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Author | Meledin, D.; Tong, C. Y.-E.; Blundell, R.; Kaurova, N.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G. | ||||
Title | Study of the IF bandwidth of NbN HEB mixers based on crystalline quartz substrate with an MgO buffer layer | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2003 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Volume | 13 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 164-167 |
Keywords | NbN HEB mixer | ||||
Abstract | In this paper, we present the results of IF bandwidth measurements on 3-4 nm thick NbN hot electron bolometer waveguide mixers, which have been fabricated on a 200-nm thick MgO buffer layer deposited on a crystalline quartz substrate. The 3-dB IF bandwidth, measured at an LO frequency of 0.81 THz, is 3.7 GHz at the optimal bias point for low noise receiver operation. We have also made measurements of the IF dynamic impedance, which allow us to evaluate the intrinsic electron temperature relaxation time and self-heating parameters at different bias conditions. | ||||
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Call Number | Serial | 341 | |||
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Author | Semenov, A. D.; Hübers, Heinz-Wilhelm; Richter, H.; Birk, M.; Krocka, M.; Mair, U.; Vachtomin, Yu. B.; Finkel, M. I.; Antipov, S. V.; Voronov, B. M.; Smirnov, K. V.; Kaurova, N. S.; Drakinski, V. N.; Gol'tsman, G. N. | ||||
Title | Superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixer for terahertz heterodyne receivers | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2003 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 13 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 168-171 |
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | We present recent results showing the development of superconducting NbN hot-electron bolometer mixer for German receiver for astronomy at terahertz frequencies and terahertz limb sounder. The mixer is incorporated into a planar feed antenna, which has either logarithmic spiral or double-slot configuration, and backed on a silicon lens. The hybrid antenna had almost frequency independent and symmetric radiation pattern slightly broader than expected for a diffraction limited antenna. At 2.5 THz the best 2200 K double side-band receiver noise temperature was achieved across a 1 GHz intermediate frequency bandwidth centred at 1.5 GHz. For this operation regime, a receiver conversion efficiency of -17 dB was directly measured and the loss budget was evaluated. The mixer response was linear at load temperatures smaller than 400 K. Implementation of the MgO buffer layer on Si resulted in an increased 5.2 GHz gain bandwidth. The receiver was tested in the laboratory environment by measuring a methanol emission line at 2.5 THz. | ||||
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Call Number | Serial | 343 | |||
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Author | Baselmans, J. J. A.; Hajenius, M.; Gao, J. R.; Klapwijk, T. M.; de Korte, P. A. J.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G. | ||||
Title | Doubling of sensitivity and bandwidth in phonon cooled hot electron bolometer mixers | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | Appl. Phys. Lett. | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Volume | 84 | Issue | 11 | Pages | 1958-1960 |
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | We demonstrate that the performance of NbN lattice cooled hot electron bolometer mixers depends strongly on the interface quality between the bolometer and the contact structure. We show experimentally that both the receiver noise temperature and the gain bandwidth can be improved by more than a factor of 2 by cleaning the interface and adding an additional superconducting interlayer to the contact pad. Using this we obtain a double sideband receiver noise temperature TN,DSB=950 K at 2.5 THz and 4.3 K, uncorrected for losses in the optics. At the same bias point, we obtain an IF gain bandwidth of 6 GHz. |
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 352 | |||
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Author | Gol'tsman, G. N.; Loudkov, D. N. | ||||
Title | Terahertz superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixers and their application in radio astronomy | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2003 | Publication | Radiophys. Quant. Electron. | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 46 | Issue | 8/9 | Pages | 604-617 |
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | We review the latest developments, research, and radioastronomy applications of hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers operated in the terahertz waveband. The physical principles of operation of terahertz HEB mixers are presented, their manufacturing from ultrathin NbN films, the main HEB-mixer parameters and their measurement techniques are discussed, and practical terahertz radioastronomy projects based on heterodyne receivers with HEB mixers are considered. | ||||
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ISSN | 0033-8443 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | UDC 537.312.62 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Serial | 472 | |||
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Author | Semenov, A.; Engel, A.; Il'in, K.; Gol'tsman, G.; Siegel, M.; Hübers, H.-W. | ||||
Title | Ultimate performance of a superconducting quantum detector | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2003 | Publication | Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys. | Abbreviated Journal | Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys. |
Volume | 21 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 171-178 |
Keywords | NbN SSPD, SNSPD | ||||
Abstract | We analyze the ultimate performance of a superconducting quantum detector in order to meet requirements for applications in near-infrared astronomy and X-ray spectroscopy. The detector exploits a combined detection mechanism, in which avalanche quasiparticle multiplication and the supercurrent jointly produce a voltage response to a single absorbed photon via successive formation of a photon-induced and a current-induced normal hotspot in a narrow superconducting strip. The response time of the detector should increase with the photon energy providing energy resolution. Depending on the superconducting material and operation conditions, the cut-off wavelength for the single-photon detection regime varies from infrared waves to visible light. We simulated the performance of the background-limited infrared direct detector and X-ray photon counter utilizing the above mechanism. Low dark count rate and intrinsic low-frequency cut-off allow for realizing a background limited noise equivalent power of 10−20 W Hz−1/2 for a far-infrared direct detector exposed to 4-K background radiation. At low temperatures, the intrinsic response time of the counter is rather determined by diffusion of nonequilibrium electrons than by the rate of energy transfer to phonons. Therefore, thermal fluctuations do not hamper energy resolution of the X-ray photon counter that should be better than 10−3 for 6-keV photons. Comparison of new data obtained with a Nb based detector and previously reported results on NbN quantum detectors support our estimates of ultimate detector performance. | ||||
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ISSN | 1286-0042 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 534 | |||
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Author | Goltsman, Gregory N.; Vachtomin, Yuriy B.; Antipov, Sergey V.; Finkel, Matvey I.; Maslennikov, Sergey N.; Polyakov, Stanislav L.; Svechnikov, Sergey I.; Kaurova, Natalia S.; Grishina, Elisaveta V.; Voronov, Boris M. | ||||
Title | Low-noise NbN phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometer mixers for terahertz heterodyne receivers | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2005 | Publication | Proc. 9-th WMSCI | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 9-th WMSCI |
Volume | 9 | Issue | Pages | 154-159 | |
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
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Publisher | International Institute of Informatics and Systemics | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 547 | |||
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Author | Verevkin, A.; Slysz, W.; Pearlman, A.; Zhang, J.; Sobolewski, R.; Okunev, O.; Korneev, A.; Kouminov, P.; Smirnov, K.; Chulkova, G.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Currie, M. | ||||
Title | Real-time GHz-rate counting of infrared photons using nanostructured NbN superconducting detectors | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2003 | Publication | CLEO/QELS | Abbreviated Journal | CLEO/QELS |
Volume | Issue | Pages | CThM8 | ||
Keywords | NbN SSPD; SNSPD; Infrared; Quantum detectors; Detectors; Photon counting; Quantum communications; Quantum cryptography; Single photon detectors; Superconductors | ||||
Abstract | We demonstrate that our ultrathin, nanometer-width NbN superconducting single-photon detectors are capable of above 1-GHz-frequency, real-time counting of near-infrared photons. The measured system jitter of the detector is below 15 ps. | ||||
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Publisher | Optical Society of America | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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Area | Expedition | Conference | Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference | ||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1517 | |||
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Author | Schwaab, G.W.; Sirmain, G.; Schubert, J.; Hubers, H.-W.; Gol'tsman, G.; Cherednichenko, S.; Verevkin, A.; Voronov, B.; Gershenzon, E. | ||||
Title | Investigation of NbN phonon-cooled HEB mixers at 2.5 THz | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1999 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Volume | 9 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 4233-4236 |
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | The development of superconducting hot electron bolometric (HEB) mixers has been a big step forward in the direction of quantum noise limited mixer performance at THz frequencies. Such mixers are crucial for the upcoming generation of airborne and spaceborne THz heterodyne receivers. In this paper we report on new results on a phonon-cooled NbN HEB mixer using e-beam lithography. The superconducting film is 3 nm thick. The mixer is 0.2 μm long and 1.5 μm wide and it is integrated in a spiral antenna on a Si substrate. The device is quasi-optically coupled through a Si lens and a dielectric beam combiner to the radiation of an optically pumped FIR ring gas laser cavity. The performance of the mixer at different THz frequencies from 0.69 to 2.55 THz with an emphasis on 2.52 THz is demonstrated. At 2.52 THz minimum DSB noise temperatures of 4200 K have been achieved at an IF of 1.5 GHz and a bandwidth of 40 MHz with the mixer mounted in a cryostat and a 0.8 m long signal path in air. | ||||
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ISSN | 1051-8223 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 550 | |||
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Author | Meledin, Denis; Pavolotsky, Alexey; Desmaris, Vincent.; Lapkin, Igor; Risacher, Christophe; Perez, Victor; Henke, Douglas; Nystrom, Olle; Sundin, Erik; Dochev, Dimitar; Pantaleev, Miroslav; Fredrixon, Mathias; Strandberg, Magnus; Voronov, Boris; Goltsman, Gregory; Belitsky, Victor | ||||
Title | A 1.3-THz balanced waveguide HEB mixer for the APEX telescope | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2009 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn. | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 57 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 89-98 |
Keywords | HEB, mixer, waveguide, balanced, NbN | ||||
Abstract | In this paper, we report about the development, fabrication, and characterization of a balanced waveguide hot electron bolometer (HEB) receiver for the Atacama Pathfinder EXperiment telescope covering the frequency band of 1.25–1.39 THz. The receiver uses a quadrature balanced scheme and two HEB mixers, fabricated from 4- to 5-nm-thick NbN film deposited on crystalline quartz substrate with an MgO buffer layer in between. We employed a novel micromachining method to produce all-metal waveguide parts at submicrometer accuracy (the main-mode waveguide dimensions are 90×180 μm). We present details on the mixer design and measurement results, including receiver noise performance, stability and “first-light†at the telescope site. The receiver yields a double-sideband noise temperature averaged over the RF band below 1200 K, and outstanding stability with a spectroscopic Allan time more than 200 s. | ||||
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ISSN | 0018-9480 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | RPLAB @ lobanovyury @ | Serial | 554 | ||
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Author | Kawamura, J.; Blundell, R.; Tong, C.-Y. E.; Papa, D. C.; Hunter, T. R.; Paine, S. N.; Patt, F.; Gol'tsman, G.; Cherednichenko, S.; Voronov, B.; Gershenzon, E. | ||||
Title | Superconductive hot-electron-bolometer mixer receiver for 800-GHz operation | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2000 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn. | Abbreviated Journal | IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn. |
Volume | 48 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 683-689 |
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers, LO power, local oscillator power, saturation, linearity, dynamic range | ||||
Abstract | In this paper, we describe a superconductive hot-electron-bolometer mixer receiver designed to operate in the partially transmissive 350-μm atmospheric window. The receiver employs an NbN thin-film microbridge as the mixer element, in which the main cooling mechanism of the hot electrons is through electron-phonon interaction. At a local-oscillator frequency of 808 GHz, the measured double-sideband receiver noise temperature is TRX=970 K, across a 1-GHz intermediate-frequency bandwidth centered at 1.8 GHz. We have measured the linearity of the receiver and the amount of local-oscillator power incident on the mixer for optimal operation, which is PLO≈1 μW. This receiver was used in making observations as a facility instrument at the Heinrich Hertz Telescope, Mt. Graham, AZ, during the 1998-1999 winter observing season. | ||||
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ISSN | 0018-9480 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | RPLAB @ lobanovyury @ | Serial | 573 | ||
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Author | Wei, Jian; Olaya, David; Karasik, Boris S.; Pereverzev, Sergey V.; Sergeev, Andrei V.; Gershenson, Michael E. | ||||
Title | Ultrasensitive hot-electron nanobolometers for terahertz astrophysics | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2008 | Publication | Nature Nanotechnology | Abbreviated Journal | Nature Nanotech |
Volume | 3 | Issue | 8 | Pages | 496-500 |
Keywords | HEB, Ti/NbN, single terahertz photons, detection | ||||
Abstract | The submillimetre or terahertz region of the electromagnetic spectrum contains approximately half of the total luminosity of the Universe and 98% of all the photons emitted since the Big Bang. This radiation is strongly absorbed in the Earth's atmosphere, so space-based terahertz telescopes are crucial for exploring the evolution of the Universe. Thermal emission from the primary mirrors in these telescopes can be reduced below the level of the cosmic background by active cooling, which expands the range of faint objects that can be observed. However, it will also be necessary to develop bolometers – devices for measuring the energy of electromagnetic radiation—with sensitivities that are at least two orders of magnitude better than the present state of the art. To achieve this sensitivity without sacrificing operating speed, two conditions are required. First, the bolometer should be exceptionally well thermally isolated from the environment; second, its heat capacity should be sufficiently small. Here we demonstrate that these goals can be achieved by building a superconducting hot-electron nanobolometer. Its design eliminates the energy exchange between hot electrons and the leads by blocking electron outdiffusion and photon emission. The thermal conductance between hot electrons and the thermal bath, controlled by electron–phonon interactions, becomes very small at low temperatures (10-16 WK-1 at 40 mK). These devices, with a heat capacity of 10-19 J K-1, are sufficiently sensitive to detect single terahertz photons in submillimetre astronomy and other applications based on quantum calorimetry and photon counting. |
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ISSN | 1748-3387 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 576 | |||
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Author | Verevkin, A.; Williams, C.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Sobolewski, R.; Gilbert, G. | ||||
Title | Single-photon superconducting detectors for practical high-speed quantum cryptography | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
Year | 2001 | Publication | OFCC/ICQI | Abbreviated Journal | OFCC/ICQI |
Volume | Issue | Pages | Pa3 | ||
Keywords | NbN SSPD, SNSPD, QKD, quantum cryptography | ||||
Abstract | We have developed an ultrafast superconducting single-photon detector with negligible dark counting rate. The detector is based on an ultrathin, submicron-wide NbN meander-type stripe and can detect individual photons in the visible to near-infrared wavelength range at a rate of at least 10 Gb/s. The above counting rate allows us to implement the NbN device to unconditionally secret quantum key distRochester, New Yorkribution in a practical, high-speed system using real-time Vernam enciphering. | ||||
Address | Rochester, New York | ||||
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Publisher | Optical Society of America | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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Area | Expedition | Conference | Optical Fiber Communication Conference and International Conference on Quantum Information | ||
Notes | -- from poster session. | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Serial | 1544 | |||
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Author | Korneeva, Y. P.; Manova, N. N.; Dryazgov, M. A.; Simonov, N. O.; Zolotov, P. I.; Korneev, A. A. | ||||
Title | Influence of sheet resistance and strip width on the detection efficiency saturation in micron-wide superconducting strips and large-area meanders | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2021 | Publication | Supercond. Sci. Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
Volume | 34 | Issue | 8 | Pages | 084001 |
Keywords | NbN SSPD, SMSPD | ||||
Abstract | We report our study of detection efficiency (DE) saturation in wavelength range 400 – 1550 nm for the NbN Superconducting Microstrip Single-Photon Detectors (SMSPD) featuring the strip width up to 3 μm. We observe an expected decrease of the $DE$ saturation plateau with the increase of photon wavelength and decrease of film sheet resistance. At 1.7 K temperature DE saturation can be clearly observed at 1550 nm wavelength in strip with the width up to 2 μm when sheet resistance of the film is above 630Ω/sq. In such strips the length of the saturation plateau almost does not depend on the strip width. We used these films to make meander-shaped detectors with the light sensitive area from 20×20μm2 to a circle 50 μm in diameter. In the latter case, the detector with the strip width of 0.49 μm demonstrates saturation of DE up to 1064 nm wavelength. Although DE at 1310 and 1550 nm is not saturated, it is as high as 60%. The response time is limited by the kinetic inductance and equals to 20 ns(by 1/e decay), timing jitter is 44 ps. When coupled to multi-mode fibre large-area meanders demonstrate significantly higher dark count rate which we attribute to thermal background photons, thus advanced filtering technique would be required for practical applications. | ||||
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ISSN | 0953-2048 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1793 | |||
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Author | Tretyakov, Ivan; Ryabchun, Sergey; Finkel, Matvey; Maslennikova, Anna; Kaurova, Natalia; Lobastova, Anastasia; Voronov, Boris; Gol'tsman, Gregory | ||||
Title | Low noise and wide bandwidth of NbN hot-electron bolometer mixers | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2011 | Publication | Appl. Phys. Lett. | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Volume | 98 | Issue | Pages | 033507 (1 to 3) | |
Keywords | NbN HEB mixer | ||||
Abstract | We report a record double sideband noise temperature of 600 K (5hν/kB) offered by a NbN hot-electron bolometer receiver at 2.5 THz. Allowing for standing wave effects, this value was found to be constant in the intermediate frequency range 1–7 GHz, which indicates that the mixer has an unprecedentedly large noise bandwidth in excess of 7 GHz. The insight into this is provided by gain bandwidth measurements performed at the superconducting transition. They show that the dependence of the bandwidth on the mixer length follows the model for an HEB mixer with diffusion and phonon cooling of the hot electrons. | ||||
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Call Number | RPLAB @ gujma @ | Serial | 638 | ||
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Author | Beck, M.; Klammer, M.; Lang, S.; Leiderer, P.; Kabanov, V. V.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Demsar, J. | ||||
Title | Energy-gap dynamics of superconducting NbN thin films studied by time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2011 | Publication | Phys. Rev. Lett. | Abbreviated Journal | Phys. Rev. Lett. |
Volume | 107 | Issue | 17 | Pages | 4 |
Keywords | NbN thin film, energy gap dynamics | ||||
Abstract | Using time-domain terahertz spectroscopy we performed direct studies of the photoinduced suppression and recovery of the superconducting gap in a conventional BCS superconductor NbN. Both processes are found to be strongly temperature and excitation density dependent. The analysis of the data with the established phenomenological Rothwarf-Taylor model enabled us to determine the bare quasiparticle recombination rate, the Cooper pair-breaking rate and the electron-phonon coupling constant, λ=1.1±0.1, which is in excellent agreement with theoretical estimates. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | RPLAB @ gujma @ | Serial | 641 | ||
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