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Yang, J. K. W.; Kerman, A. J.; Dauler, E. A.; Anant, V.; Rosfjord, K. M.; Berggren, K. K. |
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Modeling the electrical and thermal response of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors |
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Journal Article |
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2007 |
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IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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17 |
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2 |
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581 - 585 |
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SSPD, modeling |
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We modeled the response of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors during a photodetection event, taking into consideration only the thermal and electrical properties of a superconducting NbN nanowire on a sapphire substrate. Our calculations suggest that heating which occurs after the formation of a photo-induced resistive barrier is responsible for the generation of a measurable voltage pulse. We compared this numerical result with experimental data of a voltage pulse from a slow device, i.e. large kinetic inductance, and obtained a good fit. Using this electro-thermal model, we estimated the temperature rise and the resistance buildup in the nanowire, and the return current at which the nanowire becomes superconducting again. We also show that the reset time of these photodetectors can be decreased by the addition of a series resistance and provide supporting experimental data. Finally we present preliminary results on a detector latching behavior that can also be explained using the electro-thermal model. |
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625 |
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Heeres, R.W.; Dorenbos, S.N.; Koene, B.; Solomon, G.S.; Kouwenhoven, L.P.; Zwiller, V. |
![find record details (via OpenURL) openurl](img/xref.gif)
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Title |
On-Chip Single Plasmon Detection |
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Journal Article |
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2010 |
Publication |
Nano Letters |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nano Lett. |
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10 |
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661-664 |
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optical antennas; SSPD; Single surface plasmons; superconducting detectors; semiconductor quantum dots; nanophotonics |
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Surface plasmon polaritons (plasmons) have the potential to interface electronic and optical devices. They could prove extremely useful for integrated quantum information processing. Here we demonstrate on-chip electrical detection of single plasmons propagating along gold waveguides. The plasmons are excited using the single-photon emission of an optically emitting quantum dot. After propagating for several micrometers, the plasmons are coupled to a superconducting detector in the near-field. Correlation measurements prove that single plasmons are being detected. |
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RPLAB @ akorneev @ |
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620 |
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Seki, T.; Shibata, H.; Takesue, H.; Tokura, Y.; Imoto, N. |
![find record details (via OpenURL) openurl](img/xref.gif)
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Title |
Comparison of timing jitter between NbN superconducting single-photon detector and avalanche photodiode |
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Journal Article |
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2010 |
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Phys. C |
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Phys. C |
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470 |
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20 |
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1534-1537 |
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SSPD; APD; jitter |
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We report the pulse-to-pulse timing jitter measurement of a niobium nitride (NbN) superconducting single-photon detector (SSPD) and an InGaAs avalanche photodiode (APD) at 1550-nm wavelength. A direct comparison of their timing jitter was performed by using the same experimental configuration to measure both detectors. The measured jitter of the SSPD and the APD are 75 and 84 ps at full-width at half-maximum (FWHM), and 138 and 384 ps at full-width at tenth-maximum (FWTM), respectively. The jitter of the SSPD remains small at FWTM while that of APD is wide. We also estimated the transmission distances and secure key generation rates for fiber-based quantum key distribution (QKD) which uses these detectors. The estimated transmission distances of the APD are 86 km and 107 km with respect to 1 ns and 100 ps time windows, respectively, and those of the SSPD are 125 km and 172 km with respect to 1 ns and 100 ps time windows, respectively. This estimation indicates the SSPDЃfs advantages for QKD compared to the APD. |
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RPLAB @ akorneev @ |
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613 |
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Author |
Stevens, M.; Hadfeld, R.; Schwall, R.; Nam, S.W.; and Mirin, R. |
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Title |
Quantum dot single photon sources studied with superconducting single photon detectors |
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Journal Article |
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2006 |
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IEEE J. Sel. Topics Quantum Electron. |
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12 |
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6 |
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1255-1267 |
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SSPD, jitter, QD, QW |
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RPLAB @ akorneev @ |
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612 |
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Stevens, M.; Hadfield, R.; Schwall, R.; Nam, S.W.; Mirin, R.; Gupta, J. |
![find record details (via OpenURL) openurl](img/xref.gif)
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Title |
Fast lifetime measurements of infrared emitters using a low-jitter superconduct- ing single-photon detector |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
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Applied Physics Letters |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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89 |
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031109 |
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SSPD, jitter, QD, QW |
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RPLAB @ akorneev @ |
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611 |
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Stucki, D.; Walenta, N.; Vannel, F.; Thew, R.T.; Gisin, N.; Zbinden, H.; Gray, S.; Towery, C. R.; Ten, S. |
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Title |
High rate long-distance quantum key distribution over 250 km of ultra low loss fibres |
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Journal Article |
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2009 |
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New J. Phys. |
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11 |
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7 |
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075003 |
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SSPD, quantum cryptography, QKD, COW |
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We present a fully automated quantum key distribution prototype running at 625 MHz clock rate. Taking advantage of ultra low loss fibres and low-noise superconducting detectors, we can distribute 6,000 secret bits per second over 100 km and 15 bits per second over 250km. |
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RPLAB @ akorneev @ |
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610 |
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Takesue, Hiroki; Nam, Sae Woo; Zhang, Qiang; Hadfield, Robert H.; Honjo, Toshimori; Tamaki, Kiyoshi; Yamamoto, Yoshihisa |
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Title |
Quantum key distribution over a 40-dB channel loss using superconducting single-photon detectors |
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Journal Article |
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2007 |
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Nature Photonics |
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Nat. Photon. |
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1 |
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343-348 |
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quantum cryptography, SSPD, QKD, DSP |
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RPLAB @ akorneev @ |
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609 |
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Goltsman, G.; Korneev, A.; Divochiy, A.; Minaeva, O.; Tarkhov, M.; Kaurova, N.; Seleznev, V.; Voronov, B.; Okunev, O.; Antipov, A.; Smirnov, K.; Vachtomin, Yu.; Milostnaya, I.; Chulkova, G. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Ultrafast superconducting single-photon detector |
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Journal Article |
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2009 |
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J. Modern Opt. |
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J. Modern Opt. |
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56 |
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15 |
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1670-1680 |
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SSPD, SNSPD |
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The state-of-the-art of the NbN nanowire superconducting single-photon detector technology (SSPD) is presented. The SSPDs exhibit excellent performance at 2 K temperature: 30% quantum efficiency from visible to infrared, negligible dark count rate, single-photon sensitivity up to 5.6 µm. The recent achievements in the development of GHz counting rate devices with photon-number resolving capability is presented. |
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0950-0340 |
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RPLAB @ akorneev @ |
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607 |
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Stucki, Damien; Barreiro, Claudio; Fasel, Sylvain; Gautier, Jean-Daniel; Gay, Olivier; Gisin, Nicolas; Thew, Rob; Thoma, Yann; Trinkler, Patrick; Vannel, Fabien; Zbinden, Hugo |
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Continuous high speed coherent one-way quantum key distribution |
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2009 |
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Optics Express |
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Opt. Express |
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17 |
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16 |
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13326-13334 |
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quantum cryptography, QKD, PNS, SSPD, coherent one way, COW |
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Quantum key distribution (QKD) is the first commercial quantum technology operating at the level of single quanta and is a leading light for quantum-enabled photonic technologies. However, controlling these quantum optical systems in real world environments presents significant challenges. For the first time, we have brought together three key concepts for future QKD systems: a simple high-speed protocol; high performance detection; and integration both, at the component level and for standard fibre network connectivity. The QKD system is capable of continuous and autonomous operation, generating secret keys in real time. Laboratory and field tests were performed and comparisons made with robust InGaAs avalanche photodiodes and superconducting detectors. We report the first real world implementation of a fully functional QKD system over a 43dB-loss (150km) transmission line in the Swisscom fibre optic network where we obtained average real-time distribution rates over 3 hours of 2.5bps. |
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RPLAB @ akorneev @ |
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602 |
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Author |
Минаева, Ольга Вячеславовна |
![find record details (via OpenURL) openurl](img/xref.gif)
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Title |
Быстродействующий однофотонный детектор на основе тонкой сверхпроводниковой пленки NbN |
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2009 |
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М. МПГУ |
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SSPD |
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Ph.D. thesis |
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russian |
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Semenov, A.; Engel, A.; Il'in, K.; Gol'tsman, G.; Siegel, M.; Hübers, H.-W. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Ultimate performance of a superconducting quantum detector |
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Journal Article |
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2003 |
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Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys. |
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Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys. |
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21 |
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3 |
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171-178 |
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NbN SSPD, SNSPD |
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We analyze the ultimate performance of a superconducting quantum detector in order to meet requirements for applications in near-infrared astronomy and X-ray spectroscopy. The detector exploits a combined detection mechanism, in which avalanche quasiparticle multiplication and the supercurrent jointly produce a voltage response to a single absorbed photon via successive formation of a photon-induced and a current-induced normal hotspot in a narrow superconducting strip. The response time of the detector should increase with the photon energy providing energy resolution. Depending on the superconducting material and operation conditions, the cut-off wavelength for the single-photon detection regime varies from infrared waves to visible light. We simulated the performance of the background-limited infrared direct detector and X-ray photon counter utilizing the above mechanism. Low dark count rate and intrinsic low-frequency cut-off allow for realizing a background limited noise equivalent power of 10−20 W Hz−1/2 for a far-infrared direct detector exposed to 4-K background radiation. At low temperatures, the intrinsic response time of the counter is rather determined by diffusion of nonequilibrium electrons than by the rate of energy transfer to phonons. Therefore, thermal fluctuations do not hamper energy resolution of the X-ray photon counter that should be better than 10−3 for 6-keV photons. Comparison of new data obtained with a Nb based detector and previously reported results on NbN quantum detectors support our estimates of ultimate detector performance. |
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1286-0042 |
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Hadfield, Robert. H.; Habif, Jonathan L.; Schlafer, John; Schwall, Robert. E.; Nam, Sae Woo |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Quantum key distribution at 1550 nm with twin superconducting single-photon detectors |
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Journal Article |
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2006 |
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Applied Physics Letters |
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Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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89 |
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24 |
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241129 |
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SSPD, quantum cryptography |
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0003-6951 |
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Korneev, A.; Kouminov, P.; Matvienko, V.; Chulkova, G.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Currie, M.; Lo, W.; Wilsher, K.; Zhang, J.; Słysz, W.; Pearlman, A.; Verevkin, A.; Sobolewski, Roman |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Sensitivity and gigahertz counting performance of NbN superconducting single-photon detectors |
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Journal Article |
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2004 |
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Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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84 |
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26 |
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5338-5340 |
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SSPD, NEP, QE |
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We have measured the quantum efficiencysQEd, GHz counting rate, jitter, and noise-equivalentpowersNEPdof nanostructured NbN superconducting single-photon detectorssSSPDsdin thevisible to infrared radiation range. Our 3.5-nm-thick and 100- to 200-nm-wide meander-typedevices(total area 10310mm2), operating at 4.2 K, exhibit an experimental QE of up to 20% inthe visible range and,10% at 1.3 to 1.55mm wavelength and are potentially sensitive up tomidinfrareds,10mmdradiation. The SSPD counting rate was measured to be above 2 GHz withjitter,18 ps, independent of the wavelength. The devices’ NEP varies from,10−17W/Hz1/2for1.55mm photons to,10−20W/Hz1/2for visible radiation. Lowering the SSPD operatingtemperature to 2.3 K significantly enhanced its performance, by increasing the QE to,20% andlowering the NEP level to,3310−22W/Hz1/2, both measured at 1.26mm wavelength. |
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0003-6951 |
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532 |
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Sobolewski, R.; Verevkin, A.; Gol'tsman, G.N.; Lipatov, A.; Wilsher, K. |
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Ultrafast superconducting single-photon optical detectors and their applications |
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Journal Article |
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2003 |
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IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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13 |
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2 |
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1151-1157 |
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NbN SSPD, SNSPD |
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We present a new class of ultrafast single-photon detectors for counting both visible and infrared photons. The detection mechanism is based on photon-induced hotspot formation, which forces the supercurrent redistribution and leads to the appearance of a transient resistive barrier across an ultrathin, submicrometer-width, superconducting stripe. The devices were fabricated from 3.5-nm- and 10-nm-thick NbN films, patterned into <200-nm-wide stripes in the 4 /spl times/ 4-/spl mu/m/sup 2/ or 10 /spl times/ 10-/spl mu/m/sup 2/ meander-type geometry, and operated at 4.2 K, well below the NbN critical temperature (T/sub c/=10-11 K). Continuous-wave and pulsed-laser optical sources in the 400-nm-to 3500-nm-wavelength range were used to determine the detector performance in the photon-counting mode. Experimental quantum efficiency was found to exponentially depend on the photon wavelength, and for our best, 3.5-nm-thick, 100-/spl mu/m/sup 2/-area devices varied from >10% for 405-nm radiation to 3.5% for 1550-nm photons. The detector response time and jitter were /spl sim/100 ps and 35 ps, respectively, and were acquisition system limited. The dark counts were below 0.01 per second at optimal biasing. In terms of the counting rate, jitter, and dark counts, the NbN single-photon detectors significantly outperform their semiconductor counterparts. Already-identified applications for our devices range from noncontact testing of semiconductor CMOS VLSI circuits to free-space quantum cryptography and communications. |
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Gol'tsman, G.; Minaeva, O.; Korneev, A.; Tarkhov, M.; Rubtsova, I.; Divochiy, A.; Milostnaya, I.; Chulkova, G.; Kaurova, N.; Voronov, B.; Pan, D.; Kitaygorsky, J.; Cross, A.; Pearlman, A.; Komissarov, I.; Slysz, W.; Wegrzecki, M.; Grabiec, P.; Sobolewski, R. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Middle-infrared to visible-light ultrafast superconducting single-photon detectors |
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Journal Article |
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2007 |
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IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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17 |
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2 |
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246-251 |
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SSPD, SNSPD |
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We present an overview of the state-of-the-art of NbN superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs). Our devices exhibit quantum efficiency (QE) of up to 30% in near-infrared wavelength and 0.4% at 5 mum, with a dark-count rate that can be as low as 10 -4 s -1 . The SSPD structures integrated with lambda/4 microcavities achieve a QE of 60% at telecommunication, 1550-nm wavelength. We have also developed a new generation of SSPDs that possess the QE of large-active-area devices, but, simultaneously, are characterized by low kinetic inductance that allows achieving short response times and the GHz-counting rate with picosecond timing jitter. The improvements presented in the SSPD development, such as fiber-coupled SSPDs, make our detectors most attractive for high-speed quantum communications and quantum computing. |
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