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Author Gol’tsman, G. N.; Okunev, O.; Chulkova, G.; Lipatov, A.; Semenov, A.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, B.; Dzardanov, A.; Williams, C.; Sobolewski, R. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Picosecond superconducting single-photon optical detector Type Journal Article
  Year 2001 Publication (up) Appl. Phys. Lett. Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.  
  Volume 79 Issue 6 Pages 705-707  
  Keywords NbN SSPD, SNSPD  
  Abstract We experimentally demonstrate a supercurrent-assisted, hotspot-formation mechanism for ultrafast detection and counting of visible and infrared photons. A photon-induced hotspot leads to a temporary formation of a resistive barrier across the superconducting sensor strip and results in an easily measurable voltage pulse. Subsequent hotspot healing in ∼30 ps time frame, restores the superconductivity (zero-voltage state), and the detector is ready to register another photon. Our device consists of an ultrathin, very narrow NbN strip, maintained at 4.2 K and current-biased close to the critical current. It exhibits an experimentally measured quantum efficiency of ∼20% for 0.81 μm wavelength photons and negligible dark counts.  
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  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0003-6951 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1543  
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Author Shcherbatenko, M.; Elezov, M.; Manova, N.; Sedykh, K.; Korneev, A.; Korneeva, Y.; Dryazgov, M.; Simonov, N.; Feimov, A.; Goltsman, G.; Sych, D. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Single-pixel camera with a large-area microstrip superconducting single photon detector on a multimode fiber Type Journal Article
  Year 2021 Publication (up) Appl. Phys. Lett. Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.  
  Volume 118 Issue 18 Pages 181103  
  Keywords NbN SSPD, SNSPD  
  Abstract High sensitivity imaging at the level of single photons is an invaluable tool in many areas, ranging from microscopy to astronomy. However, development of single-photon sensitive detectors with high spatial resolution is very non-trivial. Here we employ the single-pixel imaging approach and demonstrate a proof-of-principle single-pixel single-photon imaging setup. We overcome the problem of low light gathering efficiency by developing a large-area microstrip superconducting single photon detector coupled to a multi-mode optical fiber interface. We show that the setup operates well in the visible and near infrared spectrum, and is able to capture images at the single-photon level.

We thank Philipp Zolotov and Pavel Morozov for NbN film fabrication, ARC coating, and fiber coupling of the detector. We also thank Swabian Instruments GmbH and Dr. Helmut Fedder personally for the kindly provided experimental equipment (Time Tagger Ultra 8). The work in the part of SNSPD research and development was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research Project No. 18-29-20100. The work in the part of the optical setup and imaging was supported by Russian Foundation for Basic Research Project No. 20-32-51004.
 
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  ISSN 0003-6951 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1770  
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Author Lindgren, M.; Currie, M.; Zeng, W.-S.; Sobolewski, R.; Cherednichenko, S.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G. N. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Picosecond response of a superconducting hot-electron NbN photodetector Type Journal Article
  Year 1998 Publication (up) Appl. Supercond. Abbreviated Journal Appl. Supercond.  
  Volume 6 Issue 7-9 Pages 423-428  
  Keywords NbN SSPD, SNSPD  
  Abstract The ps optical response of ultrathin NbN photodetectors has been studied by electro-optic sampling. The detectors were fabricated by patterning ultrathin (3.5 nm thick) NbN films deposited on sapphire by reactive magnetron sputtering into either a 5×10 μm2 microbridge or 25 1 μm wide, 5 μm long strips connected in parallel. Both structures were placed at the center of a 4 mm long coplanar waveguide covered with Ti/Au. The photoresponse was studied at temperatures ranging from 2.15 K to 10 K, with the samples biased in the resistive (switched) state and illuminated with 100 fs wide laser pulses at 395 nm wavelength. At T=2.15 K, we obtained an approximately 100 ps wide transient, which corresponds to a NbN detector response time of 45 ps. The photoresponse can be attributed to the nonequilibrium electron heating effect, where the incident radiation increases the temperature of the electron subsystem, while the phonons act as the heat sink. The high-speed response of NbN devices makes them an excellent choice for an optoelectronic interface for superconducting digital circuits, as well as mixers for the terahertz regime. The multiple-strip detector showed a linear dependence on input optical power and a responsivity =3.9 V/W.  
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  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0964-1807 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1584  
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Author Hadfield, Robert. H.; Habif, Jonathan L.; Schlafer, John; Schwall, Robert. E.; Nam, Sae Woo url  doi
openurl 
  Title Quantum key distribution at 1550 nm with twin superconducting single-photon detectors Type Journal Article
  Year 2006 Publication (up) Applied Physics Letters Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.  
  Volume 89 Issue 24 Pages 241129  
  Keywords SSPD, quantum cryptography  
  Abstract  
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  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0003-6951 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 533  
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Author Stevens, M.; Hadfield, R.; Schwall, R.; Nam, S.W.; Mirin, R.; Gupta, J. doi  openurl
  Title Fast lifetime measurements of infrared emitters using a low-jitter superconduct- ing single-photon detector Type Journal Article
  Year 2006 Publication (up) Applied Physics Letters Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.  
  Volume 89 Issue Pages 031109  
  Keywords SSPD, jitter, QD, QW  
  Abstract  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number RPLAB @ akorneev @ Serial 611  
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Author Terai, Hirotaka; Miki, Shigehito; Yamashita, Taro; Makise, Kazumasa; Wang, Zhen openurl 
  Title Demonstration of single-flux-quantum readout operation for superconducting single-photon detectors Type Journal Article
  Year 2010 Publication (up) Applied Physics Letters Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.  
  Volume 97 Issue 11 Pages 3  
  Keywords SSPD  
  Abstract A readout circuit using superconducting single-flux-quantum (SFQ) circuits has been developed to realize an independently addressable array of superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs). We tested the SFQ readout circuits by connecting with SSPDs. The error rates of readout circuits were below 10–5 for input signal amplitude of greater than 18.2 μA. Detection efficiencies (DEs) for single-photon incidents were measured both with and without the connection of a readout circuit. The observed DEs traced almost the same curves regardless of the connection of the readout circuit, except that the SSPD is likely to latch by connecting the readout circuit.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 654  
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Author Gaggero, A.; Nejad, S. Jahanmiri; Marsili, F.; Mattioli, F.; Leoni, R.; Bitauld, D.; Sahin, D.; Hamhuis, G. J.; Nötzel, R.; Sanjines, R.; Fiore, A. openurl 
  Title Nanowire superconducting single-photon detectors on GaAs for integrated quantum photonic applications Type Journal Article
  Year 2010 Publication (up) Applied Physics Letters Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.  
  Volume 97 Issue 15 Pages 3  
  Keywords SSPD  
  Abstract We demonstrate efficient nanowire superconducting single photon detectors (SSPDs) based on NbN thin films grown on GaAs. NbN films ranging from 3 to 5 nm in thickness have been deposited by dc magnetron sputtering on GaAs substrates at 350 °C. These films show superconducting properties comparable to similar films grown on sapphire and MgO. In order to demonstrate the potential for monolithic integration, SSPDs were fabricated and measured on GaAs/AlAs Bragg mirrors, showing a clear cavity enhancement, with a peak quantum efficiency of 18.3% at λ = 1300 nm and T = 4.2 K.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 681  
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Author Sprengers, J. P.; Gaggero, A.; Sahin, D.; Jahanmirinejad, S.; Frucci, G.; Mattioli, F.; Leoni, R.; Beetz, J.; Lermer, M.; Kamp, M.; Höfling, S.; Sanjines, R.; Fiore A. openurl 
  Title Waveguide superconducting single-photon detectors for integrated quantum photonic circuits Type Journal Article
  Year 2011 Publication (up) Applied Physics Letters Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.  
  Volume 99 Issue 18 Pages 181110(1-3)  
  Keywords optical waveguides, waveguide SSPD  
  Abstract The monolithic integration of single-photon sources, passive optical circuits, and single-photon detectors enables complex and scalable quantum photonic integrated circuits, for application in linear-optics quantum computing and quantum communications. Here, we demonstrate a key component of such a circuit, a waveguide single-photon detector. Our detectors, based on superconducting nanowires on GaAs ridge waveguides, provide high efficiency (~0%) at telecom wavelengths, high timing accuracy (~0 ps), and response time in the ns range and are fully compatible with the integration of single-photon sources, passive networks, and modulators.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 847  
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Author Engel, Andreas; Aeschbacher, Adrian; Inderbitzin, Kevin; Schilling, Andreas; Il'in, Konstantin; Hofherr, Matthias; Siegel, Michael; Semenov, Alexei; Hübers, Heinz-Wilhelm openurl 
  Title Tantalum nitride superconducting single-photon detectors with low cut-off energy Type Journal Article
  Year 2011 Publication (up) arXiv Abbreviated Journal arXiv  
  Volume Issue Pages 9  
  Keywords SSPD  
  Abstract Materials with a small superconducting energy gap favor a high detection efficiency of low-energy photons in superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors. We developed a TaN detector with smaller gap and lower density of states at the Fermi energy than in comparable NbN devices, while other relevant parameters remain essentially unchanged. This results in a reduction of the minimum photon energy required for direct detection to $\approx1/3$ as compared to NbN.  
  Address  
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  Publisher Place of Publication arXiv:1110.4576 Editor  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 687  
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Author Dorenbos, S. N.; Heeres, R.W.; Driessen, E.F.C; Zwiller, V. openurl 
  Title Efficient and robust fiber coupling of superconducting single photon detectors Type Journal Article
  Year 2011 Publication (up) arXiv Abbreviated Journal arXiv  
  Volume Issue Pages 6  
  Keywords SSPD  
  Abstract We applied a recently developed fiber coupling technique to superconducting single photon detectors (SSPDs). As the detector area of SSPDs has to be kept as small as possible, coupling to an optical fiber has been either inefficient or unreliable. Etching through the silicon substrate allows fabrication of a circularly shaped chip which self aligns to the core of a ferrule terminated fiber in a fiber sleeve. In situ alignment at cryogenic temperatures is unnecessary and no thermal stress during cooldown, causing misalignment, is induced. We measured the quantum efficiency of these devices with an attenuated tunable broadband source. The combination of a lithographically defined chip and high precision standard telecommunication components yields near unity coupling efficiency and a system detection efficiency of 34% at a wavelength of 1200 nm. This quantum efficiency measurement is confirmed by an absolute efficiency measurement using correlated photon pairs (with $\lambda$ = 1064 nm) produced by spontaneous parametric down-conversion. The efficiency obtained via this method agrees well with the efficiency measured with the attenuated tunable broadband source.  
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  Publisher Place of Publication arXiv:1109.5809 Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 689  
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Author Pernice, W.; Schuck, C.; Minaeva, O.; Li, M.; Goltsman, G. N.; Sergienko, A. V.; Tang, H. X. url  openurl
  Title High speed and high efficiency travelling wave single-photon detectors embedded in nanophotonic circuits Type Miscellaneous
  Year 2012 Publication (up) arXiv Abbreviated Journal arXiv  
  Volume 1108.5299 Issue Pages 1-23  
  Keywords optical waveguides, waveguide SSPD, guantum photonics, jitter, detection efficiency  
  Abstract Ultrafast, high quantum efficiency single photon detectors are among the most sought-after elements in modern quantum optics and quantum communication. High photon detection efficiency is essential for scalable measurement-based quantum computation, quantum key distribution, and loophole-free Bell experiments. However, imperfect modal matching and finite photon absorption rates have usually limited the maximum attainable detection efficiency of single photon detectors. Here we demonstrate a superconducting nanowire detector atop nanophotonic waveguides which allows us to drastically increase the absorption length for incoming photons. When operating the detectors close to the critical current we achieve high on-chip single photon detection efficiency up to 91% at telecom wavelengths, with uncertainty dictated by the variation of the waveguide photon flux. We also observe remarkably low dark count rates without significant compromise of detection efficiency. Furthermore, our detectors are fully embedded in a scalable silicon photonic circuit and provide ultrashort timing jitter of 18ps. Exploiting this high temporal resolution we demonstrate ballistic photon transport in silicon ring resonators. The direct implementation of such a detector with high quantum efficiency, high detection speed and low jitter time on chip overcomes a major barrier in integrated quantum photonics.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 845  
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Author Sprengers, J.P.; Gaggero, A.; Sahin, D.; Nejad, S. Jahanmiri; Mattioli, F.; Leoni, R.; Beetz, J.; Lermer, M.; Kamp, M.; Höfling, S.; Sanjines, R.; Fiore A. openurl 
  Title Waveguide single-photon detectors for integrated quantum photonic circuits Type Conference Article
  Year 2011 Publication (up) arXiv Abbreviated Journal arXiv  
  Volume 1108.5107 Issue Pages 1-11  
  Keywords optical waveguides, waveguide SSPD  
  Abstract The generation, manipulation and detection of quantum bits (qubits) encoded on single photons is at the heart of quantum communication and optical quantum information processing. The combination of single-photon sources, passive optical circuits and single-photon detectors enables quantum repeaters and qubit amplifiers, and also forms the basis of all-optical quantum gates and of linear-optics quantum computing. However, the monolithic integration of sources, waveguides and detectors on the same chip, as needed for scaling to meaningful number of qubits, is very challenging, and previous work on quantum photonic circuits has used external sources and detectors. Here we propose an approach to a fully-integrated quantum photonic circuit on a semiconductor chip, and demonstrate a key component of such circuit, a waveguide single-photon detector. Our detectors, based on superconducting nanowires on GaAs ridge waveguides, provide high efficiency (20%) at telecom wavelengths, high timing accuracy (60 ps), response time in the ns range, and are fully compatible with the integration of single-photon sources, passive networks and modulators.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 846  
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Author Korneeva, Y. P.; Vodolazov, D. Y.; Semenov, A. V.; Florya, I. N.; Simonov, N.; Baeva, E.; Korneev, A. A.; Goltsman, G. N.; Klapwijk, T. M. url  openurl
  Title Optical single photon detection in micron-scaled NbN bridges Type Miscellaneous
  Year 2018 Publication (up) arXiv Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages  
  Keywords SSPD  
  Abstract We demonstrate experimentally that single photon detection can be achieved in micron-wide NbN bridges, with widths ranging from 0.53 μm to 5.15 μm and for photon-wavelengths from 408 nm to 1550 nm. The microbridges are biased with a dc current close to the experimental critical current, which is estimated to be about 50 % of the theoretically expected depairing current. These results offer an alternative to the standard superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs), based on nanometer scale nanowires implemented in a long meandering structure. The results are consistent with improved theoretical modelling based on the theory of non-equilibrium superconductivity including the vortex-assisted mechanism of initial dissipation.  
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  Notes Duplicated as 1303 Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1312  
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Author Kahl, O.; Ferrari, S.; Kovalyuk, V.; Vetter, A.; Lewes-Malandrakis, G.; Nebel, C.; Korneev, A.; Goltsman, G.; Pernice, W. url  openurl
  Title Spectrally resolved single-photon imaging with hybrid superconducting – nanophotonic circuits Type Miscellaneous
  Year 2016 Publication (up) arXiv Abbreviated Journal arXiv  
  Volume Issue Pages 1-20  
  Keywords waiveguide SSPD, SNSPD, imaging  
  Abstract The detection of individual photons is an inherently binary mechanism, revealing either their absence or presence while concealing their spectral information. For multi-color imaging techniques, such as single photon spectroscopy, fluorescence resonance energy transfer microscopy and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, wavelength discrimination is essential and mandates spectral separation prior to detection. Here, we adopt an approach borrowed from quantum photonic integration to realize a compact and scalable waveguide-integrated single-photon spectrometer capable of parallel detection on multiple wavelength channels, with temporal resolution below 50 ps and dark count rates below 10 Hz. We demonstrate multi-detector devices for telecommunication and visible wavelengths and showcase their performance by imaging silicon vacancy color centers in diamond nanoclusters. The fully integrated hybrid superconducting-nanophotonic circuits enable simultaneous spectroscopy and lifetime mapping for correlative imaging and provide the ingredients for quantum wavelength division multiplexing on a chip.  
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  Call Number Serial 1334  
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Author Sidorova, M. V.; Kozorezov, A. G.; Semenov, A. V.; Korneev, A. A.; Chulkova, G. M.; Korneeva, Y. P.; Mikhailov, M. Y.; Devizenko, A. Y.; Goltsman, G. N. url  openurl
  Title Non-bolometric bottleneck in electron-phonon relaxation in ultra-thin WSi film Type Miscellaneous
  Year 2018 Publication (up) arXiv Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages  
  Keywords WSi films, diffusion constant, SSPD, SNSPD  
  Abstract We developed the model of the internal phonon bottleneck to describe the energy exchange between the acoustically soft ultrathin metal film and acoustically rigid substrate. Discriminating phonons in the film into two groups, escaping and nonescaping, we show that electrons and nonescaping phonons may form a unified subsystem, which is cooled down only due to interactions with escaping phonons, either due to direct phonon conversion or indirect sequential interaction with an electronic system. Using an amplitude-modulated absorption of the sub-THz radiation technique, we studied electron-phonon relaxation in ultrathin disordered films of tungsten silicide. We found an experimental proof of the internal phonon bottleneck. The experiment and simulation based on the proposed model agree well, resulting in tau{e-ph} = 140-190 ps at TC = 3.4 K, supporting the results of earlier measurements by independent techniques.  
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  Notes Duplicated as 1305 Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1341  
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