| Records |
| Author |
Verevkin, A. A.; Zhang, J.; Slysz, W.; Sobolewski, R.; Lipatov, A. P.; Okunev, O.; Chulkova, G.; Korneev, A.; Gol’tsman, G. N. |
| Title |
Superconducting single-photon detectors for GHz-rate free-space quantum communications |
Type |
Conference Article |
| Year |
2002 |
Publication  |
Proc. SPIE |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. SPIE |
| Volume |
4821 |
Issue |
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Pages |
447-454 |
| Keywords |
NbN SSPD, SNSPD, single-photon detector, thin-film superconductivity, quantum cryptography, ultrafast communications |
| Abstract |
We report our studies on the performance of new NbN ultrathin-film superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs). Our SSPDs exhibit experimentally measured quantum efficiencies from 5% at wavelength λ = 1550 nm up to 10% at λ = 405 nm, with exponential, activation-energy-type spectral sensitivity dependence in the 0.4-μm – 3-μm wavelength range. Using a variable optical delay setup, we have shown that our NbN SSPDs can resolve optical photons with a counting rate up to 10 GHz, presently limited by the read-out electronics. The measured device jitter was below 35 ps under optimum biasing conditions. The extremely high photon counting rate, together with relatively high (especially for λ > 1 μm) quantum efficiency, low jitter, and very low dark counts, make NbN SSPDs very promising for free-space communications and quantum cryptography. |
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SPIE |
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Ricklin, J.C.; Voelz, D.G. |
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Free-Space Laser Communication and Laser Imaging II |
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1523 |
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| Author |
Zhang, J.; Verevkin, A.; Slysz, W.; Chulkova, G.; Korneev, A.; Lipatov, A.; Okunev, O.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Sobolewski, Roman |
| Title |
Time-resolved characterization of NbN superconducting single-photon optical detectors |
Type |
Conference Article |
| Year |
2017 |
Publication |
Proc. SPIE |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. SPIE |
| Volume |
10313 |
Issue |
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Pages |
103130F (1 to 3) |
| Keywords |
NbN SSPD, SNSPD |
| Abstract |
NbN superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs) are very promising devices for their picosecond response time, high intrinsic quantum efficiency, and high signal-to-noise ratio within the radiation wavelength from ultraviolet to near infrared (0.4 gm to 3 gm) [1-3]. The single photon counting property of NbN SSPDs have been investigated thoroughly and a model of hotspot formation has been introduced to explain the physics of the photon- counting mechanism [4-6]. At high incident flux density (many-photon pulses), there are, of course, a large number of hotspots simultaneously formed in the superconducting stripe. If these hotspots overlap with each other across the width w of the stripe, a resistive barrier is formed instantly and a voltage signal can be generated. We assume here that the stripe thickness d is less than the electron diffusion length, so the hotspot region can be considered uniform. On the other hand, when the photon flux is so low that on average only one hotspot is formed across w at a given time, the formation of the resistive barrier will be realized only when the supercurrent at sidewalks surpasses the critical current (jr) of the superconducting stripe [1]. In the latter situation, the formation of the resistive barrier is associated with the phase-slip center (PSC) development. The effect of PSCs on the suppression of superconductivity in nanowires has been discussed very recently [8, 9] and is the subject of great interest. |
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SPIE |
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Armitage, J. C. |
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Opto-Canada: SPIE Regional Meeting on Optoelectronics, Photonics, and Imaging, 2002, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada |
| Notes |
Downloaded from http://www2.ece.rochester.edu/projects/ufqp/PDF/2002/213NbNTimeOPTO_b.pdf This artcle was published in 2017 with only first author indicated (Zhang, J.). There were 8 more authors! |
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1750 |
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Dzardanov, A.; Ekstrom, H.; Gershenzon, E.; Gol'tsman, G.; Jacobsson, S.; Karasik, B.; Kollberg, E.; Okunev, O.; Voronov, B.; Yngvesson, S. |
| Title |
Hot-electron superconducting mixers for 20-500 GHz operation |
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Conference Article |
| Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Proc. Int. Conf. on Millimeter and Submillimeter Waves and Appl. |
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| Volume |
2250 |
Issue |
4D |
Pages |
276-278 |
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| Abstract |
Bolometdcmucers based on Nb and NbN superconducting thin films in the resistive state have been prepared for 20, 100 GHz and 350-500 GHz operation. The mixing mechanism is presumably of electron heating origin. Our measurements indicate that a conversion loss of about 6-8 dB can rather easily be achieved, and that the noise is reasonably low. The requirements on the operation mode and on the film parameters in order to obtain small conversion losses or even gain are discussed. For NbN films the availability of nearly 1 GHz IF bandwidth is experimentally demonstrated. NbN hot-electron mucers combined with slot-line tapered antenna on Si membrane or with double-dipole antenna on SiO^ substrate have been fabricated. The devices we study are considered to be very promising for use in heterodyne receivers from microwaves to terahertz frequencies. |
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no |
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RPLAB @ phisix @ |
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981 |
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| Author |
Maslennikov, S. N.; Morozov, D. V.; Ozhegov, R. V.; Smirnov, K. V.; Okunev, O. V.; Gol’tsman, G. N. |
| Title |
Imaging system for submillimeter wave range based on AlGaAs/GaAs hot electron bolometer mixers |
Type |
Conference Article |
| Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Proc. 5-th MSMW |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 5-th MSMW |
| Volume |
2 |
Issue |
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Pages |
558-560 |
| Keywords |
AlGaAs/GaAs HEB mixers |
| Abstract |
Electromagnetic radiation of the submillimeter (SMM) range is dispersed and absorbed significantly less than infrared (IR) radiation when passing through different objects. That is the reason for the development of an SMM imaging system. In this paper, we discuss the design of an SMM heterodyne imager, based on a matrix of AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructure hot electron bolometer mixers (HEB) with relatively high (about 77 K) operating temperature. The predicted double side band (DSB) noise temperature is about 1000 K and optimal local oscillator (LO) power is about 1 /spl mu/W for such mixers, which seems to be quite prospective for an SMM heterodyne imager. |
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Kharkov, Ukraine |
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The Fifth International Kharkov Symposium on Physics and Engineering of Microwaves, Millimeter, and Submillimeter Waves (IEEE Cat. No.04EX828) |
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no |
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Serial |
1487 |
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| Author |
Ozhegov, R.; Morozov, D.; Maslennikov, S.; Okunev, O.; Smirnov, K.; Gol'tsman, G. |
| Title |
Submillimeter wave range imaging system for registering human body radiation and finding out the things covered under clothes |
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Conference Article |
| Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Proc. 3rd Int. exhibition and conf. Non-Destructive Testing Equipment and Devices |
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Moscow |
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no |
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345 |
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Chulkova, G.; Milostnaya, I.; Korneev, A.; Minaeva, O.; Rubtsova, I.; Voronov, B.; Okunev, O.; Smirnov, K.; Gol’tsman, G.; Kitaygorsky, J.; Cross, A.; Pearlman, A.; Sobolewski, R.; Slysz, W. |
| Title |
Superconducting nanostructures for counting of single photons in the infrared range |
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Conference Article |
| Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Proc. 2-nd CAOL |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 2-nd CAOL |
| Volume |
2 |
Issue |
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Pages |
100-103 |
| Keywords |
SSPD, SNSPD |
| Abstract |
We present our studies on ultrafast superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs) based on ultrathin NbN nanostructures. Our SSPDs are patterned by electron beam lithography from 4-nm thick NbN film into meander-shaped strips covering square area of 10/spl times/10 /spl mu/m/sup 2/. The advances in the fabrication technology allowed us to produce highly uniform 100-120-nm-wide strips with meander filling factor close to 0.6. The detectors exploit a combined detection mechanism, where upon a single-photon absorption, an avalanche of excited hot electrons and the biasing supercurrent, jointly produce a picosecond voltage transient response across the superconducting nanostrip. The SSPDs are typically operated at 4.2 K, but they have shown that their sensitivity in the infrared radiation range can be significantly improved by lowering the operating temperature from 4.2 K to 2 K. When operated at 2 K, the SSPD quantum efficiency (QE) for visible light photons reaches 30-40%, which is the saturation value limited by optical absorption of our 4-nm-thick NbN film. For 1.55 /spl mu/m photons, QE was /spl sim/20% and decreases exponentially with the increase of the optical wavelength, but even at the wavelength of 6 /spl mu/m the detector remains sensitive to single photons and exhibits QE of about 10/sup -2/%. The dark (false) count rate at 2 K is as low as 2 /spl times/ 10/sup -4/ s/sup -1/, what makes our detector essentially a background-limited sensor. The very low dark-count rate results in the noise equivalent power (NEP) as low as 10/sup -18/ WHz/sup -1/2/ for the mid-infrared range (6 /spl mu/m). Further improvement of the SSPD performance in the mid-infrared range can be obtained by substituting NbN for the other, lower-T/sub c/ superconductors with the narrow superconducting gap and low quasiparticle diffusivity. The use of such materials will shift the cutoff wavelength towards the values even longer than 6 /spl mu/m. |
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Second International Conference on Advanced Optoelectronics and Lasers |
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no |
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1461 |
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Okunev, O.; Chulkova, G.; Milostnaya, I.; Antipov, A.; Smirnov, K.; Morozov, D.; Korneev, A.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G.; Stysz, W.; Wegrzecki, M.; Bar, J.; Grabiec, P.; Gorska, M.; Pearlman, A.; Cross, A.; Kitaygorsky, J.; Sobolewski, R. |
| Title |
Registration of infrared single photons by a two-channel receiver based on fiber-coupled superconducting single-photon detectors |
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Conference Article |
| Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Proc. 2-nd CAOL |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 2-nd CAOL |
| Volume |
2 |
Issue |
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Pages |
282-285 |
| Keywords |
NbN SSPD, SNSPD |
| Abstract |
Single-photon detectors (SPDs) are the foundation of all quantum communications (QC) protocols. Among different classes of SPDs currently studied, NbN superconducting SPDs (SSPDs) are established as the best devices for ultrafast counting of single photons in the infrared (IR) wavelength range. The SSPDs are nanostructured, 100 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ in total area, superconducting meanders, patterned by electron lithography in ultra-thin NbN films. Their operation has been explained within a phenomenological hot-electron photoresponse model. We present the design and performance of a novel, two-channel SPD receiver, based on two fiber-coupled NbN SSPDs. The receivers have been developed for fiber-based QC systems, operational at 1.3 /spl mu/m and 1.55 /spl mu/m telecommunication wavelengths. They operate in the temperature range from 4.2 K to 2 K, in which the NbN SSPDs exhibit their best performance. The receiver unit has been designed as a cryostat insert, placed inside a standard liquid-helium storage dewar. The input of the receiver consists of a pair of single-mode optical fibers, equipped with the standard FC connectors and kept at room temperature. Coupling between the SSPD and the fiber is achieved using a specially designed, precise micromechanical holder that places the fiber directly on top of the SSPD nanostructure. Our receivers achieve the quantum efficiency of up to 7% for near-IR photons, with the coupling efficiency of about 30%. The response time was measured to be <300 ps and it was limited by our read-out electronics. The jitter of fiber-coupled SSPDs is <35 ps and their dark-count rate is below 1 s/sup -1/. The presented performance parameters show that our single-photon receivers are fully applicable for quantum-correlation-type QC systems, including practical quantum cryptography. |
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Second International Conference on Advanced Optoelectronics and Lasers |
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no |
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1462 |
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Smirnov, K.; Korneev, A.; Minaeva, O.; Divochij, A.; Rubtsova, I.; Antipov, A.; Ryabchun, S.; Okunev, O.; Milostnaya, I.; Chulkova, G.; Voronov, B.; Kaurova, N.; Seleznev, V.; Korotetskaya, Y.; Gol’tsman, G. |
| Title |
Superconducting single-photon detector for near- and middle IR wavelength range |
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Conference Article |
| Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Proc. 16th Int. Crimean Microwave and Telecommunication Technology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 16th Int. Crimean Microwave and Telecommunication Technology |
| Volume |
2 |
Issue |
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Pages |
684-685 |
| Keywords |
NbN SSPD, SNSPD |
| Abstract |
Presented in this paper are the results of research of NbN-film superconducting single-photon detector. At 2 K temperature, quantum efficiency in the visible light (0.56 mum) reaches 30-40 %. With the wavelength increase quantum efficiency decreases and comes to 20% at 1.55 mum and 0.02% at 5.6 mum. Minimum dark counts rate is 2times10-4s-1. The jitter of detector is 35 ps. The detector was successfully implemented for integrated circuits non-invasive optical testing. It is also perspective for quantum cryptography systems |
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Russian |
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no |
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1447 |
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Zhang, J.; Pearlman, A.; Slysz, W.; Verevkin, A.; Sobolewski, R.; Wilsher, K.; Lo, W.; Okunev, O.; Korneev, A.; Kouminov, P.; Chulkova, G.; Gol’tsman, G. N. |
| Title |
A superconducting single-photon detector for CMOS IC probing |
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Conference Article |
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2003 |
Publication |
Proc. 16-th LEOS |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 16-th LEOS |
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2 |
Issue |
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Pages |
602-603 |
| Keywords |
NbN SSPD, SNSPD |
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In this paper, a novel, time-resolved, NbN-based, superconducting single-photon detector (SSPD) has been developed for probing CMOS integrated circuits (ICs) using photon emission timing analysis (PETA). |
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The 16th Annual Meeting of the IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society, 2003. LEOS 2003. |
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1510 |
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Verevkin, A.; Zhang, J.; Slysz, W.; Sobolewski, Roman; Lipatov, A.; Okunev, O.; Chulkova, G.; Korneev, A.; Smimov, K.; Gol'tsman, G. N. |
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Spectral sensitivity and temporal resolution of NbN superconducting single-photon detectors |
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Conference Article |
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2002 |
Publication |
Proc. 13th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 13th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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Issue |
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Pages |
105-111 |
| Keywords |
NbN SSPD, SNSPD |
| Abstract |
We report our studies on spectral sensitivity and time resolution of superconducting NbN thin film single-photon detectors (SPDs). Our SPDs exhibit an everimentally measured detection efficiencies (DE) from — 0.2% at 2=1550 nm up to —3% at lambda=405 nm wavelength for 10-nm film thickness devices and up to 3.5% at lambda=1550 nm for 3.5-nm film thickness devices. Spectral dependences of detection efficiency (DE) at 2=0.4 —3.0 pm range are presented. With variable optical delay setup, it is shown that NbN SPD potentially can resolve optical pulses with the repetition rate up to 10 GHz at least. The observed full width at the half maximum (FWHM) of the signal pulse is about 150-180 ps, limited by read-out electronics. The jitter of NbN SPD is measured to be —35 ps at optimum biasing. |
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