Records |
Author |
Gol'tsman, G. N.; Loudkov, D. N. |
Title |
Terahertz superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixers and their application in radio astronomy |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Radiophys. Quant. Electron. |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
46 |
Issue |
8/9 |
Pages |
604-617 |
Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers |
Abstract |
We review the latest developments, research, and radioastronomy applications of hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers operated in the terahertz waveband. The physical principles of operation of terahertz HEB mixers are presented, their manufacturing from ultrathin NbN films, the main HEB-mixer parameters and their measurement techniques are discussed, and practical terahertz radioastronomy projects based on heterodyne receivers with HEB mixers are considered. |
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0033-8443 |
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UDC 537.312.62 |
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472 |
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Author |
Гольцман, Г.Н.; Лудков, Д.Н. |
Title |
Сверхпроводниковые смесители на горячих электронах терагерцового диапазона и их применение в радиоастрономии |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Изв. высших учебных заведений. Радиофизика |
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Volume |
46 |
Issue |
8/9 |
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Keywords |
HEB, mixers |
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russian |
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RPLAB @ s @ |
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473 |
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Author |
Gerecht, E.; Musante, C.F.; Zhuang, Y.; Ji, M.; Yngvesson, K.S.; Goyette, T.; Waldman, J. |
Title |
NbN hot electron bolometric mixer with intrinsic receiver noise temperature of less than five times the quantum noise limit |
Type |
Conference Article |
Year |
2000 |
Publication |
Proc. IMS |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
2 |
Issue |
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Pages |
1007-1010 |
Keywords |
HEB mixer |
Abstract |
In recent years, improvements in device development and quasi-optical coupling techniques utilizing planar antennas have led to a significant achievement in low noise receivers for the edges of the submillimeter frequency regime. Hot electron bolometric (HEB) receivers made of thin superconducting films such as NbN have produced a viable option for instruments designed to measure the molecular spectra for astronomical applications as well as in remote sensing of the atmosphere in the THz regime. This paper describes an NbN HEB mixer with intrinsic DSB receiver noise temperature of at most five times the quantum noise limit at frequencies as high as 2.24 THz |
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no |
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477 |
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Author |
Лудков, Денис Николаевич |
Title |
Терагерцовые смесители на горячих электронах из тонких сверхпроводниковых пленок NbN и NbTiN |
Type |
Manuscript |
Year |
2005 |
Publication |
М. МПГУ |
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Keywords |
HEB, detector, mixer |
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Ph.D. thesis |
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no |
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479 |
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Author |
Масленников, Сергей Николаевич |
Title |
Смесители на эффекте электронного разогрева для терагерцового и инфракрасного диапазонов |
Type |
Manuscript |
Year |
2007 |
Publication |
М. МПГУ |
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Pages |
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Keywords |
HEB, detector, mixer, terahertz, THz, infrared, IR, direct detection effect, conversion loss |
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Ph.D. thesis |
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Russian |
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no |
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481 |
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Author |
Vystavkin, A. N. |
Title |
Estimation of noise equivalent power and design analysis of an andreev reflection hot-electron microbolometer for submillimeter radioastronomy |
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Journal Article |
Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Rus. J. Radio Electron. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Rus. J. Radio Electron. |
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Issue |
10 |
Pages |
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Keywords |
HEB, detector, bolometer |
Abstract |
Results of theoretical estimations and measurements of characteristics of an Andreev reflection hot-electron microbolometer for submillimeter radioastronomy made by different researchers are reviewed and analysed. Peculiarities and characteristics of the microbolometers using two types of microthermometer for measurement of the electron temperature increment under influence of the radiation: the SIN-junction and the transition-edge sensor (TES) with electrothermal feedback – are compared. Advantages of the microbolometer with the second type of the microthermometer when the TES is used simultaneously as the absorber of radiation are shown. Methods of achievement of the best noise equivalent power of the microbolometer in such version as well as methods of the matching the microbolometer with the incident radiation flow using planar antennas and with the channel of output signal measurement using a SQUID-picoammeter are considered. |
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no |
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Serial |
496 |
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Author |
Finkel, Matvey; Vachtomin, Yuriy; Antipov, Sereey; Drakinski, Vladimir; Kaurova, Natalia; Voronov, Boris; Goltsman, Greeory |
Title |
Gain bandwidth and noise temperature of NbTiN HEB mixer |
Type |
Conference Article |
Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Proc. 14th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 14th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
276-285 |
Keywords |
NbTiN HEB mixer |
Abstract |
We have determined that the gain bandwidth of phonon-cooled HEB mixer employing NbTiN films deposited on MgO layer over Si substrate is limited b y the escape of phonons to the substrate. The cut-off frequencies of 1 um long devices operating at T 71, based on 3.5 nm. 4 nm and 10 nm thick films amount to 400 Mk. 300 MHz, and 100 MHz, respectivel y . The gain bandwidth of 0.13 . um long devices fabricated from 3.5 nm thick film is larger and amounts to 0.8 GIL; at the optimal operating point and to 1.5 GIL: at larger bias. The increase of the gain bandwidth from 400 MHz up to 1.5 GH: with the change of bridge length is attributed to diffusion cooling. A double sideband noise temperature of 4000 K was obtained for heterodyne receiver utilizing pilot NbTiN HEB mixer (not optimized for normal state resistance) operating at the local oscillator frequency of 2.5 THz. |
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no |
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1500 |
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Author |
Semenov, A. D.; Il'in, K.; Siegel, M.; Smirnov, A.; Pavlov, S.; Richter, H.; Hübers, H.-W. |
Title |
Evidence of non-bolometric mixing in the bandwidth of a hot-electron bolometer |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Superconductor Science and Technology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
Volume |
19 |
Issue |
10 |
Pages |
1051-1056 |
Keywords |
HEB |
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ISSN |
0953-2048 |
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no |
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Serial |
536 |
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Author |
Semenov, Alexei; Il'yin, Konstantin; Siegel, Michael; Smirnov, Andrey; Pavlov, Sergey; Richter, Heiko; Hübers, Heinz-Wilhelm |
Title |
Intermediate frequency bandwidth of a hot-electron mixer: Comparision with bolometric models |
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Conference Article |
Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Proc. 17th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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73-76 |
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HEB |
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Paris, France |
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no |
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537 |
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Semenov, Alexei D.; Richter, Heiko; Hubers, Heinz-Wilhelm; Gunther, Burghardt.; Smirnov, Andrey; Il'in, Konstantin S.; Siegel, Michael; Karamarkovic, Jugoslav P. |
Title |
Terahertz performance of integrated lens antennas with a hot-electron bolometer |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2007 |
Publication |
IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn. |
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Volume |
55 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
239-247 |
Keywords |
HEB, lens antenna |
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0018-9480 |
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no |
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538 |
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Baselmans, J. J. A.; Hajenius, M.; Gao, J. R.; Baryshev, A.; Kooi, J.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Voronov, B.; de Korte, P.; Gol'tsman, G. |
Title |
NbN hot electron bolometer mixers: sensitivity, LO power, direct detection and stability |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2005 |
Publication |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Abbreviated Journal |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Volume |
15 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
484-489 |
Keywords |
HEB mixers, direct detection effect, stability, Allan variance |
Abstract |
We demonstrate that the performance of NbN lattice cooled hot electron bolometer mixers depends strongly on the interface quality between the bolometer and the contact structure. Both the receiver noise temperature and the gain bandwidth can be improved by a factor of 2 by cleaning the interface and adding an additional superconducting interlayer to the contact pad. Using this we obtain a double sideband receiver noise temperature of 950 K at 2.5 THz and 4.3 K, using a 0.4/spl times/4 /spl mu/m HEB mixer with a spiral antenna. At the same bias point, we obtain an IF gain bandwidth of 6 GHz. To comply with current demands on THz mixers for use in space based receivers we reduce the device size to 0.15/spl times/1 /spl mu/m and use a twin slot antenna. We report measurements of the noise temperature, LO power requirement, stability and the direct detection effect, using a mixer with a 1.6 THz twin slot antenna and a 1.462 THz solid state LO source with calibrated output power. |
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1051-8223 |
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no |
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Serial |
546 |
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Author |
Uzawa, Y.; Miki, S.; Wang, Z.; Kawakami, A.; Kroug, M.; Yagoubov, P.; Kollberg, E. |
Title |
Performance of a quasi-optical NbN hot-electron bolometric mixer at terahertz frequencies |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Superconductor Science and Technology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
Volume |
15 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
141-145 |
Keywords |
HEB, mixer |
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0953-2048 |
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no |
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RPLAB @ s @ |
Serial |
548 |
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Author |
Cherednichenko, S.; Drakinskiy, V. |
Title |
Low noise hot-electron bolometer mixers for terahertz frequencies |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2008 |
Publication |
J. Low Temp. Phys. |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Low Temp. Phys. |
Volume |
151 |
Issue |
1-2 |
Pages |
575-579 |
Keywords |
HEB, mixer, gain bandwidth, MgB2 |
Abstract |
Hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers are used in many low noise heterodyne radio astronomical receivers. Their noise temperature is at the level of 10–15 times the quantum limit. However, their gain bandwidth is a serious limiting factor. Here we review the state of the art of the HEB mixers gain bandwidth for different materials and substrates. We compare the gain bandwidth of HEB mixers made on bulk substrates and thin membranes. Finally, results for MgB2 thin films for broadband HEB mixers are discussed. |
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0022-2291 |
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RPLAB @ lobanovyury @ |
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553 |
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Author |
Schwaab, G.W.; Sirmain, G.; Schubert, J.; Hubers, H.-W.; Gol'tsman, G.; Cherednichenko, S.; Verevkin, A.; Voronov, B.; Gershenzon, E. |
Title |
Investigation of NbN phonon-cooled HEB mixers at 2.5 THz |
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Journal Article |
Year |
1999 |
Publication |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Abbreviated Journal |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Volume |
9 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
4233-4236 |
Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers |
Abstract |
The development of superconducting hot electron bolometric (HEB) mixers has been a big step forward in the direction of quantum noise limited mixer performance at THz frequencies. Such mixers are crucial for the upcoming generation of airborne and spaceborne THz heterodyne receivers. In this paper we report on new results on a phonon-cooled NbN HEB mixer using e-beam lithography. The superconducting film is 3 nm thick. The mixer is 0.2 μm long and 1.5 μm wide and it is integrated in a spiral antenna on a Si substrate. The device is quasi-optically coupled through a Si lens and a dielectric beam combiner to the radiation of an optically pumped FIR ring gas laser cavity. The performance of the mixer at different THz frequencies from 0.69 to 2.55 THz with an emphasis on 2.52 THz is demonstrated. At 2.52 THz minimum DSB noise temperatures of 4200 K have been achieved at an IF of 1.5 GHz and a bandwidth of 40 MHz with the mixer mounted in a cryostat and a 0.8 m long signal path in air. |
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1051-8223 |
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no |
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550 |
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Meledin, Denis; Pavolotsky, Alexey; Desmaris, Vincent.; Lapkin, Igor; Risacher, Christophe; Perez, Victor; Henke, Douglas; Nystrom, Olle; Sundin, Erik; Dochev, Dimitar; Pantaleev, Miroslav; Fredrixon, Mathias; Strandberg, Magnus; Voronov, Boris; Goltsman, Gregory; Belitsky, Victor |
Title |
A 1.3-THz balanced waveguide HEB mixer for the APEX telescope |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2009 |
Publication |
IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn. |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
57 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
89-98 |
Keywords |
HEB, mixer, waveguide, balanced, NbN |
Abstract |
In this paper, we report about the development, fabrication, and characterization of a balanced waveguide hot electron bolometer (HEB) receiver for the Atacama Pathfinder EXperiment telescope covering the frequency band of 1.25–1.39 THz. The receiver uses a quadrature balanced scheme and two HEB mixers, fabricated from 4- to 5-nm-thick NbN film deposited on crystalline quartz substrate with an MgO buffer layer in between. We employed a novel micromachining method to produce all-metal waveguide parts at submicrometer accuracy (the main-mode waveguide dimensions are 90×180 μm). We present details on the mixer design and measurement results, including receiver noise performance, stability and “first-light†at the telescope site. The receiver yields a double-sideband noise temperature averaged over the RF band below 1200 K, and outstanding stability with a spectroscopic Allan time more than 200 s. |
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0018-9480 |
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RPLAB @ lobanovyury @ |
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554 |
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