| Records |
| Author |
Gol'tsman, G. N.; Semenov, A. D.; Gousev, Y. P.; Zorin, M. A.; Gogidze, I. G.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Lang, P. T.; Knott, W. J.; Renk, K. F. |
| Title |
Sensitive picosecond NbN detector for radiation from millimetre wavelengths to visible light |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1991 |
Publication  |
Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
| Volume |
4 |
Issue |
9 |
Pages |
453-456 |
| Keywords |
NbN HEB detectors |
| Abstract |
The authors report on the application of a broad-band NbN film detector which has high sensitivity and picosecond response time for detection of radiation from millimetre wavelengths to visible light. From a study of amplitude modulated radiation of backward-wave tubes and picosecond pulses from gas and solid state lasers at wavelengths between 2 mm and 0.53 mu m, they found a detectivity of 1010 W-1 cm Hz-1/2 and a response time of less than 50 ps at T=10 K. The characteristics were provided by using a 150 AA thick NbN film patterned into a structure of micron strips. According to the proposed detection mechanism, namely electron heating, they expect an intrinsic response time of approximately 20 ps at the same temperature. |
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0953-2048 |
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242 |
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| Author |
Semenov, Alexei; Richter, Heiko; Smirnov, Konstantin; Voronov, Boris; Gol'tsman, Gregory; Hübers, Heinz-Wilhelm |
| Title |
The development of terahertz superconducting hot-electron bolometric mixers |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
| Volume |
17 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
436-439 |
| Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers |
| Abstract |
We present recent advances in the development of NbN hot-electron bolometric (HEB) mixers for flying terahertz heterodyne receivers. Three important issues have been addressed: the quality of the source NbN films, the effect of the bolometer size on the spectral properties of different planar feed antennas, and the local oscillator (LO) power required for optimal operation of the mixer. Studies of the NbN films with an atomic force microscope indicated a surface structure that may affect the performance of the smallest mixers. Measured spectral gain and noise temperature suggest that at frequencies above 2.5 THz the spiral feed provides better overall performance than the double-slot feed. Direct measurements of the optimal LO power support earlier estimates made in the framework of the uniform mixer model. |
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357 |
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| Author |
Yagoubov, Pavel; Kroug, Matthias; Merkel, Harald; Kollberg, Erik; Schubert, Josef; Hübers, Heinz-Wilhelm |
| Title |
NbN hot electron bolometric mixers at frequencies between 0.7 and 3.1 THz |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
| Volume |
12 |
Issue |
11 |
Pages |
989-991 |
| Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers |
| Abstract |
The performance of NbN-based phonon-cooled hot electron bolometric (HEB) quasioptical mixers is investigated in the 0.7-3.1 THz frequency range. The devices are made from a 3.5-4 nm thick NbN film on high resistivity Si and integrated with a planar spiral antenna on the same substrate. The length of the bolometer microbridge is 0.1-0.2 µm; the width is 1-2 µm. The best results of the DSB receiver noise temperature measured at 1.5 GHz intermediate frequency are: 800 K at 0.7 THz, 1100 K at 1.6 THz, 2000 K at 2.5 THz and 4200 K at 3.1 THz. The measurements were performed with a far infrared laser as the local oscillator (LO) source. The estimated LO power requirement is less than 500 nW at the receiver input. First results on spiral antenna polarization measurements are reported. |
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0953-2048 |
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295 |
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Schubert, J.; Semenov, A.; Gol'tsman, G.; Hübers, H.-W.; Schwaab, G.; Voronov, B.; Gershenzon, E. |
| Title |
Noise temperature of an NbN hot-electron bolometric mixer at frequencies from 0.7 THz to 5.2 THz |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
12 |
Issue |
11 |
Pages |
748-750 |
| Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers |
| Abstract |
We report on noise temperature measurements of an NbN phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometric mixer in the terahertz frequency range. The devices were 3 nm thick films with in-plane dimensions 1.7 × 0.2 µm2 and 0.9 × 0.2 µm2 integrated in a complementary logarithmic-spiral antenna. Measurements were performed at seven frequencies ranging from 0.7 THz to 5.2 THz. The measured DSB noise temperatures are 1500 K (0.7 THz), 2200 K (1.4 THz), 2600 K (1.6 THz), 2900 K (2.5 THz), 4000 K (3.1 THz), 5600 K (4.3 THz) and 8800 K (5.2 THz). |
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298 |
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Korneeva, Y. P.; Manova, N. N.; Dryazgov, M. A.; Simonov, N. O.; Zolotov, P. I.; Korneev, A. A. |
| Title |
Influence of sheet resistance and strip width on the detection efficiency saturation in micron-wide superconducting strips and large-area meanders |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
| Volume |
34 |
Issue |
8 |
Pages |
084001 |
| Keywords |
NbN SSPD, SMSPD |
| Abstract |
We report our study of detection efficiency (DE) saturation in wavelength range 400 – 1550 nm for the NbN Superconducting Microstrip Single-Photon Detectors (SMSPD) featuring the strip width up to 3 μm. We observe an expected decrease of the $DE$ saturation plateau with the increase of photon wavelength and decrease of film sheet resistance. At 1.7 K temperature DE saturation can be clearly observed at 1550 nm wavelength in strip with the width up to 2 μm when sheet resistance of the film is above 630Ω/sq. In such strips the length of the saturation plateau almost does not depend on the strip width. We used these films to make meander-shaped detectors with the light sensitive area from 20×20μm2 to a circle 50 μm in diameter. In the latter case, the detector with the strip width of 0.49 μm demonstrates saturation of DE up to 1064 nm wavelength. Although DE at 1310 and 1550 nm is not saturated, it is as high as 60%. The response time is limited by the kinetic inductance and equals to 20 ns(by 1/e decay), timing jitter is 44 ps. When coupled to multi-mode fibre large-area meanders demonstrate significantly higher dark count rate which we attribute to thermal background photons, thus advanced filtering technique would be required for practical applications. |
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0953-2048 |
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no |
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1793 |
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Zhang, W.; Miao, W.; Zhong, J. Q.; Shi, S. C.; Hayton, D. J.; Vercruyssen, N.; Gao, J. R.; Goltsman, G. N. |
| Title |
Temperature dependence of the receiver noise temperature and IF bandwidth of superconducting hot electron bolometer mixers |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2014 |
Publication |
Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
| Volume |
27 |
Issue |
8 |
Pages |
085013 (1 to 5) |
| Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers |
| Abstract |
In this paper we study the temperature dependence of the receiver noise temperature and IF noise bandwidth of superconducting hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixers. Three superconducting NbN HEB devices of different transition temperatures (Tc) are measured at 0.85 THz and 1.4 THz at different bath temperatures (Tbath) between 4 K and 9 K. Measurement results demonstrate that the receiver noise temperature of superconducting NbN HEB devices is nearly constant for Tbath/Tc, less than 0.8, which is consistent with the simulation based on a distributed hot-spot model. In addition, the IF noise bandwidth appears independent of Tbath/Tc, indicating the dominance of phonon cooling in the investigated HEB devices. |
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0953-2048 |
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1358 |
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Smirnov, K.; Divochiy, A.; Vakhtomin, Y.; Morozov, P.; Zolotov, P.; Antipov, A.; Seleznev, V. |
| Title |
NbN single-photon detectors with saturated dependence of quantum efficiency |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2018 |
Publication |
Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
| Volume |
31 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
035011 (1 to 8) |
| Keywords |
NbN SSPD, SNSPD |
| Abstract |
The possibility of creating NbN superconducting single-photon detectors with saturated dependence of quantum efficiency (QE) versus normalized bias current was investigated. It was shown that the saturation increases for the detectors based on finer films with a lower value of Rs300/Rs20. The decreasing of Rs300/Rs20 was related to the increasing influence of quantum corrections to conductivity of superconductors and, in turn, to the decrease of the electron diffusion coefficient. The best samples have a constant value of system QE 94% at Ib/Ic ~ 0.8 and wavelength 1310 nm. |
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0953-2048 |
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1232 |
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Antipov, S.; Trifonov, A.; Krause, S.; Meledin, D.; Kaurova, N.; Rudzinski, M.; Desmaris, V.; Belitsky, V.; Goltsman, G. |
| Title |
Improved bandwidth of a 2 THz hot-electron bolometer heterodyne mixer fabricated on sapphire with a GaN buffer layer |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2019 |
Publication |
Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
| Volume |
32 |
Issue |
7 |
Pages |
075003 |
| Keywords |
NbN HEB mixer, GaN buffer layer, sapphire substrate |
| Abstract |
We report on the signal-to-noise and gain bandwidth of a niobium nitride (NbN) hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixer at 2 THz fabricated on a sapphire substrate with a GaN buffer layer. Two mixers with different DC properties and geometrical dimensions were studied and they demonstrated very close bandwidth performance. The signal-to-noise bandwidth is increased to 8 GHz in comparison to the previous results, obtained without a buffer-layer. The data were taken in a quasi-optical system with the use of the signal-to-noise method, which is close to the signal levels used in actual astrophysical observations. We find an increase of the gain bandwidth to 5 GHz. The results indicate that prior results obtained on a substrate of crystalline GaN can also be obtained on a conventional sapphire substrate with a few micron MOCVD-deposited GaN buffer-layer. |
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IOP Publishing |
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Antipov_2019 |
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1277 |
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Yang, Z. Q.; Hajenius, M.; Baselmans, J. J. A.; Gao, J. R.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G. N. |
| Title |
Reduced noise in NbN hot-electron bolometer mixers by annealing |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
| Volume |
19 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
L (9 to 12) |
| Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers |
| Abstract |
We find that the sensitivity of heterodyne receivers based on superconducting hot-electron bolometers (HEBs) increases by 25–30% after annealing at 85 °C in vacuum. The devices studied are twin-slot antenna coupled mixers with a small NbN bridge of 1 × 0.15 µm2. We show that annealing changes the device properties as reflected in sharper resistive transitions of the complete device, apparently reducing the device-related noise. The lowest receiver noise temperature of 700 K is measured at a local oscillator frequency of 1.63 THz and a bath temperature of 4.3 K. |
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0953-2048 |
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1456 |
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Lipatov, A.; Okunev, O.; Smirnov, K.; Chulkova, G.; Korneev, A.; Kouminov, P.; Gol'tsman, G.; Zhang, J.; Slysz, W.; Verevkin, A.; Sobolewski, R. |
| Title |
An ultrafast NbN hot-electron single-photon detector for electronic applications |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
| Volume |
15 |
Issue |
12 |
Pages |
1689-1692 |
| Keywords |
NbN SSPD, SNSPD, QE, jitter, dark counts |
| Abstract |
We present the latest generation of our superconducting single-photon detector (SPD), which can work from ultraviolet to mid-infrared optical radiation wavelengths. The detector combines a high speed of operation and low jitter with high quantum efficiency (QE) and very low dark count level. The technology enhancement allows us to produce ultrathin (3.5 nm thick) structures that demonstrate QE hundreds of times better, at 1.55 μm, than previous 10 nm thick SPDs. The best, 10 × 10 μm2, SPDs demonstrate QE up to 5% at 1.55 μm and up to 11% at 0.86 μm. The intrinsic detector QE, normalized to the film absorption coefficient, reaches 100% at bias currents above 0.9 Ic for photons with wavelengths shorter than 1.3 μm. |
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0953-2048 |
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1533 |
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