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Author | Pütz, P.; Honingh, C. E.; Jacobs, K.; Justen, M.; Schultz, M.; Stutzki, J. | ||||
Title | Terahertz hot electron bolometer waveguide mixers for GREAT | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2012 | Publication | Astron. Astrophys. | Abbreviated Journal | A&A |
Volume | 542 | Issue | Pages | L2 | |
Keywords | HEB mixer, applications | ||||
Abstract | Context. Supplementing the publications based on the first-light observations with the German REceiver for Astronomy at Terahertz frequencies (GREAT) on SOFIA, we present background information on the underlying heterodyne detector technology. This Letter complements the GREAT instrument Letter and focuses on the mixers itself. Aims. We describe the superconducting hot electron bolometer (HEB) detectors that are used as frequency mixers in the L1 (1400 GHz), L2 (1900 GHz), and M (2500 GHz) channels of GREAT. Measured performance of the detectors is presented and background information on their operation in GREAT is given. Methods. Our mixer units are waveguide-based and couple to free-space radiation via a feedhorn antenna. The HEB mixers are designed, fabricated, characterized, and flight-qualified in-house. We are able to use the full intermediate frequency bandwidth of the mixers using silicon-germanium multi-octave cryogenic low-noise amplifiers with very low input return loss. Results. Superconducting HEB mixers have proven to be practical and sensitive detectors for high-resolution THz frequency spectroscopy on SOFIA. We show that our niobium-titanium-nitride (NbTiN) material HEBs on silicon nitride (SiN) membrane substrates have an intermediate frequency (IF) noise roll-off frequency above 2.8 GHz, which does not limit the current receiver IF bandwidth. Our mixer technology development efforts culminate in the first successful operation of a waveguide-based HEB mixer at 2.5 THz and deployment for radioastronomy. A significant contribution to the success of GREAT is made by technological development, thorough characterization and performance optimization of the mixer and its IF interface for receiver operation on SOFIA. In particular, the development of an optimized mixer IF interface contributes to the low passband ripple and excellent stability, which GREAT demonstrated during its initial successful astronomical observation runs. |
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Call Number | Serial | 907 | |||
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Author | Cherednichenko, Sergey; Drakinskiy, Vladimir; Berg, Therese; Khosropanah, Pourya; Kollberg, Erik | ||||
Title | Hot-electron bolometer terahertz mixers for the Herschel Space Observatory | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2008 | Publication | Review of Scientific Instruments | Abbreviated Journal | Rev. Sci. Instrum. |
Volume | 79 | Issue | Pages | 034501 | |
Keywords | HEB mixer, HEB detector, HEB direct detector, applications | ||||
Abstract | We report on low noise terahertz mixers(1.4–1.9THz) developed for the heterodyne spectrometer onboard the Herschel Space Observatory. The mixers employ double slot antenna integrated superconducting hot-electron bolometers (HEBs) made of thin NbN films. The mixer performance was characterized in terms of detection sensitivity across the entire rf band by using a Fourier transform spectrometer (from 0.5to2.5THz, with 30GHz resolution) and also by measuring the mixernoise temperature at a limited number of discrete frequencies. The lowest mixernoise temperature recorded was 750K [double sideband (DSB)] at 1.6THz and 950KDSB at 1.9THz local oscillator (LO) frequencies. Averaged across the intermediate frequency band of 2.4–4.8GHz, the mixernoise temperature was 1100KDSB at 1.6THz and 1450KDSB at 1.9THz LO frequencies. The HEB heterodyne receiver stability has been analyzed and compared to the HEB stability in the direct detection mode. The optimal local oscillator power was determined and found to be in a 200–500nW range. | ||||
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Call Number | Serial | 908 | |||
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Author | Yagoubov, P.; Kroug, M.; Merkel, H.; Kollberg, E.; Gol'tsman, G.; Svechnikov, S.; Gershenzon, E. | ||||
Title | Noise temperature and local oscillator power requirement of NbN phonon-cooled hot electron bolometric mixers at terahertz frequencies | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1998 | Publication | Appl. Phys. Lett. | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Volume | 73 | Issue | 19 | Pages | 2814-2816 |
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers, noise temperature, local oscillator power | ||||
Abstract | In this letter, the noise performance of NbN-based phonon-cooled hot electron bolometric quasioptical mixers is investigated in the 0.55–1.1 THz frequency range. The best results of the double-sideband <cd><2018>DSB<cd><2019> noise temperature are: 500 K at 640 GHz, 600 K at 750 GHz, 850 K at 910 GHz, and 1250 K at 1.1 THz. The water vapor in the signal path causes significant contribution to the measured receiver noise temperature around 1.1 THz. The devices are made from 3-nm-thick NbN film on high-resistivity Si and integrated with a planar spiral antenna on the same substrate. The in-plane dimensions of the bolometer strip are typically 0.2Ï«2 um. The amount of local oscillator power absorbed in the bolometer is less than 100 nW. | ||||
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Call Number | Serial | 911 | |||
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Author | Klapwijk, T. M.; Barends, R.; Gao, J. R.; Hajenius, M.; Baselmans, J. J. A. | ||||
Title | Improved superconducting hot-electron bolometer devices for the THz range | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | Proc. SPIE | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. SPIE |
Volume | 5498 | Issue | Pages | 129-139 | |
Keywords | HEB mixer distributed model, numerical model | ||||
Abstract | Improved and reproducible heterodyne mixing (noise temperatures of 950 K at 2.5 THz) has been realized with NbN based hot-electron superconducting devices with low contact resistances. A distributed temperature numerical model of the NbN bridge, based on a local electron and a phonon temperature, has been used to understand the physical conditions during the mixing process. We find that the mixing is predominantly due to the exponential rise of the local resistivity as a function of electron temperature. | ||||
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Notes | Invited talk, Recommended by Klapwijk | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Serial | 912 | |||
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Author | Phillips, T. G.; Jefferts, K. B. | ||||
Title | A low temperature bolometer heterodyne receiver for Millimeter wave astronomy | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1973 | Publication | Rev. Sci. Instrum. | Abbreviated Journal | Rev. Sci. Instrum. |
Volume | 44 | Issue | 8 | Pages | 1009-1014 |
Keywords | InSb HEB mixer | ||||
Abstract | Liquid helium cooled InSb hot electronbolometers are used in a balanced mixer configuration as detectors for an imagelessmicrowave receiver. The system is designed for mounting at the prime focus of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) 11 m antenna at Kitt Peak, Arizona, and is suitable for the study of rotational line spectra of interstellar gas molecules. Currently the operating frequency is in the 90–140 GHz band where the double sideband system noise temperature is 250 K. | ||||
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Notes | Recommended by Klapwijk | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Serial | 927 | |||
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Author | Miao, W.; Zhang, W.; Zhong, J. Q.; Shi, S. C.; Delorme, Y.; Lefevre, R.; Feret, A; Vacelet, T | ||||
Title | Non-uniform absorption of terahertz radiation on superconducting hot electron bolometer microbridges | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2014 | Publication | Appl. Phys. Lett. | Abbreviated Journal | <ef><bf><bc>Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Volume | 104 | Issue | Pages | 052605(1-4) | |
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers, local oscillator power, RF nonuniform absorption | ||||
Abstract | We interpret the experimental observation of a frequency-dependence of superconducting hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixers by taking into account the non-uniform absorption of the terahertz radiation on the superconducting HEB microbridge. The radiation absorption is assumed to be proportional to the local surface resistance of the HEB microbridge, which is computed using the Mattis-Bardeen theory. With this assumption the dc and mixing characteristics of a superconducting niobium-nitride (NbN) HEB device have been modeled at frequencies below and above the equilibrium gap frequency of the NbN film. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 935 | |||
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Author | Kawamura, J.; Blundell, R.; Tong, C.-Y. E.; Golts'man, G.; Gershenzon, E.; Voronov B. | ||||
Title | Superconductive NbN hot-electron bolometric mixer performance at 250 GHz | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 1996 | Publication | Proc. 7th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 7th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 331-336 | ||
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | Thin film NbN (<40 A) strips are used as waveguide mixer elements. The electron cooling mechanism for the geometry is the electron-phonon interaction. We report a receiver noise temperature of 750 K at 244 GHz, with / IF = 1.5 GHz, Af= 500 MHz, and Tphysical = 4 K. The instantaneous bandwidth for this mixer is 1.6 GHz. The local oscillator (LO) power is 0.5 1.tW with 3 dB-uncertainty. The mixer is linear to 1 dB up to an input power level 6 dB below the LO power. We report the first detection of a molecular line emission using this class of mixer, and that the receiver noise temperature determined from Y-factor measurements reflects the true heterodyne sensitivity. | ||||
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Call Number | Serial | 945 | |||
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Author | Trifonov, A.; Tong, C.-Y. E.; Blundell, R.; Ryabchun, S.; Gol'tsman, G. | ||||
Title | Probing the stability of HEB mixers with microwave injection | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2015 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Volume | 25 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 2300404 (1 to 4) |
Keywords | NbN HEB mixer, stability, Allan-variance | ||||
Abstract | Using a microwave probe as a tool, we have performed experiments aimed at understanding the origin of the output-power fluctuations in hot-electron-bolometer (HEB) mixers. We use a probe frequency of 1.5 GHz. The microwave probe picks up impedance changes of the HEB, which are examined upon demodulation of the reflected wave outside the cryostat. This study shows that the HEB mixer operates in two different regimes under a terahertz pump. At a low pumping level, strong pulse modulation is observed, as the device switches between the superconducting state and the normal state at a rate of a few megahertz. When pumped much harder, to approximate the low-noise mixer operating point, residual modulation can still be observed, showing that the HEB mixer is intrinsically unstable even in the resistive state. Based on these observations, we introduced a low-frequency termination to the HEB mixer. By terminating the device in a 50-Ω resistor in the megahertz frequency range, we have been able to improve the output-power Allan time of our HEB receiver by a factor of four to about 10 s for a detection bandwidth of 15 MHz, with a corresponding gain fluctuation of about 0.035%. | ||||
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ISSN | 1051-8223 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1355 | |||
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Author | Lobanov, Y.; Shcherbatenko, M.; Finkel, M.; Maslennikov, S.; Semenov, A.; Voronov, B. M.; Rodin, A. V.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N. | ||||
Title | NbN hot-electron-bolometer mixer for operation in the near-IR frequency range | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2015 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Volume | 25 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 2300704 (1 to 4) |
Keywords | HEB mixer, IR, optical antenna | ||||
Abstract | Traditionally, hot-electron-bolometer (HEB) mixers are employed for THz and “super-THz” heterodyne detection. To explore the near-IR spectral range, we propose a fiber-coupled NbN film based HEB mixer. To enhance the incident-light absorption, a quasi-antenna consisting of a set of parallel stripes of gold is used. To study the antenna effect on the mixer performance, we have experimentally studied a set of devices with different size of the Au stripe and spacing between the neighboring stripes. With use of the well-known isotherm technique we have estimated the absorption efficiency of the mixer, and the maximum efficiency has been observed for devices with the smallest pitch of the alternating NbN and NbN-Au stripes. Also, a proper alignment of the incident Eâƒ<2014>-field with respect to the stripes allows us to improve the coupling further. Studying IV-characteristics of the mixer under differently-aligned Eâƒ<2014>-field of the incident radiation, we have noticed a difference in their shape. This observation suggests that a difference exists in the way the two waves with orthogonal polarizations parallel and perpendicular Eâƒ<2014>-field to the stripes heat the electrons in the HEB mixer. The latter results in a variation in the electron temperature distribution over the HEB device irradiated by the two waves. | ||||
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Call Number | Serial | 952 | |||
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Author | Maslennikov, S. | ||||
Title | RF heating efficiency of the terahertz superconducting hot-electron bolometer | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2014 | Publication | arXiv | Abbreviated Journal | arXiv |
Volume | 1404.5276 | Issue | Pages | 1-4 | |
Keywords | superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixer, HEB, NbN, distributed model, HEB model, HEB mixer model, heat balance equa-tions, conversion gain, RF heating efficiency, noise temperature, simulation, Euler method | ||||
Abstract | We report results of the numerical solution by the Euler method of the system of heat balance equations written in recurrent form for the superconducting hot-electron bolometer (HEB) embedded in an electrical circuit. By taking into account the dependence of the HEB resistance on the transport current we have been able to calculate rigorously the RF heating efficiency, absorbed local oscillator (LO) power and conversion gain of the HEB mixer. We show that the calculated conversion gai nis in excellent agreement with the experimental results, and that the substitution of the calculated RF heating efficiency and absorbed LO power into the expressions for the conversion gain and noise temperature given by the analytical small-signal model of the HEB yields excellent agreement with the corresponding measured values | ||||
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Call Number | RPLAB @ atomics90 @ | Serial | 954 | ||
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Author | Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Gousev, Y. P.; Elant’ev, A. I.; Semenov, A. D. | ||||
Title | Electromagnetic radiation mixer based on electron heating in resistive state of superconductive Nb and YBaCuO films | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1991 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Magn. | Abbreviated Journal | IEEE Trans. Magn. |
Volume | 27 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 1317-1320 |
Keywords | YBCO, HTS, Nb HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | A theory of an electron-heating mixer which makes it possible to calculate all the characteristics of the device is developed. It is shown that positive conversion gain is possible for such a mixer in the millimeter to near-infrared wavelength range. The dynamic range and the optimum heterodyne power can be selected from a very wide interval by varying the mixing element volume. Measurements made for Nb within the frequency range of 120-750 GHz confirm the theory. The conversion loss obtained at T=1.6 K and normalized to the element reaches 0.3 dB in the intermediate frequency band of 40 MHz; the possible noise temperature is 50 K. The estimation of noise temperature and output band for YBaCuO at T=77 yields 200 K and more than 10 GHz, respectively. | ||||
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ISSN | 1941-0069 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1681 | |||
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Author | Hajenius, M.; Barends, R.; Gao, J. R.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Baselmans, J. J. A.; Baryshev, A.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G. | ||||
Title | Local resistivity and the current-voltage characteristics of hot electron bolometer mixers | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2005 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Volume | 15 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 495-498 |
Keywords | HEB mixer distributed model, HEB distributed model, distributed HEB model | ||||
Abstract | Hot-electron bolometer devices, used successfully in low noise heterodyne mixing at frequencies up to 2.5 THz, have been analyzed. A distributed temperature numerical model of the NbN bridge, based on a local electron and a phonon temperature, is used to model pumped IV curves and understand the physical conditions during the mixing process. We argue that the mixing is predominantly due to the strongly temperature dependent local resistivity of the NbN. Experimentally we identify the origins of different transition temperatures in a real HEB device, suggesting the importance of the intrinsic resistive transition of the superconducting bridge in the modeling. | ||||
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ISSN | 1051-8223 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 980 | |||
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Author | Zhang, W.; Miao, W.; Zhong, J. Q.; Shi, S. C.; Hayton, D. J.; Vercruyssen, N.; Gao, J. R.; Goltsman, G. N. | ||||
Title | Temperature dependence of the receiver noise temperature and IF bandwidth of superconducting hot electron bolometer mixers | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2014 | Publication | Supercond. Sci. Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
Volume | 27 | Issue | 8 | Pages | 085013 (1 to 5) |
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | In this paper we study the temperature dependence of the receiver noise temperature and IF noise bandwidth of superconducting hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixers. Three superconducting NbN HEB devices of different transition temperatures (Tc) are measured at 0.85 THz and 1.4 THz at different bath temperatures (Tbath) between 4 K and 9 K. Measurement results demonstrate that the receiver noise temperature of superconducting NbN HEB devices is nearly constant for Tbath/Tc, less than 0.8, which is consistent with the simulation based on a distributed hot-spot model. In addition, the IF noise bandwidth appears independent of Tbath/Tc, indicating the dominance of phonon cooling in the investigated HEB devices. | ||||
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ISSN | 0953-2048 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1358 | |||
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Author | Zhang, W.; Miao, W.; Yao, Q. J.; Lin, Z. H.; Shi, S. C.; Gao, J. R.; Goltsman, G. N. | ||||
Title | Spectral response and noise temperature of a 2.5 THz spiral antenna coupled NbN HEB mixer | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2012 | Publication | Phys. Procedia | Abbreviated Journal | Phys. Procedia |
Volume | 36 | Issue | Pages | 334-337 | |
Keywords | NbN HEB mixer | ||||
Abstract | We report on a 2.5 THz spiral antenna coupled NbN hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixers, fabricated with in-situ process. The receiver noise temperature with lowest value of 1180 K is in good agreement with calculated quantum efficiency factor as a function of bias voltage. In addition, the measured spectral response of the spiral antenna coupled NbN HEB mixer shows broad frequency coverage of 0.8-3 THz, and corrected response for optical losses, FTS, and coupling efficiency between antenna and bolometer falls with frequency due to diffraction-limited beam of lens/antenna combination. | ||||
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ISSN | 1875-3892 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Call Number | Serial | 1381 | |||
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Author | Pentin, I. V.; Smirnov, A. V.; Ryabchun, S. A.; Ozhegov, R. V.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Vaks, V. L.; Pripolzin, S. I.; Pavel’ev, D. G.; Koshurinov, Y. I.; Ivanov, A. S. | ||||
Title | Semiconducting superlattice as a solid-state terahertz local oscillator for NbN hot-electron bolometer mixers | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2012 | Publication | Tech. Phys. | Abbreviated Journal | Tech. Phys. |
Volume | 57 | Issue | 7 | Pages | 971-974 |
Keywords | semiconducting superlattice frequency multiplier, NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | We present the results of our studies of the semiconducting superlattice (SSL) frequency multiplier and its application as part of the solid state local oscillator (LO) in the terahertz heterodyne receiver based on a NbN hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixer. We show that the SSL output power level increases as the ambient temperature is lowered to 4.2 K, the standard HEB operation temperature. | ||||
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ISSN | 1063-7842 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1378 | |||
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