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Bingham, S. J., Börger, B., Suter, D., & Thomson, A. J. (1998). The design and sensitivity of microwave frequency optical heterodyne receivers. Rev. Sci. Instrum., 69(9), 3403–3409.
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Brown, R. L. (1998). Technical specification of the Millimeter Array. In T. G. Phillips (Ed.), Proc. SPIE, Advanced Technology MMW, Radio, and Terahertz Telescopes, vol. 3357 (pp. 231–237).
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Schwaab, G. W., Auen, K., Bruendermann, E., Feinaeugle, R., Gol’tsman, G. N., Huebers, H. - W., et al. (1998). 2- to 6-THz heterodyne receiver array for the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA). In T. G. Phillips (Ed.), Proc. SPIE (Vol. 3357, pp. 85–96). SPIE.
Abstract: The Institute of Space Sensor Technology of the German Aerospace Center (DLR) is developing a heterodyne array receiver for the frequency range 2 to 6 THz for the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA). Key science issues in that frequency range are the observation of lines of atoms [e.g. (OI)], ions [e.g. (CII), (NII)], and molecules (e.g. OH, HD, CO) with high spectral resolution to study the dynamics and evolution of galactic and extragalactic objects. Long term goal is the development of an integrated array heterodyne receiver with superconducting hot electron bolometric (HEB) mixers and p-type Ge or Si lasers as local oscillators. The first generation receiver will be composed of HEB mixers in a 2 pixel 2 polarization array which will be pumped by a gas laser local oscillator. Improved Schottky diode mixers are the backup solution for the HEBs. The state of the art of HEB mixer and p-type Ge laser technology are described as well as possible improvements in the ’conventional’ optically pumped far-infrared laser and Schottky diode mixer technology. Finally, the frequency coverage of the first generation heterodyne receiver for some important astronomical transitions is discussed. The expected sensitivity is compared to line fluxes measured by the ISO satellite.
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Gerecht, E., Musante, C. F., Jian, H., Yngvesson, K. S., Dickinson, J., Waldman, J., et al. (1998). Measured results for NbN phonon-cooled hot electron bolometric mixers at 0.6-0.75 THz, 1.56 THz, and 2.5 THz. In Proc. 9th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. (pp. 105–114).
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Mann, C. M., Matheson, D. N., Ellison, B. N., Oldfield, M. L., Moyna, B. P., Spencer, J. J., et al. (1998). On the design and measurement of a 2.5 THz waveguide mixer. In Proc. 9th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. (161).
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Chouvaev, D., Kuzmin, L., Tarasov, M., Sundquist, P., Willander, M., & Claeson, T. (1998). Normal metal hot-electron microbolometer with Andreev mirrors for THz space applications. In Proc. 9th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. (pp. 331–335).
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Tetsu Suzuki, Chris Mann, Takanari Yasui, Hirotomo Fujishima, & Koji Mizuno. (1998). Quasi–integrated planar Schottky barrier diodes for 2.5 THz receivers. In Proc. 9th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. (187).
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Maddison, B. J., Martin, R. J., Oldfield, M. L., Mann, C. M., Matheson, D. N., Ellison, B. N., et al. (1998). A compact 500 GHz planar schottky siode receiver with a wide instantaneous bandwidth. In Proc. 9th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. (367).
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Kawamura, J., Blundell, R., Tong, C. - Y. E., Papa, D. C., Hunter, T. R., Gol'tsman, G., et al. (1998). First light with an 800 GHz phonon-cooled HEB mixer receiver. In Proc. 9th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. (pp. 35–43). Pasadena, California, USA.
Abstract: Phonon-cooled superconductive hot-electron bolometric (HEB) mixers are incorporated in a waveguide receiver designed to operate near 800 Gliz. The mixer elements are thin-film nio- bium nitride microbridges with dimensions of 4 nm thickness, 0.2 to 0.3 p.m in length and 2 jun in width. At 780 GHz the best receiver noise temperature is 840 K (DSB). The mixer IF bandwidth is 2.0 GHz, the absorbed LO power is —0.1 1.1W. A fixed-tuned version of the re- ceiver was installed at the Submillimeter Telescope Observatory on Mt. Graham, Arizona, to conduct astronomical observations. These observations represent the first time that a receiver incorporating any superconducting HEB mixer has been used to detect a spectral line of celes- tial origin.
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Svechnikov, S., Verevkin, A., Voronov, B., Menschikov, E., Gershenzon, E., & Gol'tsman, G. (1998). Quasioptical phonon-cooled NbN hot electron bolometer mixers at 0.5-1.1 THz. In Proc. 9th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. (pp. 45–51).
Abstract: The noise performance of a receiver incorporating spiral antenna coupled NbN phonon-cooled superconducting hot electron bolometric mixer is measured from 450 GHz to 1200 GHz. The mixer element is thin (thickness nm) NbN 1.5 pm wide and 0.2 i.um long film fabricated by lift-off e-beam lithography on high-resistive silicon substrate. The noise of the receiver temperature is 1000 K at 800-900 GHz, 1200 K at 950 GHz, and 1600 K at 1.08 THz. The required (absorbed) local-oscillator power is —20 nW.
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