| Records |
| Author |
Hubers, H.-W.; Semenov, A.; Richter, H.; Schwarz, M.; Gunther, B.; Smirnov, K.; Gol’tsman, G.; Voronov, B. |
| Title |
Heterodyne receiver for 3-5 THz with hot-electron bolometer mixer |
Type |
Conference Article |
| Year |
2004 |
Publication  |
Proc. SPIE |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. SPIE |
| Volume |
5498 |
Issue |
|
Pages |
579-586 |
| Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers |
| Abstract |
Heterodyne receivers for applications in astronomy and planetary research need quantum limited sensitivity. In instruments which are currently build for SOFIA and Herschel superconducting hot electron bolometers (HEB) will be used to achieve this goal at frequencies above 1.4 THz. The local oscillator and the mixer are the most critical components for a heterodyne receiver operating at 3-5 THz. The design and performance of an optically pumped THz gas laser optimized for this frequency band will be presented. In order to optimize the performance for this frequency hot electron bolometer mixers with different in-plane dimensions and logarithmic-spiral feed antennas have been investigated. Their noise temperatures and beam patterns were measured. Above 3 THz the best performance was achieved with a superconducting bridge of 2.0 x 0.2 μm2 incorporated in a logarithmic spiral antenna. The DSB noise temperatures were 2700 K, 4700 K and 6400 K at 3.1 THz, 4.3 THz and 5.2 THz, respectively. The results demonstrate that the NbN HEB is very well suited as a mixer for THz heterodyne receivers up to at least 5 THz. |
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Thesis |
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| Publisher |
SPIE |
Place of Publication |
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Editor |
Zmuidzinas, J.; Holland, W.S.; Withington, S. |
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Summary Language |
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Original Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Edition |
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ISBN |
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Medium |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors for Astronomy II |
| Notes |
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Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
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Serial |
1483 |
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| Author |
Baubert, J.; Salez, M.; Delorme, Y.; Pons, P.; Goltsman, G.; Merkel, H.; Leconte, B. |
| Title |
Membrane-based HEB mixer for THz applications |
Type |
Conference Article |
| Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Proc. SPIE |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. SPIE |
| Volume |
5116 |
Issue |
|
Pages |
551-562 |
| Keywords |
membrane NbN HEB mixers, heterodyne receiver, stress-less membrane, coupling efficiency, submillimeter-waves frequency, low-cost space applications |
| Abstract |
We report in this paper a new concept for 2.7 THz superconducting Niobium nitride (NbN) Hot-Electron Bolometer mixer (HEB). The membrane process was developped for space telecommnunication applications a few years ago and the HEB mixer concept is now considered as the best choice for low-noise submillimeter-wave frequency heterodyne receivers. The idea is then to join these two technologies. The novel fabrication scheme is to fabricate a NbN HEB mixer on a 1 μm thick stress-less Si3N4/SiO2 membrane. This seems to present numerous improvements concerning : use at higher RF frequencies, power coupling efficiency, HEB mixer sensitivity, noise temperature, and space applications. This work is to be continued within the framework of an ESA TRP project, a 2.7 THz heterodyne camera with numerous applications including a SOFIA airborne receiver. This paper presents the whole fabrication process, the validation tests and preliminary results. Membrane-based HEB mixer theory is currently being investigated and further tests such as heterodyne and Fourier transform spectrometry measurement are planed shortly. |
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Thesis |
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| Publisher |
SPIE |
Place of Publication |
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Editor |
Chiao, J.-C.; Varadan, V.K.; Cané, C. |
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ISBN |
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Medium |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
Smart Sensors, Actuators, and MEMS |
| Notes |
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Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
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Serial |
1520 |
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| Author |
Cherednichenko, S.; Khosropanah, P.; Adam, A.; Merkel, H. F.; Kollberg, E. L.; Loudkov, D.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Voronov, B. M.; Richter, H.; Huebers, H.-W. |
| Title |
1.4- to 1.7-THz NbN hot-electron bolometer mixer for the Herschel space observatory |
Type |
Conference Article |
| Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Proc. SPIE |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. SPIE |
| Volume |
4855 |
Issue |
|
Pages |
361-370 |
| Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers |
| Abstract |
NbN hot- electron bolometer mixers have reached the level of 10hv/k in terms of the input noise temperature with the noise bandwidth of 4-6 GHz from subMM band up to 2.5 THz. In this paper we discuss the major characteristics of this kind of receiver, i.e. the gain and the noise bandwidth, the noise temperature in a wide RF band, bias regimes and optimisation of RF coupling to the quasioptical mixer. We present the status of the development of the mixer for Band 6 Low for Herschel Telescope. |
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Thesis |
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| Publisher |
SPIE |
Place of Publication |
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Editor |
Phillips, T.G.; Zmuidzinas, J. |
| Language |
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Summary Language |
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Original Title |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISBN |
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Medium |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors for Astronomy |
| Notes |
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Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
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Serial |
1521 |
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| Author |
Huebers, H.-W.; Semenov, A.; Schubert, J.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Voronov, B. M.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Krabbe, A.; Roeser, H.-P. |
| Title |
NbN hot-electron bolometer as THz mixer for SOFIA |
Type |
Conference Article |
| Year |
2000 |
Publication |
Proc. SPIE |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. SPIE |
| Volume |
4014 |
Issue |
|
Pages |
195-202 |
| Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers, airborne, stratospheric observatory, SOFIA |
| Abstract |
Heterodyne receivers for applications in astronomy need quantum limited sensitivity. We have investigated phonon- cooled NbN hot electron bolometric mixers in the frequency range from 0.7 THz to 5.2 THz. The devices were 3.5 nm thin films with an in-plane dimension of 1.7 X 0.2 micrometers 2 integrated in a complementary logarithmic spiral antenna. The best measured DSB receiver noise temperatures are 1300 K (0.7 THz), 2000 K (1.4 THz), 2100 K (1.6 THz), 2600 K (2.5 THz), 4000 K (3.1 THz), 5600 K (4.3 THz), and 8800 K (5.2 THz). The sensitivity fluctuation, the long term stability, and the antenna pattern were measured. The results demonstrate that this mixer is very well suited for GREAT, the German heterodyne receiver for SOFIA. |
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| Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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| Publisher |
SPIE |
Place of Publication |
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Editor |
Melugin, R.K.; Roeser, H.-P. |
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Summary Language |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
Airborne Telescope Systems |
| Notes |
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Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
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Serial |
1554 |
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| Author |
Yngvesson, K. S.; Gerecht, E.; Musante, C. F.; Zhuang, Y.; Ji, M.; Goyette, T. M.; Dickinson, J. C.; Waldman, J.; Yagoubov, P. A.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Voronov, B. M.; Gershenzon, E. M. |
| Title |
Low-noise HEB heterodyne receivers and focal plane arrays for the THz regime using NbN |
Type |
Conference Article |
| Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Proc. SPIE |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. SPIE |
| Volume |
3795 |
Issue |
|
Pages |
357-368 |
| Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers |
| Abstract |
We have developed prototype HEB receivers using thin film superconducting NbN devices deposited on silicon substrates. The devices are quasi-optically coupled through a silicon lens and a self-complementary log-specific toothed antenna. We measured DSB receiver noise temperatures of 500 K (13 X hf/2k) at 1.56 THz and 1,100 K (20 X hf/2k) at 2.24 THz. Noise temperatures are expected to fall further as devices and quasi-optical coupling methods are being optimized. The measured 3 dB IF conversion gain bandwidth for one device was 3 GHz, and it is estimated that the bandwidth over which the receiver noise temperature is within 3 dB of its minimum value is 6.5 GHz which is sufficient for a number of practical applications. We will discuss our latest results and give a detailed description of our prototype setup and experiments. We will also discuss our plans for developing focal plane arrays with tens of Hot Electron Bolometric mixer elements on a single silicon substrate which will make real time imaging systems in the THz region feasible. |
| Address |
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| Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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| Publisher |
SPIE |
Place of Publication |
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Editor |
Hwu, R.J.; Wu, K. |
| Language |
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Summary Language |
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Original Title |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISBN |
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Medium |
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| Area |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
Terahertz and Gigahertz Photonics |
| Notes |
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Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
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Serial |
1561 |
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| Author |
Schwaab, G.W.; Auen, K.; Bruendermann, E.; Feinaeugle, R.; Gol’tsman, G.N.; Huebers, H.-W.; Krabbe, A.; Roeser, H.-P.; Sirmain, G. |
| Title |
2- to 6-THz heterodyne receiver array for the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) |
Type |
Conference Article |
| Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Proc. SPIE |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. SPIE |
| Volume |
3357 |
Issue |
|
Pages |
85-96 |
| Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers, applications, stratospheric observatory, airborne |
| Abstract |
The Institute of Space Sensor Technology of the German Aerospace Center (DLR) is developing a heterodyne array receiver for the frequency range 2 to 6 THz for the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA). Key science issues in that frequency range are the observation of lines of atoms [e.g. (OI)], ions [e.g. (CII), (NII)], and molecules (e.g. OH, HD, CO) with high spectral resolution to study the dynamics and evolution of galactic and extragalactic objects. Long term goal is the development of an integrated array heterodyne receiver with superconducting hot electron bolometric (HEB) mixers and p-type Ge or Si lasers as local oscillators. The first generation receiver will be composed of HEB mixers in a 2 pixel 2 polarization array which will be pumped by a gas laser local oscillator. Improved Schottky diode mixers are the backup solution for the HEBs. The state of the art of HEB mixer and p-type Ge laser technology are described as well as possible improvements in the ’conventional’ optically pumped far-infrared laser and Schottky diode mixer technology. Finally, the frequency coverage of the first generation heterodyne receiver for some important astronomical transitions is discussed. The expected sensitivity is compared to line fluxes measured by the ISO satellite. |
| Address |
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| Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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| Publisher |
SPIE |
Place of Publication |
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Editor |
Phillips, T.G. |
| Language |
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Summary Language |
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Original Title |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISBN |
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Medium |
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| Area |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
Advanced Technology MMW, Radio, and Terahertz Telescopes |
| Notes |
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Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
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Serial |
1583 |
| Permanent link to this record |
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| Author |
Karasik, B.S.; Lindgren, M.; Zorin, M.A.; Danerud, M.; Winkler, D.; Trifonov, V.V.; Gol’tsman, G.N.; Gershenzon, E.M. |
| Title |
Picosecond detection and broadband mixing of near-infrared radiation by YBaCuO films |
Type |
Conference Article |
| Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Proc. SPIE |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. SPIE |
| Volume |
2159 |
Issue |
|
Pages |
68-76 |
| Keywords |
YBCO HTS HEB mixer |
| Abstract |
Nonequilibrium picosecond and bolometric responses of YBCO films 500 angstroms thick patterned into 20 X 20 micrometers 2 size structure to 17 ps laser pulses and modulated radiation of GaAs and CO2 lasers have been studied. The modulation frequencies up to 10 GHz for GaAs laser and up to 1 GHz for CO2 were attained. The use of small radiation power (1 – 10 mW/cm2 for cw radiation and 10 – 100 nJ/cm2 for pulse radiation) in combination with high sensitive read-out system made possible to avoid any non-linear transient processes caused by an overheating of sample above a critical temperature or S-N switching enhanced by an intense radiation. Responses due to the change of kinetic inductance were believed to be negligible. The only signals observed were caused by a small change of the film resistance either in the resistive state created by a bias current or in the normal state. The data obtained by means of pulse and modulation techniques are in agreement. The responsivity about 1 V/W was measured at 1 GHz modulation frequency both for 0.85 micrometers and 10.6 micrometers wavelengths. The sensitivity of high-Tc fast wideband infrared detector is discussed. |
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Thesis |
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| Publisher |
Spie |
Place of Publication |
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Editor |
Nahum, M.; Villegier, J.-C. |
| Language |
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Summary Language |
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Original Title |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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Medium |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
High-Temperature Superconducting Detectors: Bolometric and Nonbolometric |
| Notes |
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Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
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Serial |
1640 |
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| Author |
Gol’tsman, G. N.; Kouminov, P. B.; Goghidze, I. G.; Karasik, B. S.; Gershenzon, E. M. |
| Title |
Nonbolometric and fast bolometric responses of YBaCuO thin films in superconducting, resistive, and normal states |
Type |
Conference Article |
| Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Proc. SPIE |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. SPIE |
| Volume |
2159 |
Issue |
|
Pages |
81-86 |
| Keywords |
YBCO HTS HEB, nonbolornetric |
| Abstract |
The transient voltage response in both epitaxial and granular YBaCuO thin films to 20 ps pulses of YAG:Nd laser radiation with 0.63 micrometers and 1.54 micrometers was studied. In normal and resistive states both types of films demonstrate two components: nonequilibrium picosecond component and following bolometric nanosecond. The normalized amplitudes are almost the same for all films. In superconducting state we observed a kinetic inductive response and two-component shape after integration. The normalized amplitude of the response in granular films is up to several orders of magnitude larger than in epitaxial films. We interpret the nonequilibrium response in terms of a suppression of order parameter by the excess of quasiparticles followed by the change of resistance in normal and resistive states or kinetic inductance in superconducting state. The sharp rise of inductive response in granular films is explained both by a diminishing of the crossection for current percolation through the disordered network os Josephson weak links and by a decrease of condensate density in neighboring regions. |
| Address |
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| Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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| Publisher |
SPIE |
Place of Publication |
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Editor |
Nahum, M.; Villegier, J.-C. |
| Language |
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Summary Language |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Edition |
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ISBN |
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Medium |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
High-Temperature Superconducting Detectors: Bolometric and Nonbolometric |
| Notes |
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Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
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Serial |
1641 |
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| Author |
Gol’tsman, G. N.; Gershenzon, E. M. |
| Title |
High speed hot-electron superconducting bolometer |
Type |
Conference Article |
| Year |
1993 |
Publication |
Proc. SPIE |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. SPIE |
| Volume |
2104 |
Issue |
|
Pages |
181-182 |
| Keywords |
NbN HEb, Nb, Al |
| Abstract |
Physical limitation of response time of a superconducting bolometer as well as the nature of non-equilibrium detection of radiation have been investigated for Al, Nb and NbN thin films in spectral range from submillimeter to near-infraredwavelengths [1,2]. In the case of ideal heat removal from the film with the f_‘. 100A thickness the detection mechanism is an electron heating effect that is not selective to radiation wavelength in a very broad range. The response time ofan electron heating bolometer is determined by an electron-phonon interaction time. This time is of about 10 ns, 0.5 ns and 20 ps for Al, Nb, and NbN correspondingly near the critical temperature of the superconducting film. Thesensitive area of the bolometer consists of a number of narrow strips (with awidth of 1µm) connected in parallel to contact pads; these pads together witha sapphire substrate and a ground plate represent the microstrip transmissionline with an impedance of 50 Q. |
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Thesis |
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| Publisher |
SPIE |
Place of Publication |
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Editor |
Birch, J.R.; Parker, T.J. |
| Language |
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Summary Language |
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Original Title |
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Series Title |
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ISBN |
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Medium |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
18th International Conference on Infrared and Millimeter Waves |
| Notes |
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Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
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Serial |
1652 |
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| Author |
Danerud, M.; Winkler, D.; Zorin, M.; Trifonov, V.; Karasik, B.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Lindgren, M. |
| Title |
Picosecond detection of infrared radiation with YBa2Cu3O7-δ thin films |
Type |
Conference Article |
| Year |
1993 |
Publication |
Proc. SPIE |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. SPIE |
| Volume |
2104 |
Issue |
|
Pages |
183-184 |
| Keywords |
YBCO HTS HEB detectors |
| Abstract |
Picosecond nonequilibrium and slow bolometric responses from a patterned high-Tc superconducting (HTS) film due toinfrared radiation were investigated using both modulation and pulse techniques. Measurements at A, = 0.85 [tm andA, = 10.6 lim have shown a similar behaviour of the response vs modulation frequency f. The responsivity of the HTS filmbased detector at f ..- 0.6-1 GHz is estimated to be 10-2 – 10-1 V/W. |
| Address |
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| Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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| Publisher |
Spie |
Place of Publication |
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Editor |
Birch, J.R.; Parker, T.J. |
| Language |
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Summary Language |
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Original Title |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISBN |
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Medium |
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Conference |
18th International Conference on Infrared and Millimeter Waves |
| Notes |
https://inis.iaea.org/search/searchsinglerecord.aspx?recordsFor=SingleRecord&RN=25034664 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
10.1117/12.2298489 |
Serial |
1653 |
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| Author |
Finkel, M. I.; Maslennikov, S. N.; Gol'tsman, G. N. |
| Title |
The concept of the receiving complex for the “Millimetron” space radio telescope |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Radiophys. Quant. Electron. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Radiophys. Quant. Electron. |
| Volume |
50 |
Issue |
10-11 |
Pages |
837-846 |
| Keywords |
HEB, applications, Millimetron, VLBI |
| Abstract |
We consider the current status of research in the development of a submillimeter and far-infrared receiving instrument and propose promising solutions for the receivers of the spaceborne telescope “Millimetron,” which allow one to realize comprehensively the opportunities given by this international project administrated by the Astrospace Center of the P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0033-8443 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
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Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
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Serial |
411 |
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| Author |
Finkel, M. I.; Maslennikov, S. N.; Gol'tsman, G. N. |
| Title |
Terahertz heterodyne receivers based on superconductive hot-electron bolometer mixers |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Radiophys. Quant. Electron. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Radiophys. Quant. Electron. |
| Volume |
48 |
Issue |
10-11 |
Pages |
859-864 |
| Keywords |
HEB, applications |
| Abstract |
We consider recent results in development of hot-electron bolometer mixers. Special attention is paid to optimization of the contacts between the antenna and the active area of a superconducting film. An important result in the study of the parasitic effect of direct detection is obtained during the measurement of the noise temperatures by the hot/cold load method. The latest results of studies of the waveguide hot-electron bolometer mixers and their successful practical applications are considered. Progress in development of high-frequency (over 1.3 THz) heterodyne receivers for several important international projects is discussed and new submillimeter radio astronomy projects ESPRIT and SAFIR are described. |
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| ISSN |
0033-8443 |
ISBN |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
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Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
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Serial |
381 |
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| Author |
Gol'tsman, G. N.; Loudkov, D. N. |
| Title |
Terahertz superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixers and their application in radio astronomy |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Radiophys. Quant. Electron. |
Abbreviated Journal |
|
| Volume |
46 |
Issue |
8/9 |
Pages |
604-617 |
| Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers |
| Abstract |
We review the latest developments, research, and radioastronomy applications of hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers operated in the terahertz waveband. The physical principles of operation of terahertz HEB mixers are presented, their manufacturing from ultrathin NbN films, the main HEB-mixer parameters and their measurement techniques are discussed, and practical terahertz radioastronomy projects based on heterodyne receivers with HEB mixers are considered. |
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0033-8443 |
ISBN |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
UDC 537.312.62 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
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Serial |
472 |
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| Author |
Ryabchun, S. A.; Tretyakov, I. V.; Pentin, I. V.; Kaurova, N. S.; Seleznev, V. A.; Voronov, B. M.; Finkel, M. I.; Maslennikov, S. N.; Gol'tsman, G. N. |
| Title |
Low-noise wide-band hot-electron bolometer mixer based on an NbN film |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2009 |
Publication |
Radiophys. Quant. Electron. |
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| Volume |
52 |
Issue |
8 |
Pages |
576-582 |
| Keywords |
HEB mixer, in-situ contacts, noise temperature, conversion gain bandwidth, diffusion cooling channel |
| Abstract |
We develop and study a hot-electron bolometer mixer made of a two-layer NbN–Au film in situ deposited on a silicon substrate. The double-sideband noise temperature of the mixer is 750 K at a frequency of 2.5 THz. The conversion efficiency measurements show that at the superconducting transition temperature, the intermediate-frequency bandwidth amounts to about 6.5 GHz for a mixer 0.112 μm long. These record-breaking characteristics are attributed to the improved contacts between a sensitive element and a helical antenna and are reached due to using the in situ deposition of NbN and Au layers at certain stages of the process. |
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599 |
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| Author |
Smirnov, A. V.; Baryshev, A. M.; de Bernardis, P.; Vdovin, V. F.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Kardashev, N. S.; Kuz'min, L. S.; Koshelets, V. P.; Vystavkin, A. N.; Lobanov, Yu. V.; Ryabchun, S. A.; Finkel, M. I.; Khokhlov, D. R. |
| Title |
The current stage of development of the receiving complex of the millimetron space observatory |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2012 |
Publication |
Radiophys. Quant. Electron. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Radiophys. Quant. Electron. |
| Volume |
54 |
Issue |
8 |
Pages |
557-568 |
| Keywords |
Millimetron space observatory, HEB applications |
| Abstract |
We present an overview of the state of the onboard receiving complex of the Millimetron space observatory in the development phase of its preliminary design. The basic parameters of the onboard equipment planned to create and required for astrophysical observations are considered. A review of coherent and incoherent detectors, which are central to each receiver of the observatory, is given. Their characteristics and limiting parameters feasible at the present level of technology are reported. |
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1079 |
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