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Author Bakhvalova, T.; Belkin, M. E.; Kovalyuk, V. V.; Prokhodtcov, A. I.; Goltsman, G. N.; Sigov, A. S.
Title Studying key principles for design and fabrication of silicon photonic-based beamforming networks Type Conference Article
Year 2019 Publication PIERS-Spring Abbreviated Journal PIERS-Spring
Volume Issue Pages 745-751
Keywords silicon photonics, TriPleX platform
Abstract In the paper, we address key principles for computer-aided design and fabrication of silicon-photonics-based optical beamforming network selecting the optimal approach by simulation and experimental results. To clarify the consideration, the study is conducted on the example of a widely used binary switchable silicon-nitride optical beamforming network based on TriPleX platform. Comparison of simulation results and experimental studies of the prototype shows that the relative error due to technological imperfections does not exceed 3%. According to the estimation, such an error introduces insignificant distortion in the radiation pattern of the referred antenna array.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number 9017646 Serial (up) 1186
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Author Lobanov, Y. V.; Shcherbatenko, M. L.; Semenov, A. V.; Kovalyuk, V. V.; Korneev, A. A.; Goltsman, G. N.; Vinogradov, E. A.; Naumov, A. V.; Gladush, M. G.; Karimullin, K. R.
Title Heterodyne spectroscopy with superconducting single-photon detector Type Conference Article
Year 2017 Publication EPJ Web Conf. Abbreviated Journal EPJ Web Conf.
Volume 132 Issue Pages 01005
Keywords SSPD mixer, SNSPD
Abstract We demonstrate successful operation of a Superconducting Single Photon Detector (SSPD) as the core element in a heterodyne receiver. Irradiating the SSPD by both a local oscillator power and signal power simultaneously, we observed beat signal at the intermediate frequency of a few MHz. Gain bandwidth was found to coincide with the detector single pulse width, where the latter depends on the detector kinetic inductance, determined by the superconducting nanowire length.
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Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 2100-014X ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial (up) 1205
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Author Vetter, A.; Ferrari, S.; Rath, P.; Alaee, R.; Kahl, O.; Kovalyuk, V.; Diewald, S.; Goltsman, G. N.; Korneev, A.; Rockstuhl, C.; Pernice, W. H. P.
Title Cavity-enhanced and ultrafast superconducting single-photon detectors Type Journal Article
Year 2016 Publication Nano Lett. Abbreviated Journal Nano Lett.
Volume 16 Issue 11 Pages 7085-7092
Keywords SSPD; SNSPD; multiphoton detection; nanophotonic circuit; photonic crystal cavity
Abstract Ultrafast single-photon detectors with high efficiency are of utmost importance for many applications in the context of integrated quantum photonic circuits. Detectors based on superconductor nanowires attached to optical waveguides are particularly appealing for this purpose. However, their speed is limited because the required high absorption efficiency necessitates long nanowires deposited on top of the waveguide. This enhances the kinetic inductance and makes the detectors slow. Here, we solve this problem by aligning the nanowire, contrary to usual choice, perpendicular to the waveguide to realize devices with a length below 1 mum. By integrating the nanowire into a photonic crystal cavity, we recover high absorption efficiency, thus enhancing the detection efficiency by more than an order of magnitude. Our cavity enhanced superconducting nanowire detectors are fully embedded in silicon nanophotonic circuits and efficiently detect single photons at telecom wavelengths. The detectors possess subnanosecond decay ( approximately 120 ps) and recovery times ( approximately 510 ps) and thus show potential for GHz count rates at low timing jitter ( approximately 32 ps). The small absorption volume allows efficient threshold multiphoton detection.
Address Institute of Physics, University of Munster , 48149 Munster, Germany
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Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language English Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1530-6984 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:27759401 Approved no
Call Number Serial (up) 1208
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Author Rath, P.; Vetter, A.; Kovalyuk, V.; Ferrari, S.; Kahl, O.; Nebel, C.; Goltsman, G. N.; Korneev, A.; Pernice, W. H. P.
Title Travelling-wave single-photon detectors integrated with diamond photonic circuits: operation at visible and telecom wavelengths with a timing jitter down to 23 ps Type Conference Article
Year 2016 Publication Integrated Optics: Devices, Mat. Technol. XX Abbreviated Journal Integrated Optics: Devices, Mat. Technol. XX
Volume 9750 Issue Pages 135-142
Keywords SSPD, Superconducting Nanowire Single-Photon Detector, SNSPD, Single Photon Detector, Diamond Photonics, Diamond Integrated Optics, Diamond Waveguides, Integrated Optics, Low Timing Jitter
Abstract We report on the design, fabrication and measurement of travelling-wave superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) integrated with polycrystalline diamond photonic circuits. We analyze their performance both in the near-infrared wavelength regime around 1600 nm and at 765 nm. Near-IR detection is important for compatibility with the telecommunication infrastructure, while operation in the visible wavelength range is relevant for compatibility with the emission line of silicon vacancy centers in diamond which can be used as efficient single-photon sources. Our detectors feature high critical currents (up to 31 μA) and high performance in terms of efficiency (up to 74% at 765 nm), noise-equivalent power (down to 4.4×10-19 W/Hz1/2 at 765 nm) and timing jitter (down to 23 ps).
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Publisher Spie Place of Publication Editor Broquin, J.-E.; Conti, G.N.
Language Summary Language Original Title
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial (up) 1210
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Author Ferrari, S.; Kahl, O.; Kovalyuk, V.; Goltsman, G. N.; Korneev, A.; Pernice, W. H. P.
Title Waveguide-integrated single- and multi-photon detection at telecom wavelengths using superconducting nanowires Type Journal Article
Year 2015 Publication Appl. Phys. Lett. Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.
Volume 106 Issue 15 Pages 151101 (1 to 5)
Keywords SSPD, SNSPD
Abstract We investigate single- and multi-photon detection regimes of superconducting nanowire detectors embedded in silicon nitride nanophotonic circuits. At near-infrared wavelengths, simultaneous detection of up to three photons is observed for 120 nm wide nanowires biased far from the critical current, while narrow nanowires below 100 nm provide efficient single photon detection. A theoretical model is proposed to determine the different detection regimes and to calculate the corresponding internal quantum efficiency. The predicted saturation of the internal quantum efficiency in the single photon regime agrees well with plateau behavior observed at high bias currents.

W. H. P. Pernice acknowledges support by the DFG Grant Nos. PE 1832/1-1 and PE 1832/1-2 and the Helmholtz society through Grant No. HIRG-0005. The Ph.D. education of O. Kahl is embedded in the Karlsruhe School of Optics and Photonics (KSOP). G. N. Goltsman acknowledges support by Russian Federation President Grant HШ-1918.2014.2 and Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation Contract No.: RFMEFI58614X0007. A. Korneev acknowledges support by Statement Task No. 3.1846.2014/k. V. Kovalyuk acknowledges support by Statement Task No. 2327. We also acknowledge support by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) and the State of Baden-Württemberg through the DFG-Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN) within subproject A6.4. We thank S. Kühn and S. Diewald for the help with device fabrication as well as B. Voronov and A. Shishkin for help with NbN thin film deposition and A. Semenov for helpful discussion about the detection mechanism of nanowire SSPD's.

The authors declare no competing financial interests.
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Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0003-6951 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial (up) 1211
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Author Shangina, E. L.; Smirnov, K. V.; Morozov, D. V.; Kovalyuk, V. V.; Goltsman, G. N.; Verevkin, A. A.; Toropov, A. I.; Mauskopf, P.
Title Concentration dependence of energy relaxation time in AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunctions: direct measurements Type Journal Article
Year 2011 Publication Semicond. Sci. Technol. Abbreviated Journal Semicond. Sci. Technol.
Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages 025013
Keywords AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunctions
Abstract We present measurements of the energy relaxation time, τε, of electrons in a single heterojunction in a quasi-equilibrium state using microwave time-resolved spectroscopy at 4.2 K. We find the relaxation time has a power-law dependence on the carrier density of the two-dimensional electron gas, τε∝nγs with γ = 0.40 ± 0.02 for values of the carrier density, ns, from 1.6 × 1011 to 6.6 × 1011cm−2. The results are in good agreement with predictions taking into account the scattering of the carriers by both piezoelectric and deformation potential acoustic phonons. We compare these results with indirect measurements of the energy relaxation time from energy loss measurements involving Joule heating of the electron gas.
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Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0268-1242 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial (up) 1215
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Author Goltsman, G. N.; Shcherbatenko, M. L.; Lobanov, Y. V.; Kovalyuk, V. V.; Kahl, O.; Ferrari, S.; Korneev, A.; Pernice, W. H. P.
Title Superconducting nanowire single photon detector for coherent detection of weak optical signals Type Abstract
Year 2016 Publication LPHYS'16 Abbreviated Journal LPHYS'16
Volume Issue Pages 1-2
Keywords SSPD, SNSPD
Abstract Traditionally, photon detectors are operated in a direct detection mode counting incident photonswith a known quantum efficiency. This procedure allows one to detect weak sources of radiation but allthe information about its frequency is limited by the optical filtering/resonating structures used which arenot as precise as would be required for some practical applications. In this work we propose heterodynereceiver based on a photon counting mixer which would combine excellent sensitivity of a photon countingdetector and excellent spectral resolution given by the heterodyne technique. At present, Superconducting-Nanowire-Single-Photon-Detectors (SNSPDs) [1] are widely used in a variety of applications providing thebest possible combination of the sensitivity and speed. SNSPDs demonstrate lack of drawbacks like highdark count rate or autopulsing, which are common for traditional semiconductor-based photon detectors,such as avalanche photon diodes.In our study we have investigated SNSPD operated as a photon counting mixer. To fully understandits behavior in such a regime, we have utilized experimental setup based on a couple of distributedfeedback lasers irradiating at 1.5 micrometers, one of which is being the Local Oscillator (LO) and theother mimics the test signal [2]. The SNSPD was operated in the current mode and the bias currentwas slightly below of the critical current. Advantageously, we have found that LO power needed for anoptimal mixing is of the order of hundreds of femtowatts to a few picowatts, which is promising for manypractical applications, such as receiver matrices [3]. With use of the two lasers, one can observe thevoltage pulses produced by the detected photons, and the time distribution of the pulses reproduces thefrequency difference between the lasers, forming power response at the intermediate frequency which canbe captured by either an oscilloscope (an analysis of the pulse statistics is needed) or by an RF spectrumanalyzer. Photon-counting nature of the detector ensures quantum-limited sensitivity with respect to theoptical coupling achieved. In addition to the chip SNSPD with normal incidence coupling, we use thedetectors with a travelling wave geometry design [4]. In this case a NbN nanowire is placed on the topof a Si3N4 nanophotonic waveguide, thus increasing the efficient interaction length. For this reason it ispossible to achieve almost complete absorption of photons and reduce the detector footprint. This reducesthe noise of the device together with the expansion of the bandwidth. Integrated device scheme allowsus to measure the optical losses with high accuracy. Our approach is fully scalable and, along with alarge number of devices integrated on a single chip can be adapted to the mid and far IR ranges wherephoton-counting measurement may be beneficial as well [5].Acknowledgements: This work was supported in part by the Ministry of Education and Science of theRussian Federation, contract No. 14.B25.31.0007 and by RFBR grant No. 16-32-00465.
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Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial (up) 1220
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Author Zolotov, P. I.; Semenov, A. V.; Divochiy, A. V.; Goltsman, G. N.; Romanov, N. R.; Klapwijk, T. M.
Title Dependence of photon detection efficiency on normal-state sheet resistance in marginally superconducting films of NbN Type Journal Article
Year 2021 Publication IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. Abbreviated Journal IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
Volume 31 Issue 5 Pages 1-5
Keywords NbN SSPD, SNSPD
Abstract We present an extensive set of data on nanowire-type superconducting single-photon detectors based on niobium-nitride (NbN) to establish the empirical correlation between performance and the normal-state resistance per square. We focus, in particular, on the bias current, compared to the expected depairing current, needed to achieve a near-unity detection efficiency for photon detection. The data are discussed within the context of a model in which the photon energy triggers the movement of vortices i.e. superconducting dissipation, followed by thermal runaway. Since the model is based on the non-equilibrium theory for conventional superconductors deviations may occur, because the efficient regime is found when NbN acts as a marginal superconductor in which long-range phase coherence is frustrated.
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Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1051-8223 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial (up) 1222
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Author Baeva, E. M.; Sidorova, M. V.; Korneev, A. A.; Smirnov, K. V.; Divochy, A. V.; Morozov, P. V.; Zolotov, P. I.; Vakhtomin, Y. B.; Semenov, A. V.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Khrapai, V. S.; Goltsman, G. N.
Title Thermal properties of NbN single-photon detectors Type Journal Article
Year 2018 Publication Phys. Rev. Applied Abbreviated Journal Phys. Rev. Applied
Volume 10 Issue 6 Pages 064063 (1 to 8)
Keywords NbN SSPD, SNSPD
Abstract We investigate thermal properties of a NbN single-photon detector capable of unit internal detection efficiency. Using an independent calibration of the coupling losses, we determine the absolute optical power absorbed by the NbN film and, via resistive superconductor thermometry, the temperature dependence of the thermal resistance Z(T) of the NbN film. In principle, this approach permits simultaneous measurement of the electron-phonon and phonon-escape contributions to the energy relaxation, which in our case is ambiguous because of the similar temperature dependencies. We analyze Z(T) with a two-temperature model and impose an upper bound on the ratio of electron and phonon heat capacities in NbN, which is surprisingly close to a recent theoretical lower bound for the same quantity in similar devices.
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Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 2331-7019 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial (up) 1226
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Author Vorobyov, V. V.; Kazakov, A. Y.; Soshenko, V. V.; Korneev, A. A.; Shalaginov, M. Y.; Bolshedvorskii, S. V.; Sorokin, V. N.; Divochiy, A. V.; Vakhtomin, Y. B.; Smirnov, K. V.; Voronov, B. M.; Shalaev, V. M.; Akimov, A. V.; Goltsman, G. N.
Title Superconducting detector for visible and near-infrared quantum emitters [Invited] Type Journal Article
Year 2017 Publication Opt. Mater. Express Abbreviated Journal Opt. Mater. Express
Volume 7 Issue 2 Pages 513-526
Keywords SSPD, SNSPD
Abstract Further development of quantum emitter based communication and sensing applications intrinsically depends on the availability of robust single-photon detectors. Here, we demonstrate a new generation of superconducting single-photon detectors specifically optimized for the 500–1100 nm wavelength range, which overlaps with the emission spectrum of many interesting solid-state atom-like systems, such as nitrogen-vacancy and silicon-vacancy centers in diamond. The fabricated detectors have a wide dynamic range (up to 350 million counts per second), low dark count rate (down to 0.1 counts per second), excellent jitter (62 ps), and the possibility of on-chip integration with a quantum emitter. In addition to performance characterization, we tested the detectors in real experimental conditions involving nanodiamond nitrogen-vacancy emitters enhanced by a hyperbolic metamaterial.
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Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 2159-3930 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial (up) 1234
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