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Author Sidorova, Maria V.; Divochiy, Alexander V.; Vakhtomin, Yury B.; Smirnov, Konstantin V.
Title Ultrafast superconducting single-photon detector with a reduced active area coupled to a tapered lensed single-mode fiber Type Journal Article
Year 2015 Publication J. Nanophoton. Abbreviated Journal
Volume 9 Issue 1 Pages 093051
Keywords SSPD, SNSPD
Abstract This paper presents an ultrafast niobium nitride (NbN) superconducting single-photon detector (SSPD) with an active area of 3×3  μm2 that offers better timing performance metrics than the previous SSPD with an active area of 7×7  μm2. The improved SSPD demonstrates a record timing jitter (<25  ps), an ultrashort recovery time (<2  ns), an extremely low dark count rate, and a high detection efficiency in a wide spectral range from visible part to near infrared. The record parameters were obtained due to the development of a new technique providing effective optical coupling between a detector with a reduced active area and a standard single-mode telecommunication fiber. The advantages of the new approach are experimentally confirmed by taking electro-optical measurements.
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ISSN 1934-2608 ISBN Medium
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Notes 10.1117/1.JNP.9.093051 Approved no
Call Number RPLAB @ sasha @ Serial (up) 1052
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Author McCarthy, Aongus; Krichel, Nils J.; Gemmell, Nathan R.; Ren, Ximing; Tanner, Michael G.; Dorenbos, Sander N.; Zwiller, Val; Hadfield, Robert H.; Buller, Gerald S.
Title Kilometer-range, high resolution depth imaging via 1560 nm wavelength single-photon detection Type Journal Article
Year 2013 Publication Opt. Express Abbreviated Journal Opt. Express
Volume 21 Issue 7 Pages 8904-8915
Keywords SSPD, SNSPD, lidar, SSPD applications, SNSPD applications
Abstract This paper highlights a significant advance in time-of-flight depth imaging: by using a scanning transceiver which incorporated a free-running, low noise superconducting nanowire single-photon detector, we were able to obtain centimeter resolution depth images of low-signature objects in daylight at stand-off distances of the order of one kilometer at the relatively eye-safe wavelength of 1560 nm. The detector used had an efficiency of 18% at 1 kHz dark count rate, and the overall system jitter was ~100 ps. The depth images were acquired by illuminating the scene with an optical output power level of less than 250 µW average, and using per-pixel dwell times in the millisecond regime.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial (up) 1053
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Author Driessen, E. F. C.; Braakman, F. R.; Reiger, E. M.; Dorenbos, S. N.; Zwiller, V.; de Dood, M. J. A.
Title Impedance model for the polarization-dependent optical absorption of superconducting single-photon detectors Type Journal Article
Year 2009 Publication Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys. Abbreviated Journal
Volume 47 Issue Pages 10701
Keywords SSPD, SNSPD
Abstract We measured the single-photon detection efficiency of NbN superconducting single-photon detectors as a function of the polarization state of the incident light for different wavelengths in the range from 488 nm to 1550 nm. The polarization contrast varies from ~% at 488 nm to~0% at 1550 nm, in good agreement with numerical calculations. We use an optical-impedance model to describe the absorption for polarization parallel to the wires of the detector. For the extremely lossy NbN material, the absorption can be kept constant by keeping the product of layer thickness and filling factor constant. As a consequence, the maximum possible absorption is independent of filling factor. By illuminating the detector through the substrate, an absorption efficiency of ~0% can be reached for a detector on Si or GaAs, without the need for an optical cavity.
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Language English Summary Language Original Title
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Notes Approved no
Call Number RPLAB @ alex_kazakov @ Serial (up) 1062
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Author Shcheslavskiy, V.; Morozov, P.; Divochiy, A.; Vakhtomin, Yu.; Smirnov, K.; Becker, W.
Title Ultrafast time measurements by time-correlated single photon counting coupled with superconducting single photon detector Type Journal Article
Year 2016 Publication Rev. Sci. Instrum. Abbreviated Journal
Volume 87 Issue Pages 053117 (1 to 5)
Keywords SSPD, SNSPD, TCSPC, jitter
Abstract Time resolution is one of the main characteristics of the single photon detectors besides quantum efficiency and dark count rate. We demonstrate here an ultrafast time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) setup consisting of a newly developed single photon counting board SPC-150NX and a superconducting NbN single photon detector with a sensitive area of 7 × 7 μm. The combination delivers a record instrument response function with a full width at half maximum of 17.8 ps and system quantum efficiency ~5% at wavelength of 1560 nm. A calculation of the root mean square value of the timing jitter for channels with counts more than 1% of the peak value yielded about 7.6 ps. The setup has also good timing stability of the detector–TCSPC board.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial (up) 1077
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Author Gupta, D.; Kadin, A. M.
Title Single-photon-counting hotspot detector with integrated RSFQ readout electronics Type Journal Article
Year 1999 Publication IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. Abbreviated Journal
Volume 9 Issue 2 Pages 4487-4490
Keywords RSFQ, SSPD, SNSPD
Abstract Absorption of an infrared photon in an ultrathin film (such as 10-nm NbN) creates a localized nonequilibrium hotspot on the submicron length scale and sub-ns time scale. If a strip /spl sim/1 /spl mu/m wide is biased in the middle of the superconducting transition, this hotspot will lead to a resistance pulse with amplitude proportional to the energy of the incident photon. This resistance pulse, in turn, can be converted to a current pulse and inductively coupled to a SQUID amplifier with a digitized output, operating at 4 K or above. A preliminary design analysis indicates that this data can be processed on-chip, using ultrafast RSFQ digital circuits, to obtain a sensitive infrared detector for wavelengths up to 10 /spl mu/m and beyond, with bandwidth of 1 GHz, that counts individual photons and measures their energy with 25 meV resolution. This proposed device combines the speed of a hot-electron bolometer with the single-photon-counting ability of a transition-edge microcalorimeter, to obtain an infrared detector with sensitivity, speed, and spectral selectivity that are unmatched by any alternative technology.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial (up) 1080
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Author Steudle, Gesine A.; Schietinger, Stefan; Höckel, David; Dorenbos, Sander N.; Zadeh, Iman E.; Zwiller, Valery; Benson, Oliver
Title Measuring the quantum nature of light with a single source and a single detector Type Journal Article
Year 2012 Publication Phys. Rev. A Abbreviated Journal
Volume 86 Issue 5 Pages 053814
Keywords SSPD, SNSPD, saturation count rates, dead time, dynamic range
Abstract An elementary experiment in optics consists of a light source and a detector. Yet, if the source generates nonclassical correlations such an experiment is capable of unambiguously demonstrating the quantum nature of light. We realized such an experiment with a defect center in diamond and a superconducting detector. Previous experiments relied on more complex setups, such as the Hanbury Brown and Twiss configuration, where a beam splitter directs light to two photodetectors, creating the false impression that the beam splitter is a fundamentally required element. As an additional benefit, our results provide a simplification of the widely used photon-correlation techniques.
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Publisher American Physical Society Place of Publication Editor
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial (up) 1089
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Author Takemoto, K.; Nambu, Y.; Miyazawa, T.; Sakuma, Y.; Yamamoto, T.; Yorozu, S.; Arakawa, Y.
Title Quantum key distribution over 120 km using ultrahigh purity single-photon source and superconducting single-photon detectors Type Journal Article
Year 2015 Publication Sci. Rep. Abbreviated Journal
Volume 5 Issue Pages 14383
Keywords SSPD, SNSPD applications, quantum key distribution, QKD
Abstract Advances in single-photon sources (SPSs) and single-photon detectors (SPDs) promise unique applications in the field of quantum information technology. In this paper, we report long-distance quantum key distribution (QKD) by using state-of-the-art devices: a quantum-dot SPS (QD SPS) emitting a photon in the telecom band of 1.5 μm and a superconducting nanowire SPD (SNSPD). At the distance of 100 km, we obtained the maximal secure key rate of 27.6 bps without using decoy states, which is at least threefold larger than the rate obtained in the previously reported 50-km-long QKD experiment. We also succeeded in transmitting secure keys at the rate of 0.307 bps over 120 km. This is the longest QKD distance yet reported by using known true SPSs. The ultralow multiphoton emissions of our SPS and ultralow dark count of the SNSPD contributed to this result. The experimental results demonstrate the potential applicability of QD SPSs to practical telecom QKD networks.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial (up) 1104
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Author Ferrari, S.; Kovalyuk, V.; Hartmann, W.; Vetter, A.; Kahl, O.; Lee, C.; Korneev, A.; Rockstuhl, C.; Gol'tsman, G.; Pernice, W.
Title Hot-spot relaxation time current dependence in niobium nitride waveguide-integrated superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors Type Journal Article
Year 2017 Publication Opt. Express Abbreviated Journal Opt. Express
Volume 25 Issue 8 Pages 8739-8750
Keywords SSPD, SNSPD, photon counting; Infrared; Quantum detectors; Integrated optics; Multiphoton processes; Photon statistics
Abstract We investigate how the bias current affects the hot-spot relaxation dynamics in niobium nitride. We use for this purpose a near-infrared pump-probe technique on a waveguide-integrated superconducting nanowire single-photon detector driven in the two-photon regime. We observe a strong increase in the picosecond relaxation time for higher bias currents. A minimum relaxation time of (22 +/- 1)ps is obtained when applying a bias current of 50% of the switching current at 1.7 K bath temperature. We also propose a practical approach to accurately estimate the photon detection regimes based on the reconstruction of the measured detector tomography at different bias currents and for different illumination conditions.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number RPLAB @ kovalyuk @ Serial (up) 1118
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Author Korneev, Alexander; Golt'sman, Gregory; Pernice, Wolfram
Title Photonic integration meets single-photon detection Type Miscellaneous
Year 2015 Publication Laser Focus World Abbreviated Journal Laser Focus World
Volume 51 Issue 5 Pages 47-50
Keywords optical waveguide SSPD, SNSPD
Abstract By embedding superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) in nanophotonic circuits, these waveguide-integrated detectors are a key building block for future on-chip quantum computing applications.
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Call Number RPLAB @ akorneev @ Serial (up) 1126
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Author Kovalyuk, V.; Ferrari, S.; Kahl, O.; Semenov, A.; Shcherbatenko, M.; Lobanov, Y.; Ozhegov, R.; Korneev, A.; Kaurova, N.; Voronov, B.; Pernice, W.; Gol'tsman, G.
Title On-chip coherent detection with quantum limited sensitivity Type Journal Article
Year 2017 Publication Sci Rep Abbreviated Journal Sci Rep
Volume 7 Issue 1 Pages 4812
Keywords waveguide, SSPD, SNSPD
Abstract While single photon detectors provide superior intensity sensitivity, spectral resolution is usually lost after the detection event. Yet for applications in low signal infrared spectroscopy recovering information about the photon's frequency contributions is essential. Here we use highly efficient waveguide integrated superconducting single-photon detectors for on-chip coherent detection. In a single nanophotonic device, we demonstrate both single-photon counting with up to 86% on-chip detection efficiency, as well as heterodyne coherent detection with spectral resolution f/f exceeding 10(11). By mixing a local oscillator with the single photon signal field, we observe frequency modulation at the intermediate frequency with ultra-low local oscillator power in the femto-Watt range. By optimizing the nanowire geometry and the working parameters of the detection scheme, we reach quantum-limited sensitivity. Our approach enables to realize matrix integrated heterodyne nanophotonic devices in the C-band wavelength range, for classical and quantum optics applications where single-photon counting as well as high spectral resolution are required simultaneously.
Address National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, 101000, Russia. ggoltsman@hse.ru
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Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
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ISSN 2045-2322 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:28684752; PMCID:PMC5500578 Approved no
Call Number RPLAB @ kovalyuk @ Serial (up) 1129
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Author Kovalyuk, V.; Ferrari, S.; Kahl, O.; Semenov, A.; Lobanov, Y.; Shcherbatenko, M.; Korneev, A.; Pernice, W.; Goltsman, G.
Title Waveguide integrated superconducting single-photon detector for on-chip quantum and spectral photonic application Type Conference Article
Year 2017 Publication J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. Abbreviated Journal J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.
Volume 917 Issue Pages 062032
Keywords SSPD, SNSPD, waveguide
Abstract With use of the travelling-wave geometry approach, integrated superconductor- nanophotonic devices based on silicon nitride nanophotonic waveguide with a superconducting NbN-nanowire suited on top of the waveguide were fabricated. NbN-nanowire was operated as a single-photon counting detector with up to 92 % on-chip detection efficiency in the coherent mode, serving as a highly sensitive IR heterodyne mixer with spectral resolution (f/df) greater than 106 in C-band at 1550 nm wavelength
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Call Number RPLAB @ kovalyuk @ Serial (up) 1140
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Author Семенов, Александр Владимирович
Title Проскальзывание фазы, поглощение электромагнитного излучения и формирование отклика в детекторах на основе узких полосок сверхпроводников Type Manuscript
Year 2010 Publication М. МПГУ Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords SSPD, SNSPD, response
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Corporate Author Thesis Ph.D. thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Russian Summary Language Original Title
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial (up) 1150
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Author Ferrari, S.; Kovalyuk, V.; Vetter, A.; Lee, C.; Rockstuhl, C.; Semenov, A.; Gol'tsman, G.; Pernice, W.
Title Analysis of the detection response of waveguide-integrated superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors at high count rate Type Journal Article
Year 2019 Publication Appl. Phys. Lett. Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.
Volume 115 Issue 10 Pages 101104
Keywords SSPD, SNSPD, waveguide
Abstract Nanophotonic circuitry and superconducting nanowires have been successfully combined for detecting single photons, propagating in an integrated photonic circuit, with high efficiency and low noise and timing uncertainty. Waveguide-integrated superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) can nowadays be engineered to achieve subnanosecond recovery times and can potentially be adopted for applications requiring Gcps count rates. However, particular attention shall be paid to such an extreme count rate regime since artifacts in the detector functionality emerge. In particular, a count-rate dependent detection efficiency has been encountered that can compromise the accuracy of quantum detector tomography experiments. Here, we investigate the response of waveguide-integrated SNSPDs at high photon flux and identify the presence of parasitic currents due to the accumulation of charge in the readout electronics to cause the above-mentioned artifact in the detection efficiency. Our approach allows us to determine the maximum photon count rate at which the detector can be operated without adverse effects. Our findings are particularly important to avoid artifacts when applying SNSPDs for quantum tomography.

We acknowledge support through ERC Consolidator Grant No. 724707 and from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft through Project No. PE 1832/5-1,2, as well as funding by the Volkswagen Foundation. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Grant Agreement No. 675745. V.K. and G.G. acknowledge support from the Russian Science Foundation Project No. 16-12-00045 (NbN film deposition and testing). A.V. acknowledges support from the Karlsruhe School of Optics and Photonics (KSOP).
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ISSN 0003-6951 ISBN Medium
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial (up) 1185
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Author Smirnov, E.; Golikov, A.; Zolotov, P.; Kovalyuk, V.; Lobino, M.; Voronov, B.; Korneev, A.; Goltsman, G.
Title Superconducting nanowire single-photon detector on lithium niobate Type Conference Article
Year 2018 Publication J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. Abbreviated Journal J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.
Volume 1124 Issue Pages 051025
Keywords SSPD, SNSPD, lithium niobate, LN
Abstract We demonstrate superconducting niobium nitride nanowires folded on top of lithium niobate substrate. We report of 6% system detection efficiency at 20 s−1 dark count rate at telecommunication wavelength (1550 nm). Our results shown great potential for the use of NbN nanowires in the field of linear and nonlinear integrated quantum photonics.
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ISSN 1742-6588 ISBN Medium
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial (up) 1194
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Author Fedder, H.; Oesterwind, S.; Wick, M.; Olbrich, F.; Michler, P.; Veigel, T.; Berroth, M.; Schlagmüller, M.
Title Characterization of electro-optical devices with low jitter single photon detectors – towards an optical sampling oscilloscope beyond 100 GHz Type Conference Article
Year 2018 Publication ECOC Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 1-3
Keywords SSPD, SNSPD, SPAD
Abstract We showcase an optical random sampling scope that exploits single photon counting and apply it to characterize optical transceivers. We study single photon detectors with a jitter down to 40 ps. The method can be extended beyond 100 GHz.
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Call Number 8535415 Serial (up) 1198
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