrons than by the rate of energy transfer to phonons. Therefore, thermal fluctuations do not hamper energy resolution of the X-ray photon counter that should be better than 10−3 for 6-keV photons. Comparison of new data obtained with a Nb based detector and previously reported results on NbN quantum detectors support our estimates of ultimate detector performance. |
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1286-0042 |
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534 |
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Verevkin, A.; Slysz, W.; Pearlman, A.; Zhang, J.; Sobolewski, R.; Okunev, O.; Korneev, A.; Kouminov, P.; Smirnov, K.; Chulkova, G.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Currie, M. |
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Real-time GHz-rate counting of infrared photons using nanostructured NbN superconducting detectors |
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2003 |
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CLEO/QELS |
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CLEO/QELS |
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CThM8 |
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NbN SSPD; SNSPD; Infrared; Quantum detectors; Detectors; Photon counting; Quantum communications; Quantum cryptography; Single photon detectors; Superconductors |
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We demonstrate that our ultrathin, nanometer-width NbN superconducting single-photon detectors are capable of above 1-GHz-frequency, real-time counting of near-infrared photons. The measured system jitter of the detector is below 15 ps. |
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Optical Society of America |
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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference |
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1517 |
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Stucki, Damien; Barreiro, Claudio; Fasel, Sylvain; Gautier, Jean-Daniel; Gay, Olivier; Gisin, Nicolas; Thew, Rob; Thoma, Yann; Trinkler, Patrick; Vannel, Fabien; Zbinden, Hugo |
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Title |
Continuous high speed coherent one-way quantum key distribution |
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Journal Article |
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2009 |
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Optics Express |
Abbreviated Journal |
Opt. Express |
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17 |
Issue |
16 |
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13326-13334 |
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quantum cryptography, QKD, PNS, SSPD, coherent one way, COW |
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Quantum key distribution (QKD) is the first commercial quantum technology operating at the level of single quanta and is a leading light for quantum-enabled photonic technologies. However, controlling these quantum optical systems in real world environments presents significant challenges. For the first time, we have brought together three key concepts for future QKD systems: a simple high-speed protocol; high performance detection; and integration both, at the component level and for standard fibre network connectivity. The QKD system is capable of continuous and autonomous operation, generating secret keys in real time. Laboratory and field tests were performed and comparisons made with robust InGaAs avalanche photodiodes and superconducting detectors. We report the first real world implementation of a fully functional QKD system over a 43dB-loss (150km) transmission line in the Swisscom fibre optic network where we obtained average real-time distribution rates over 3 hours of 2.5bps. |
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RPLAB @ akorneev @ |
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602 |
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Verevkin, A.; Williams, C.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Sobolewski, R.; Gilbert, G. |
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Single-photon superconducting detectors for practical high-speed quantum cryptography |
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Miscellaneous |
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2001 |
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OFCC/ICQI |
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OFCC/ICQI |
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Pa3 |
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NbN SSPD, SNSPD, QKD, quantum cryptography |
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We have developed an ultrafast superconducting single-photon detector with negligible dark counting rate. The detector is based on an ultrathin, submicron-wide NbN meander-type stripe and can detect individual photons in the visible to near-infrared wavelength range at a rate of at least 10 Gb/s. The above counting rate allows us to implement the NbN device to unconditionally secret quantum key distRochester, New Yorkribution in a practical, high-speed system using real-time Vernam enciphering. |
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Rochester, New York |
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Optical Society of America |
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Optical Fiber Communication Conference and International Conference on Quantum Information |
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-- from poster session. |
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1544 |
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Goltsman, G.; Korneev, A.; Divochiy, A.; Minaeva, O.; Tarkhov, M.; Kaurova, N.; Seleznev, V.; Voronov, B.; Okunev, O.; Antipov, A.; Smirnov, K.; Vachtomin, Yu.; Milostnaya, I.; Chulkova, G. |
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Ultrafast superconducting single-photon detector |
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2009 |
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J. Modern Opt. |
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J. Modern Opt. |
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56 |
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15 |
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1670-1680 |
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SSPD, SNSPD |
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The state-of-the-art of the NbN nanowire superconducting single-photon detector technology (SSPD) is presented. The SSPDs exhibit excellent performance at 2 K temperature: 30% quantum efficiency from visible to infrared, negligible dark count rate, single-photon sensitivity up to 5.6 µm. The recent achievements in the development of GHz counting rate devices with photon-number resolving capability is presented. |
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0950-0340 |
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RPLAB @ akorneev @ |
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Korneeva, Y. P.; Manova, N. N.; Dryazgov, M. A.; Simonov, N. O.; Zolotov, P. I.; Korneev, A. A. |
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Influence of sheet resistance and strip width on the detection efficiency saturation in micron-wide superconducting strips and large-area meanders |
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2021 |
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Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
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Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
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34 |
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8 |
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084001 |
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NbN SSPD, SMSPD |
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We report our study of detection efficiency (DE) saturation in wavelength range 400 – 1550 nm for the NbN Superconducting Microstrip Single-Photon Detectors (SMSPD) featuring the strip width up to 3 μm. We observe an expected decrease of the $DE$ saturation plateau with the increase of photon wavelength and decrease of film sheet resistance. At 1.7 K temperature DE saturation can be clearly observed at 1550 nm wavelength in strip with the width up to 2 μm when sheet resistance of the film is above 630Ω/sq. In such strips the length of the saturation plateau almost does not depend on the strip width. We used these films to make meander-shaped detectors with the light sensitive area from 20×20μm2 to a circle 50 μm in diameter. In the latter case, the detector with the strip width of 0.49 μm demonstrates saturation of DE up to 1064 nm wavelength. Although DE at 1310 and 1550 nm is not saturated, it is as high as 60%. The response time is limited by the kinetic inductance and equals to 20 ns(by 1/e decay), timing jitter is 44 ps. When coupled to multi-mode fibre large-area meanders demonstrate significantly higher dark count rate which we attribute to thermal background photons, thus advanced filtering technique would be required for practical applications. |
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0953-2048 |
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1793 |
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Takesue, Hiroki; Nam, Sae Woo; Zhang, Qiang; Hadfield, Robert H.; Honjo, Toshimori; Tamaki, Kiyoshi; Yamamoto, Yoshihisa |
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Quantum key distribution over a 40-dB channel loss using superconducting single-photon detectors |
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2007 |
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Nature Photonics |
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Nat. Photon. |
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1 |
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343-348 |
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quantum cryptography, SSPD, QKD, DSP |
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RPLAB @ akorneev @ |
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Stucki, D.; Walenta, N.; Vannel, F.; Thew, R.T.; Gisin, N.; Zbinden, H.; Gray, S.; Towery, C. R.; Ten, S. |
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High rate long-distance quantum key distribution over 250 km of ultra low loss fibres |
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2009 |
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New J. Phys. |
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11 |
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7 |
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075003 |
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SSPD, quantum cryptography, QKD, COW |
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We present a fully automated quantum key distribution prototype running at 625 MHz clock rate. Taking advantage of ultra low loss fibres and low-noise superconducting detectors, we can distribute 6,000 secret bits per second over 100 km and 15 bits per second over 250km. |
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