| Records |
| Author |
Karasik, B. S.; Elantiev, A. I. |
| Title |
Noise temperature limit of a superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixer |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1996 |
Publication  |
Applied Physics Letters |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
| Volume |
68 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
853-855 |
| Keywords |
HEB mixer noise temperature, Johnson noise, thermal fluctuation noise, noise bandwidth |
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0003-6951 |
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260 |
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| Author |
Karasik, B. S.; Il'in, K. S.; Pechen, E. V.; Krasnosvobodtsev, S. I. |
| Title |
Diffusion cooling mechanism in a hot-electron NbC microbolometer mixer |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1996 |
Publication |
Applied Physics Letters |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
| Volume |
68 |
Issue |
16 |
Pages |
2285-2287 |
| Keywords |
HEB mixer, diffusion cooling channel, diffusion channel |
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0003-6951 |
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no |
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262 |
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| Author |
Barends, R.; Hajenius, M.; Gao, J. R.; Klapwijk, T. M. |
| Title |
Current-induced vortex unbinding in bolometer mixers |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Applied Physics Letters |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
| Volume |
87 |
Issue |
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Pages |
263506 (1 to 3) |
| Keywords |
HEB mixer numerical model, HEB model, IV-curves, vortex-antivortex, Berezinskii–Kosterlitz–Thouless theory, diffusion cooling channel, diffusion channel, distributed HEB model, distributed model, self-heating effect, temperature profile |
| Abstract |
We present a description of the current-voltage characteristics of hot electron bolometers in terms of the current-dependent intrinsic resistive transition of NbN films. We find that, by including this current dependence, we can correctly predict the complete current-voltage characteristics, showing excellent agreement with measurements for both low and high bias and for small as well as large devices. It is assumed that the current dependence is due to vortex-antivortex unbinding as described in the Berezinskii–Kosterlitz–Thouless theory. The presented approach will be useful in guiding device optimization for noise and bandwidth. |
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604 |
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| Author |
Zhang, W.; Khosropanah, P.; Gao, J. R.; Kollberg, E. L.; Yngvesson, K. S.; Bansal, T.; Barends, R.; Klapwijk, T. M. |
| Title |
Quantum noise in a terahertz hot electron bolometer mixer |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2010 |
Publication |
Applied Physics Letters |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
| Volume |
96 |
Issue |
11 |
Pages |
111113-(1-3) |
| Keywords |
HEB mixer, quantum limit, quantum noise, vacuum box, THz, Terahertz |
| Abstract |
We have measured the noise temperature of a single, sensitive superconducting NbN hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixer in a frequency range from 1.6 to 5.3 THz, using a setup with all the key components in vacuum. By analyzing the measured receiver noise temperature using a quantum noise (QN) model for HEB mixers, we confirm the effect of QN. The QN is found to be responsible for about half of the receiver noise at the highest frequency in our measurements. The beta-factor (the quantum efficiency of the HEB) obtained experimentally agrees reasonably well with the calculated value. |
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no |
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624 |
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Burke, P. J.; Schoelkopf, R. J.; Prober, D. E.; Skalare, A.; Karasik, B. S.; Gaidis, M. C.; McGrath, W. R.; Bumble, B.; Leduc, H. G. |
| Title |
Spectrum of thermal fluctuation noise in diffusion and phonon cooled hot-electron mixers |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Applied Physics Letters |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
| Volume |
72 |
Issue |
12 |
Pages |
1516-1518 |
| Keywords |
HEB mixer; thermal fluctuation noise; TFN |
| Abstract |
A systematic study of the intermediate frequency noise bandwidth of Nb thin-film superconducting hot-electron bolometers is presented. We have measured the spectrum of the output noise as well as the conversion efficiency over a very broad intermediate frequency range (from 0.1 to 7.5 GHz) for devices varying in length from 0.08 μm to 3 μm. Local oscillator and rf signals from 8 to 40 GHz were used. For a device of a given length, the spectrum of the output noise and the conversion efficiency behave similarly for intermediate frequencies less than the gain bandwidth, in accordance with a simple thermal model for both the mixing and thermal fluctuation noise. For higher intermediate frequencies the conversion efficiency decreases; in contrast, the noise decreases but has a second contribution which dominates at higher frequency. The noise bandwidth is larger than the gain bandwidth, and the mixer noise is low, between 120 and 530 K (double side band). |
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RPLAB @ gujma @ |
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760 |
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| Author |
Gol’tsman, G. N.; Gershenzon, E. M. |
| Title |
Phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometric mixer: overview of recent results |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Appl. Supercond. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Supercond. |
| Volume |
6 |
Issue |
10-12 |
Pages |
649-655 |
| Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers |
| Abstract |
The paper presents an overview of recent results for NbN phonon-cooled hot electron bolometric (HEB) mixers. The noise temperature of the receivers based on both quasioptical and waveguide versions of HEB mixer has crossed the level of 1 K·GHz−1 at 430 GHz (410 K) and 600–650 GHz (480 K) and is close to this level at 820 GHz (1100 K) and 900 GHz (980 K). The gain bandwidth measured for quasioptical HEB mixer at 620 GHz reached 4 GHz and the noise temperature bandwidth was almost 8 GHz. Local oscillator power requirements are about 1 μW for mixers made by photolithography and are about 100 nW for mixers made by e-beam lithography. The studies in terahertz receivers based on HEB superconducting mixers now present a dynamic, rapidly developing field. |
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0964-1807 |
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no |
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1564 |
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| Author |
Prober, D. E. |
| Title |
Superconducting terahertz mixer using a transition-edge microbolometer |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1993 |
Publication |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
| Volume |
62 |
Issue |
17 |
Pages |
2119-2121 |
| Keywords |
HEB mixer, NbN, TES |
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Recommended by Klapwijk |
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no |
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244 |
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| Author |
Lindgren, M.; Zorin, M. A.; Trifonov, V.; Danerud, M.; Winkler, D.; Karasik, B. S.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Gershenzon, E. M. |
| Title |
Optical mixing in a patterned YBa2Cu3O7-δ thin film |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
| Volume |
65 |
Issue |
26 |
Pages |
3398-3400 |
| Keywords |
YBCO HTS HEB mixer, bandwidth |
| Abstract |
Mixing of 1.56 µm infrared radiation from two lasers in a high quality YBa2Cu3O7-δ thin film, patterned to parallel strips, was demonstrated. A mixer bandwidth of 18 GHz, limited by the measurement system, was obtained. A model based on nonequilibrium electron heating gives a good fit to the data and predicts an intrinsic mixer bandwidth in excess of 100 GHz, operating in the whole infrared spectrum. Reduction of bolometric effects and ways to decrease the conversion loss of the mixer is discussed. The minimum conversion loss is expected to be ~10 dB. |
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0003-6951 |
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no |
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251 |
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| Author |
Ekstörm, H.; Kollberg, E.; Yagoubov, P.; Gol'tsman, G.; Gershenzon, E.; Yngvesson, S. |
| Title |
Gain and noise bandwidth of NbN hot-electron bolometric mixers |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
| Volume |
70 |
Issue |
24 |
Pages |
3296-3298 |
| Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers, conversion loss, conversion gain, U-factor technique |
| Abstract |
We have measured the noise performance and gain bandwidth of 35 Å thin NbN hot-electron mixers integrated with spiral antennas on silicon substrate lenses at 620 GHz. The best double-sideband receiver noise temperature is less than 1300 K with a 3 dB bandwidth of ≈5 GHz. The gain bandwidth is 3.2 GHz. The mixer output noise dominated by thermal fluctuations is 50 K, and the intrinsic conversion gain is about −12 dB. Without mismatch losses and excluding the loss from the beamsplitter, we expect to achieve a receiver noise temperature of less than 700 K. |
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no |
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279 |
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Khosropanah, P.; Gao, J. R.; Laauwen, W. M.; Hajenius, M; Klapwijk, T. M. |
| Title |
Low noise NbN hot electron bolometer mixer at 4.3 THz |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
| Volume |
91 |
Issue |
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Pages |
221111 (1 to 3) |
| Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers, NbN, contacts cleaning |
| Abstract |
We have studied the sensitivity of a superconducting NbN hot electron bolometer mixer integrated with a spiral antenna at 4.3 THz. Using hot/cold blackbody loads and a beam splitter all in vacuum, we measured a double sideband receiver noise temperature of 1300 K at the optimum local oscillator (LO) power of 330 nW, which is about 12 times the quantum noise (hnu/2kB). Our result indicates that there is no sign of degradation of the mixing process at the superterahertz frequencies. Moreover, a measurement method is introduced which allows us for an accurate determination of the sensitivity despite LO power fluctuations. |
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