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Sidorova, M. V., Divochiy, A. V., Vakhtomin, Y. B., & Smirnov, K. V. (2015). Ultrafast superconducting single-photon detector with a reduced active area coupled to a tapered lensed single-mode fiber. J. Nanophoton., 9(1), 093051.
Abstract: This paper presents an ultrafast niobium nitride (NbN) superconducting single-photon detector (SSPD) with an active area of 3×3 μm2 that offers better timing performance metrics than the previous SSPD with an active area of 7×7 μm2. The improved SSPD demonstrates a record timing jitter (<25 ps), an ultrashort recovery time (<2 ns), an extremely low dark count rate, and a high detection efficiency in a wide spectral range from visible part to near infrared. The record parameters were obtained due to the development of a new technique providing effective optical coupling between a detector with a reduced active area and a standard single-mode telecommunication fiber. The advantages of the new approach are experimentally confirmed by taking electro-optical measurements.
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Ozhegov, R., Elezov, M., Kurochkin, Y., Kurochkin, V., Divochiy, A., Kovalyuk, V., et al. (2014). Quantum key distribution over 300. In A. A. Orlikovsky (Ed.), Proc. SPIE (Vol. 9440, 1F (1 to 9)). SPIE.
Abstract: We discuss the possibility of polarization state reconstruction and measurement over 302 km by Superconducting Single- Photon Detectors (SSPDs). Because of the excellent characteristics and the possibility to be effectively coupled to singlemode optical fiber many applications of the SSPD have already been reported. The most impressive one is the quantum key distribution (QKD) over 250 km distance. This demonstration shows further possibilities for the improvement of the characteristics of quantum-cryptographic systems such as increasing the bit rate and the quantum channel length, and decreasing the quantum bit error rate (QBER). This improvement is possible because SSPDs have the best characteristics in comparison with other single-photon detectors. We have demonstrated the possibility of polarization state reconstruction and measurement over 302.5 km with superconducting single-photon detectors. The advantage of an autocompensating optical scheme, also known as “plugandplay” for quantum key distribution, is high stability in the presence of distortions along the line. To increase the distance of quantum key distribution with this optical scheme we implement the superconducting single photon detectors (SSPD). At the 5 MHz pulse repetition frequency and the average photon number equal to 0.4 we measured a 33 bit/s quantum key generation for a 101.7 km single mode ber quantum channel. The extremely low SSPD dark count rate allowed us to keep QBER at 1.6% level.
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McCarthy, A., Krichel, N. J., Gemmell, N. R., Ren, X., Tanner, M. G., Dorenbos, S. N., et al. (2013). Kilometer-range, high resolution depth imaging via 1560 nm wavelength single-photon detection. Opt. Express, 21(7), 8904–8915.
Abstract: This paper highlights a significant advance in time-of-flight depth imaging: by using a scanning transceiver which incorporated a free-running, low noise superconducting nanowire single-photon detector, we were able to obtain centimeter resolution depth images of low-signature objects in daylight at stand-off distances of the order of one kilometer at the relatively eye-safe wavelength of 1560 nm. The detector used had an efficiency of 18% at 1 kHz dark count rate, and the overall system jitter was ~100 ps. The depth images were acquired by illuminating the scene with an optical output power level of less than 250 µW average, and using per-pixel dwell times in the millisecond regime.
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Manus, M. K. M., Kash, J. A., Steen, S. E., Polonsky, S., Tsang, J. C., Knebel, D. R., et al. (2000). PICA: Backside failure analysis of CMOS circuits using picosecond imaging circuit analysis. Microelectronics Reliability, 40, 1353–1358.
Abstract: Normal operation of complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) devices entails the emission of picosecond pulses of light, which can be used to diagnose circuit problems. The pulses that are observed from submicron sized field effect transistors (FETs) are synchronous with logic state switching. Picosecond Imaging Circuit Analysis (PICA), a new optical imaging technique combining imaging with timing, spatially resolves individual devices at the 0.5 micron level and switching events on a 10 picosecond timescale. PICA is used here for the diagnostics of failures on two VLSI microprocessors.
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Stellari, F., & Song, P. (2005). Testing of ultra low voltage CMOS microprocessors using the superconducting single-photon detector (SSPD). In Proc. 12th IPFA (2). IEEE.
Abstract: In F. Stellari and P. Song (2004) the authors have shown a comparison among different detectors used for diagnosing integrated circuits (ICs) by means of the PICA method. In their experiments they used two versions of the SSPD detector (p-SSPD is a prototype version, while c-SSPD is the first commercially available generation of the detector as presented in W. K. Lo et al. (2002), as well as the imaging detector (S-25 photo-multiplier tube (PMT) as discussed in W. G. McMullan (1987)) used in the conventional PICA technique. A microprocessor chip fabricated in a 0.13 μm 1.2 V technology is used to show that c-SSPD provides a significant reduction in acquisition time for the collection of optical waveforms from chips running at very low. In this paper, the authors summarize the main results.
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