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Il’in, K. S.; Milostnaya, I. I.; Verevkin, A. A.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Sobolewski, R. |
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Title |
Ultimate quantum efficiency of a superconducting hot-electron photodetector |
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Journal Article |
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1998 |
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Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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73 |
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26 |
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3938-3940 |
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NbN SSPD, SNSPD |
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The quantum efficiency and current and voltage responsivities of fast hot-electron photodetectors, fabricated from superconducting NbN thin films and biased in the resistive state, have been shown to reach values of 340, 220 A/W, and 4×104 V/W,
respectively, for infrared radiation with a wavelength of 0.79 μm. The characteristics of the photodetectors are presented within the general model, based on relaxation processes in the nonequilibrium electron heating of a superconducting thin film. The observed, very high efficiency and sensitivity of the superconductor absorbing the photon are explained by the high multiplication rate of quasiparticles during the avalanche breaking of Cooper pairs. |
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1579 |
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Khosropanah, P.; Gao, J. R.; Laauwen, W. M.; Hajenius, M; Klapwijk, T. M. |
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Title |
Low noise NbN hot electron bolometer mixer at 4.3 THz |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
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Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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Volume |
91 |
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221111 (1 to 3) |
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NbN HEB mixers, NbN, contacts cleaning |
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We have studied the sensitivity of a superconducting NbN hot electron bolometer mixer integrated with a spiral antenna at 4.3 THz. Using hot/cold blackbody loads and a beam splitter all in vacuum, we measured a double sideband receiver noise temperature of 1300 K at the optimum local oscillator (LO) power of 330 nW, which is about 12 times the quantum noise (hnu/2kB). Our result indicates that there is no sign of degradation of the mixing process at the superterahertz frequencies. Moreover, a measurement method is introduced which allows us for an accurate determination of the sensitivity despite LO power fluctuations. |
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Ganzevles, W. F. M.; Gao, J. R.; de Korte, P. A. J.; Klapwijk, T. M. |
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Title |
Direct response of microstrip line coupled Nb THz hot-electron bolometer mixers |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2001 |
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Applied Physics Letters |
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Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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79 |
Issue |
15 |
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2483-2485 |
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311 |
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Baselmans, J. J. A.; Hajenius, M.; Gao, J. R.; Klapwijk, T. M.; de Korte, P. A. J.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G. |
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Title |
Doubling of sensitivity and bandwidth in phonon cooled hot electron bolometer mixers |
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Journal Article |
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2004 |
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Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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Volume |
84 |
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11 |
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1958-1960 |
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NbN HEB mixers |
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We demonstrate that the performance of NbN lattice cooled hot electron bolometer mixers depends strongly on the interface quality between the bolometer and the contact structure. We show experimentally that both the receiver noise temperature and the gain bandwidth can be improved by more than a factor of 2 by cleaning the interface and adding an additional superconducting interlayer to the contact pad. Using this we obtain a double sideband receiver noise temperature TN,DSB=950 K
at 2.5 THz and 4.3 K, uncorrected for losses in the optics. At the same bias point, we obtain an IF gain bandwidth of 6 GHz. |
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Dorenbos, S. N.; Reiger, E. M.; Perinetti, U.; Zwiller, V.; Zijlstra, T.; Klapwijk, T. M. |
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Title |
Low noise superconducting single photon detectors on silicon |
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Journal Article |
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2008 |
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Applied Physics Letters |
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Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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93 |
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13 |
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131101 |
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0003-6951 |
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RPLAB @ s @ |
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436 |
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Author |
Floet, D. Wilms; Baselmans, J. J. A.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Gao, J. R. |
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Title |
Resistive transition of niobium superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixers |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Applied Physics Letters |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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Volume |
73 |
Issue |
19 |
Pages |
2826 |
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HEB |
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543 |
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Mason, Whitney; Waterman, J. R. |
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Electrical and optical characteristics of two color mid wave HgCdTe infrared detectors |
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1999 |
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Applied Physics Letters |
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Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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74 |
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11 |
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1633-1635 |
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RPLAB @ s @ |
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461 |
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Zwiller, Vale<cc><81>ry; Blom, Hans; Jonsson, Per; Panev, Nikolay; Jeppesen, Sören; Tsegaye, Tedros; Goobar, Edgard; Pistol, Mats-Erik; Samuelson, Lars; Björk, Gunnar |
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Single quantum dots emit single photons at a time: Antibunching experiments |
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Journal Article |
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2001 |
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Applied Physics Letters |
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Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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78 |
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17 |
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2476 |
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antibunching, quantum dot |
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0003-6951 |
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502 |
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Zwiller, V.; Aichele, T.; Seifert, W.; Persson, J.; Benson, O. |
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Generating visible single photons on demand with single InP quantum dots |
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Journal Article |
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2003 |
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Applied Physics Letters |
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Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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82 |
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10 |
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1509-1511 |
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single photon, quantum dot, InP |
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Korneev, A.; Kouminov, P.; Matvienko, V.; Chulkova, G.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Currie, M.; Lo, W.; Wilsher, K.; Zhang, J.; Słysz, W.; Pearlman, A.; Verevkin, A.; Sobolewski, Roman |
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Title |
Sensitivity and gigahertz counting performance of NbN superconducting single-photon detectors |
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Journal Article |
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2004 |
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Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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Volume |
84 |
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26 |
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5338-5340 |
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SSPD, NEP, QE |
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We have measured the quantum efficiencysQEd, GHz counting rate, jitter, and noise-equivalentpowersNEPdof nanostructured NbN superconducting single-photon detectorssSSPDsdin thevisible to infrared radiation range. Our 3.5-nm-thick and 100- to 200-nm-wide meander-typedevices(total area 10310mm2), operating at 4.2 K, exhibit an experimental QE of up to 20% inthe visible range and,10% at 1.3 to 1.55mm wavelength and are potentially sensitive up tomidinfrareds,10mmdradiation. The SSPD counting rate was measured to be above 2 GHz withjitter,18 ps, independent of the wavelength. The devices’ NEP varies from,10−17W/Hz1/2for1.55mm photons to,10−20W/Hz1/2for visible radiation. Lowering the SSPD operatingtemperature to 2.3 K significantly enhanced its performance, by increasing the QE to,20% andlowering the NEP level to,3310−22W/Hz1/2, both measured at 1.26mm wavelength. |
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Rodriguez-Morales, F.; Zannoni, R.; Nicholson, J.; Fischetti, M.; Yngvesson, K. S.; Appenzeller, J. |
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Direct and heterodyne detection of microwaves in a metallic single wall carbon nanotube |
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2006 |
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Applied Physics Letters |
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Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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89 |
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8 |
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083502 |
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carbon nanotube, GHz heterodyne detector, direct detector |
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Siddiqi, I.; Prober, D. E. |
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Nb–Au bilayer hot-electron bolometers for low-noise THz heterodyne detection |
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Journal Article |
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2004 |
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Applied Physics Letters |
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Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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84 |
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8 |
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1404 |
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HEB, mixers, dynamic range, saturation, LO power, local oscillator power, Nb |
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The sensitivity of present Nb diffusion-cooled hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers is not quantum limited, and can be improved by reducing the superconducting transition temperature TC. Lowering TC reduces thermal fluctuations, resulting in a decrease of the mixer noise temperature TM. However, lower TC mixers have reduced dynamic range and saturate more easily due to background noise. We present 30 GHz microwave measurements on a bilayer HEB system, Nb–Au, in which TC can be tuned with Au layer thickness to obtain the maximum sensitivity for a given noise background. These measurements are intended as a guide for the optimization of THz mixers. Using a Nb–Au mixer with TC = 1.6 K, we obtain TM = 50 K with 2 nW of local oscillator (LO) power. Good mixer performance is observed over a wide range of LO power and bias voltage and such a device should not exhibit saturation in a THz receiver. |
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Santavicca,D.F.; Reulet,B.; Karasik,B.S.; Pereverzev,S.V.; Olaya, D.; Gershenson, M.E.; Frunzio, L.; Prober, D.E. |
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Energy resolution of terahertz single-photon-sensitive bolometric detectors |
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2010 |
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Applied Physics Letters |
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Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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96 |
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8 |
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083505 - 083505-3 |
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We report measurements of the energy resolution of ultrasensitive superconducting bolometric detectors. The device is a superconducting titanium nanobridge with niobium contacts. A fast microwave pulse is used to simulate a single higher-frequency photon, where the absorbed energy of the pulse is equal to the photon energy. This technique allows precise calibration of the input coupling and avoids problems with unwanted background photons. Present devices have an intrinsic full-width at half-maximum energy resolution of approximately 23 THz, near the predicted value due to intrinsic thermal fluctuation noise. |
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RPLAB @ akorneev @ |
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An, Zhenghua; Chen, Jeng-Chung; Ueda, T.; Komiyama, S.; Hirakawa, K. |
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Infrared phototransistor using capacitively coupled two-dimensional electron gas layers |
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2005 |
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Applied Physics Letters |
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Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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86 |
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172106 - 172106-3 |
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2DEG |
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Barends, R.; Hajenius, M.; Gao, J. R.; Klapwijk, T. M. |
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Current-induced vortex unbinding in bolometer mixers |
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Journal Article |
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2005 |
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Applied Physics Letters |
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Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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87 |
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263506 (1 to 3) |
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HEB mixer numerical model, HEB model, IV-curves, vortex-antivortex, Berezinskii–Kosterlitz–Thouless theory, diffusion cooling channel, diffusion channel, distributed HEB model, distributed model, self-heating effect, temperature profile |
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We present a description of the current-voltage characteristics of hot electron bolometers in terms of the current-dependent intrinsic resistive transition of NbN films. We find that, by including this current dependence, we can correctly predict the complete current-voltage characteristics, showing excellent agreement with measurements for both low and high bias and for small as well as large devices. It is assumed that the current dependence is due to vortex-antivortex unbinding as described in the Berezinskii–Kosterlitz–Thouless theory. The presented approach will be useful in guiding device optimization for noise and bandwidth. |
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