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| Author | Iomdina, E. N.; Goltsman, G. N.; Seliverstov, S. V.; Sianosyan, A. A.; Teplyakova, K. O.; Rusova, A. A. | ||||
| Title | Study of transmittance and reflectance spectra of the cornea and the sclera in the THz frequency range | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2016 | Publication | J. Biomed. Opt. | Abbreviated Journal | J. Biomed. Opt. |
| Volume | 21 | Issue | 9 | Pages | 97002 (1 to 5) |
| Keywords | BWO, IMPATT diode, Schottky diode, medicine, animals, cornea, physiology, humans, rabbits, sclera diagnostic imaging, physiology | ||||
| Abstract | An adequate water balance (hydration extent) is one of the basic factors of normal eye function, including its external shells: the cornea and the sclera. Adequate control of corneal and scleral hydration is very important for early diagnosis of a variety of eye diseases, stating indications for and contraindications against keratorefractive surgeries and the choice of contact lens correction solutions. THz systems of creating images in reflected beams are likely to become ideal instruments of noninvasive control of corneal and scleral hydration degrees. This paper reports on the results of a study involving transmittance and reflectance spectra for the cornea and the sclera of rabbit and human eyes, as well as those of the rabbit eye, in the frequency range of 0.13 to 0.32 THz. The dependence of the reflectance coefficient of these tissues on water mass percentage content was determined. The experiments were performed on three corneas, three rabbit scleras, two rabbit eyes, and three human scleras. The preliminary results demonstrate that the proposed technique, based on the use of a continuous THz radiation, may be utilized to create a device for noninvasive control of corneal and scleral hydration, which has clear potential of broad practical application. | ||||
| Address | Moscow State Pedagogical University, Department of Physics, 29 Malaya Pirogovskaya Street, Moscow 119435, Russia | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 1083-3668 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:27626901 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Serial | 1335 | |||
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| Author | Vodolazov, D. Y.; Korneeva, Y. P.; Semenov, A. V.; Korneev, A. A.; Goltsman, G. N. | ||||
| Title | Vortex-assisted mechanism of photon counting in a superconducting nanowire single-photon detector revealed by external magnetic field | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2015 | Publication | Phys. Rev. B | Abbreviated Journal | Phys. Rev. B |
| Volume | 92 | Issue | 10 | Pages | 104503 (1 to 9) |
| Keywords | SSPD, SNSPD | ||||
| Abstract | We use an external magnetic field to probe the detection mechanism of a superconducting nanowire single-photon detector. We argue that the hot belt model (which assumes partial suppression of the superconducting order parameter Δ across the whole width of the superconducting nanowire after absorption of the photon) does not explain observed weak-field dependence of the photon count rate (PCR) for photons with λ=450nm and noticeable decrease of PCR (with increasing the magnetic field) in a range of the currents for photons with wavelengths λ=450–1200nm. Found experimental results for all studied wavelengths can be explained by the vortex hot spot model (which assumes partial suppression of Δ in the area with size smaller than the width of the nanowire) if one takes into account nucleation and entrance of the vortices to the photon induced hot spot and their pinning by the hot spot with relatively large size and strongly suppressed Δ. | ||||
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| ISSN | 1098-0121 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1343 | |||
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| Author | Korneeva, Y.; Sidorova, M.; Semenov, A.; Krasnosvobodtsev, S.; Mitsen, K.; Korneev, A.; Chulkova, G.; Goltsman, G. | ||||
| Title | Comparison of hot-spot formation in NbC and NbN single-photon detectors | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2016 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
| Volume | 26 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 1-4 |
| Keywords | NbC, NbN SSPD, SNSPD | ||||
| Abstract | We report an experimental investigation of the hot-spot evolution in superconducting single-photon detectors made of disordered superconducting materials with different diffusivity and energy downconversion time values, i.e., 33-nm-thick NbN and 23-nm-thick NbC films. We have demonstrated that, in NbC film, only 405-nm photons produce sufficiently large hot spot to trigger a single-photon response. The dependence of detection efficiency on bias current for 405-nm photons in NbC is similar to that for 3400-nm photons in NbN. In NbC, large diffusivity and downconversion time result in 1-D critical current suppression profile compared with the usual 2-D profile in NbN. | ||||
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| ISSN | 1051-8223 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1348 | |||
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| Author | Tong, C.-Y. E.; Trifonov, A.; Shurakov, A.; Blundell, R.; Gol’tsman, G. | ||||
| Title | A microwave-operated hot-electron-bolometric power detector for terahertz radiation | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2015 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
| Volume | 25 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 2300604 (1 to 4) |
| Keywords | NbN HEB mixer | ||||
| Abstract | A new class of microwave-operated THz power detectors based on the NbN hot-electron-bolometer (HEB) mixer is proposed. The injected microwave signal ( 1 GHz) serves the dual purpose of pumping the HEB element and enabling the read-out of the internal state of the device. A cryogenic amplifier amplifies the reflected microwave signal from the device and a homodyne scheme recovers the effects of the incident THz radiation. Two modes of operation have been identified, depending on the level of incident radiation. For weak signals, we use a chopper to chop the incident radiation against a black body reference and a lock-in amplifier to perform synchronous detection of the homodyne readout. The voltage measured is proportional to the incident power, and we estimate an optical noise equivalent power of 5pW/ √Hz at 0.83 THz. At higher signal levels, the homodyne circuit recovers the stream of steady relaxation oscillation pulses from the HEB device. The frequency of these pulses is in the MHz frequency range and bears a linear relationship with the incident THz radiation over an input power range of 15 dB. A digital frequency counter is used to measure THz power. The applicable power range is between 1 nW and 1 μW. | ||||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 1558-2515 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1354 | |||
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| Author | Lusche, R.; Semenov, A.; Korneeva, Y.; Trifonov, A.; Korneev, A.; Gol'tsman, G.; Hübers, H.-W. | ||||
| Title | Effect of magnetic field on the photon detection in thin superconducting meander structures | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2014 | Publication | Phys. Rev. B | Abbreviated Journal | Phys. Rev. B |
| Volume | 89 | Issue | 10 | Pages | 104513 (1 to 7) |
| Keywords | NbN SSPD, SNSPD | ||||
| Abstract | We have studied the influence of an externally applied magnetic field on the photon and dark count rates of meander-type niobium nitride superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors. Measurements have been performed at a temperature of 4.2 K, and magnetic fields up to 250 mT have been applied perpendicularly to the meander plane. While photon count rates are field independent at weak applied fields, they show a strong dependence at fields starting from approximately ±25 mT. This behavior, as well as the magnetic field dependence of the dark count rates, is in good agreement with the recent theoretical model of vortex-assisted photon detection and spontaneous vortex crossing in narrow superconducting lines. However, the local reduction of the superconducting free energy due to photon absorption, which is the fitting parameter in the model, increases much slower with the photon energy than the model predicts. Furthermore, changes in the free-energy during photon counts and dark counts depend differently on the current that flows through the meander. This indicates that photon counts and dark counts occur in different parts of the meander. | ||||
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| ISSN | 1098-0121 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1367 | |||
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| Author | Samsonova, A. S.; Zolotov, P. I.; Baeva, E. M.; Lomakin, A. I.; Titova, N. A.; Kardakova, A. I.; Goltsman, G. N. | ||||
| Title | Signatures of surface magnetic disorder in niobium films | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2021 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
| Volume | 31 | Issue | 5 | Pages | 1-5 |
| Keywords | Nb films | ||||
| Abstract | We present our studies on the evolution of the normal and superconducting properties with thickness of thin Nb films with a low level of non-magnetic disorder ( kFl≈150 for the thickest film in the set). The analysis of the superconducting behavior points to the presence of magnetic moments, hidden in the native oxide on the surface of Nb films. Using the Abrikosov-Gorkov theory, we obtain the density of surface magnetic moments of 1013 cm −2 , which is in agreement with the previously reported data for Nb films. | ||||
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| ISSN | 1051-8223 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1792 | |||
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| Author | Peltonen, J. T.; Astafiev, O. V.; Korneeva, Y. P.; Voronov, B. M.; Korneev, A. A.; Charaev, I. M.; Semenov, A. V.; Golt'sman, G. N.; Ioffe, L. B.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Tsai, J. S. | ||||
| Title | Coherent flux tunneling through NbN nanowires | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2013 | Publication | Phys. Rev. B | Abbreviated Journal | Phys. Rev. B |
| Volume | 88 | Issue | 22 | Pages | 220506 (1 to 5) |
| Keywords | NbN nanowires | ||||
| Abstract | We demonstrate evidence of coherent magnetic flux tunneling through superconducting nanowires patterned in a thin highly disordered NbN film. The phenomenon is revealed as a superposition of flux states in a fully metallic superconducting loop with the nanowire acting as an effective tunnel barrier for the magnetic flux, and reproducibly observed in different wires. The flux superposition achieved in the fully metallic NbN rings proves the universality of the phenomenon previously reported for InOx. We perform microwave spectroscopy and study the tunneling amplitude as a function of the wire width, compare the experimental results with theories, and estimate the parameters for existing theoretical models. | ||||
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| ISSN | 1098-0121 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1369 | |||
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| Author | Zhang, W.; Miao, W.; Li, S. L.; Zhou, K. M.; Shi, S. C.; Gao, J. R.; Goltsman, G. N. | ||||
| Title | Measurement of the spectral response of spiral-antenna coupled superconducting hot electron bolometers | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2013 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
| Volume | 23 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 2300804-2300804 |
| Keywords | NbN HEB detector | ||||
| Abstract | Measured spectral response of spiral-antenna coupled superconducting hot electron bolometers (HEBs) often drops dramatically at frequencies that are still within the frequency range of interest (e.g., ~ 5 THz). This is inconsistent with the implied low receiver noise temperatures from the same measurements. To understand this discrepancy, we exhaustively test and calibrate the thermal sources used in Fourier transform spectrometer measurements. We first investigate the absolute emission spectrum of high-pressure Hg arc lamp, then measure the spectral response of two spiral-antenna coupled NbN HEBs with a Martin-Puplett interferometer as spectrometer and 77 K blackbody as broadband signal source. The measured absolute emission spectrum of Hg arc lamp is proportional to frequency, corresponding to an equivalent blackbody temperature of 4000 K at 1 THz, 1500 K at 3 THz, and 800 K at 5 THz, respectively. Measured spectral response of spiral-antenna coupled NbN HEBs, corrected for air absorption, is nearly flat in the frequency range of 0.5-4 THz, consistent with simulated coupling efficiency between HEB and spiral-antenna. These results explain the discrepancy, and prove that spiral-antenna coupled superconducting NbN HEBs work well in a wide frequency range. In addition, this calibration method and these results are broadly applicable to other quasi-optical THz receivers. | ||||
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| ISSN | 1051-8223 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1371 | |||
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| Author | Shurakov, A.; Tong, C.-Y. E.; Blundell, R.; Kaurova, N.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G. | ||||
| Title | Microwave stabilization of a HEB mixer in a pulse-tube cryocooler | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2013 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
| Volume | 23 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 1501504-1501504 |
| Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
| Abstract | We report the results of our study of the stability of an 800 GHz hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixer cooled with a pulse-tube cryocooler. Pulse-tube cryocoolers introduce temperature fluctuations as well as mechanical vibrations at a frequency of ~1 Hz, both of which can cause receiver gain fluctuations at that frequency. In our system, the motor of the cryocooler was separated from the cryostat to minimize mechanical vibrations, leaving thermal effects as the dominant source of the receiver gain fluctuations. We measured root mean square temperature variations of the 4 K stage of ~7 mK. The HEB mixer was pumped by a solid state local oscillator at 810 GHz. The root mean square current fluctuations at the low noise operating point (1.50 mV, 56.5 μA) were ~0.12 μA, and were predominantly due to thermal fluctuations. To stabilize the bias current, microwave radiation was injected to the HEB mixer. The injected power level was set by a proportional-integral-derivative controller, which completely compensates for the bias current oscillations induced by the pulse-tube cryocooler. Significant improvement in the Allan variance of the receiver output power was obtained, and an Allan time of 5 s was measured. | ||||
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| ISSN | 1051-8223 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1372 | |||
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| Author | Lusche, R.; Semenov, A.; Il'in, K.; Korneeva, Y.; Trifonov, A.; Korneev, A.; Hubers, H.; Siegel, M.; Gol'tsman, G. | ||||
| Title | Effect of the wire width and magnetic field on the intrinsic detection efficiency of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2013 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
| Volume | 23 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 2200205-2200205 |
| Keywords | SSPD, SNSPD | ||||
| Abstract | We present thorough measurements of the intrinsic detection efficiency in the wavelength range from 350 to 2500 nm for meander-type TaN and NbN superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors with different widths of the nanowire. The width varied from 70 nm to 130 nm. The open-beam configuration allowed us to accurately normalize measured spectra and to extract the intrinsic detection efficiency. For detectors from both materials the intrinsic detection efficiency at short wavelengths amounts at 100% and gradually decreases at wavelengths larger than the specific cut-off wavelengths, which decreases with the width of the nanowire. Furthermore, we show that applying weak magnetic fields perpendicular to the meander plane decreases the smallest detectable photon flux. | ||||
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| ISSN | 1051-8223 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1376 | |||
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| Author | Pernice, W. H. P.; Schuck, C.; Minaeva, O.; Li, M.; Goltsman, G. N.; Sergienko, A. V.; Tang, H. X. | ||||
| Title | High-speed and high-efficiency travelling wave single-photon detectors embedded in nanophotonic circuits | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2012 | Publication | Nat. Commun. | Abbreviated Journal | Nat. Commun. |
| Volume | 3 | Issue | Pages | 1325 (1 to 10) | |
| Keywords | waveguide SSPD | ||||
| Abstract | Ultrafast, high-efficiency single-photon detectors are among the most sought-after elements in modern quantum optics and quantum communication. However, imperfect modal matching and finite photon absorption rates have usually limited their maximum attainable detection efficiency. Here we demonstrate superconducting nanowire detectors atop nanophotonic waveguides, which enable a drastic increase of the absorption length for incoming photons. This allows us to achieve high on-chip single-photon detection efficiency up to 91% at telecom wavelengths, repeatable across several fabricated chips. We also observe remarkably low dark count rates without significant compromise of the on-chip detection efficiency. The detectors are fully embedded in scalable silicon photonic circuits and provide ultrashort timing jitter of 18 ps. Exploiting this high temporal resolution, we demonstrate ballistic photon transport in silicon ring resonators. Our direct implementation of a high-performance single-photon detector on chip overcomes a major barrier in integrated quantum photonics. | ||||
| Address | Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA | ||||
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| ISSN | 2041-1723 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:23271658; PMCID:PMC3535416 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Serial | 1375 | |||
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| Author | Rasulova, G. K.; Brunkov, P. N.; Pentin, I. V.; Egorov, A. Y.; Knyazev, D. A.; Andrianov, A. V.; Zakhar’in, A. O.; Konnikov, S. G.; Gol’tsman, G. N. | ||||
| Title | A weakly coupled semiconductor superlattice as a potential for a radio frequency modulated terahertz light emitter | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2012 | Publication | Appl. Phys. Lett. | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Phys. Lett. |
| Volume | 100 | Issue | 13 | Pages | 131104 (1 to 4) |
| Keywords | semiconductor superlattice | ||||
| Abstract | The bolometer response to THz radiation from a weakly coupled GaAs/AlGaAs superlattice biased in the self-oscillations regime has been observed. The bolometer signal is modulated with the frequency equal to the fundamental frequency of superlattice self-oscillations. The frequency spectrum of the bolometer signal contains higher harmonics whose frequency is a multiple of fundamental frequency of self-oscillations. This work was supported by State Contracts Nos. 16.740.11.0044 and 16.552.11.7002 of Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation. Structural characterization was made on the equipment of the Joint Research Centre «Material science and characterization in advanced technology» (Ioffe Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia). |
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| ISSN | 0003-6951 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1379 | |||
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| Author | Sclafani, M.; Marksteiner, M.; Keir, F. M. L.; Divochiy, A.; Korneev, A.; Semenov, A.; Gol'tsman, G.; Arndt, M. | ||||
| Title | Sensitivity of a superconducting nanowire detector for single ions at low energy | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2012 | Publication | Nanotechnol. | Abbreviated Journal | Nanotechnol. |
| Volume | 23 | Issue | 6 | Pages | 065501 (1 to 5) |
| Keywords | NbN SSPD, SNSPD, superconducting single ion detector, SSID, SNSID | ||||
| Abstract | We report on the characterization of a superconducting nanowire detector for ions at low kinetic energies. We measure the absolute single-particle detection efficiency eta and trace its increase with energy up to eta = 100%. We discuss the influence of noble gas adsorbates on the cryogenic surface and analyze their relevance for the detection of slow massive particles. We apply a recent model for the hot-spot formation to the incidence of atomic ions at energies between 0.2 and 1 keV. We suggest how the differences observed for photons and atoms or molecules can be related to the surface condition of the detector and we propose that the restoration of proper surface conditions may open a new avenue for SSPD-based optical spectroscopy on molecules and nanoparticles. | ||||
| Address | Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria | ||||
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| ISSN | 0957-4484 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:22248823 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Serial | 1380 | |||
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| Author | Maingault, L.; Tarkhov, M.; Florya, I.; Semenov, A.; Espiau de Lamaëstre, R.; Cavalier, P.; Gol’tsman, G.; Poizat, J.-P.; Villégier, J.-C. | ||||
| Title | Spectral dependency of superconducting single photon detectors | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2010 | Publication | J. Appl. Phys. | Abbreviated Journal | J. Appl. Phys. |
| Volume | 107 | Issue | 11 | Pages | 116103 (1 to 3) |
| Keywords | NbN SSPD, SNSPD | ||||
| Abstract | We investigate the effect of varying both incoming optical wavelength and width of NbN nanowires on the superconducting single photon detectors (SSPD) detection efficiency. The SSPD are current biased close to critical value and temperature fixed at 4.2 K, far from transition. The experimental results are found to verify with a good accuracy predictions based on the “hot spot model,” whose size scales with the absorbed photon energy. With larger optical power inducing multiphoton detection regime, the same scaling law remains valid, up to the three-photon regime. We demonstrate the validity of applying a limited number of measurements and using such a simple model to reasonably predict any SSPD behavior among a collection of nanowire device widths at different photon wavelengths. These results set the basis for designing efficient single photon detectors operating in the infrared (2–5 μm range). This work was supported by European projects FP6 STREP “SINPHONIA” (Contract No. NMP4-CT-2005-16433) and IP “QAP” (Contract No. 15848). |
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| ISSN | 0021-8979 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1392 | |||
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| Author | Zinoni, C.; Alloing, B.; Li, L. H.; Marsili, F.; Fiore, A.; Lunghi, L.; Gerardino, A.; Vakhtomin, Y. B.; Smirnov, K. V.; Gol’tsman, G. N. | ||||
| Title | Erratum: “Single photon experiments at telecom wavelengths using nanowire superconducting detectors” [Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 031106 (2007)] | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2010 | Publication | Appl. Phys. Lett. | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Phys. Lett. |
| Volume | 96 | Issue | 8 | Pages | 089901 |
| Keywords | SSPD, SNSPD, erratum | ||||
| Abstract | A calculation error was made in the original publication of this letter. The error was in the calculation of the noise equivalent power (NEP) values for the avalanche photodiode detector (APD) and the superconducting single photon detector (SSPD), the incorrect values were plotted on the right axis in Fig. 1(b). The correct NEP values were calculated with the same equation reported in the original letter and the revised Fig. 1(b) is shown below. The other conclusions of the paper remain unaltered. | ||||
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| ISSN | 0003-6951 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1395 | |||
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