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Author | Ferrari, S.; Kovalyuk, V.; Hartmann, W.; Vetter, A.; Kahl, O.; Lee, C.; Korneev, A.; Rockstuhl, C.; Gol'tsman, G.; Pernice, W. | ||||
Title | Hot-spot relaxation time current dependence in niobium nitride waveguide-integrated superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2017 | Publication | Opt. Express | Abbreviated Journal | Opt. Express |
Volume | 25 | Issue | 8 | Pages | 8739-8750 |
Keywords | SSPD, SNSPD, photon counting; Infrared; Quantum detectors; Integrated optics; Multiphoton processes; Photon statistics | ||||
Abstract | We investigate how the bias current affects the hot-spot relaxation dynamics in niobium nitride. We use for this purpose a near-infrared pump-probe technique on a waveguide-integrated superconducting nanowire single-photon detector driven in the two-photon regime. We observe a strong increase in the picosecond relaxation time for higher bias currents. A minimum relaxation time of (22 +/- 1)ps is obtained when applying a bias current of 50% of the switching current at 1.7 K bath temperature. We also propose a practical approach to accurately estimate the photon detection regimes based on the reconstruction of the measured detector tomography at different bias currents and for different illumination conditions. | ||||
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Call Number | RPLAB @ kovalyuk @ | Serial | 1118 | ||
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Author | Titova, N; Kardakova, A.; Tovpeko, N; Ryabchun, S.; Mandal, S.; Morozov, D.; Klemencic, G. M.; Giblin, S.R.; Williams, O. A.; Goltsman, G. N. | ||||
Title | Superconducting diamond films as perspective material for direct THz detectors | Type | Abstract | ||
Year | 2017 | Publication | Proc. 28th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 28th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 82 | ||
Keywords | KID, HEB, superconducting diamond films, boron-doped diamond films, Al, TiN, Si substrates, NEP | ||||
Abstract | Superconducting films with a high resistivity in the normal state have established themselves as the best materials for direct THz radiation sensors, such as kinetic inductance detectors (KIDs) [1] and hot electron bolometers (nano-HEBs) [2]. The primary characteristics of the future instrument such as the sensitivity and the response time are determined by the material parameters such as the electron-phonon (e-ph) interaction time, the electron density and the resistivity of the material. For direct detectors, such as KIDs and nano-HEBs, to provide a high sensitivity and low noise one prefer materials with long e-ph relaxation times and low values of the electron density. As a potential material for THz radiation detection we have studied superconducting diamond films. A significant interest to diamond for the development of electronic devices is due to the evolution of its properties with the boron dopant concentration. At a high boron doping concentration, n B ~5·10 20 cm -3 , diamond has been reported to become a superconducting with T c depending on the doping level. Our previous study of energy relaxation in single-crystalline boron-doped diamond films epitaxially grown on a diamond shows a remarkably slow energy-relaxation at low temperatures. The electron-phonon cooling time varies from 400 ns to 700 ns over the temperature range 2.2 K to 1.7 K [3]. In superconducting materials such as Al and TiN, traditionally used in KIDs, the e-ph cooling times at 1.7 K correspond to ~20 ns [4] and ~100 ns [5], correspondingly. Such a noticeable slow e-ph relaxation in boron-doped diamond, in combination with a low value of carrier density (~10 21 cm -3 ) in comparison with typical metals (~10 23 cm -3 ) and a high normal state resistivity (~1500 μΩ·cm) confirms a potential of superconducting diamond for superconducting bolometers and resonator detectors. However, the price and the small substrate growth are of single crystal diamond limit practical applications of homoepitaxial diamond films. As an alternative way with more convenient technology, one can employ heteroepitaxial diamond films grown on large-size Si substrates. Here we report about measurements of e-ph cooling times in superconducting diamond grown on silicon substrate and discuss our expectations about the applicability of boron-doped diamond films to superconducting detectors. Our estimation of limit value of noise-equivalent power (NEP) and the energy resolution of bolometer made from superconducting diamond is order 10 -17 W/Hz 1/2 at 2 K and the energy resolution is of 0.1 eV that corresponds to counting single-photon up to 15 um. The estimation was obtained by using the film thickness of 70 nm and ρ ~ 1500 μΩ·cm, and the planar dimensions that are chosen to couple bolometer with 75 Ω log-spiral antenna. Although the value of NEP is far yet from what might like to have for certain astronomical applications, we believe that it can be improved by a suitable fabrication process. Also the direct detectors, based on superconducting diamond, will offer low noise performance at about 2 K, a temperature provided by inexpensive close-cycle refrigerators, which provides another practical advantage of development and application of these devices. [1] P.K. Day, et. al, Nature, 425, 817, 2003. [2] J. Wei, et al, Nature Nanotech., 3, 496, 2008. [3] A. Kardakova, et al, Phys. Rev. B, 93, 064506, 2016. [4] P. Santhanam and D. Prober, Phys. Rev. B, 29, 3733, 1984 [5] A. Kardakova, et al, Appl. Phys. Lett, vol. 103, p. 252602, 2013. | ||||
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Call Number | Serial | 1173 | |||
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Author | Pyatkov, F.; Khasminskaya, S.; Kovalyuk, V.; Hennrich, F.; Kappes, M. M.; Goltsman, G. N.; Pernice, W. H. P.; Krupke, R. | ||||
Title | Sub-nanosecond light-pulse generation with waveguide-coupled carbon nanotube transducers | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2017 | Publication | Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. | Abbreviated Journal | Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. |
Volume | 8 | Issue | Pages | 38-44 | |
Keywords | carbon nanotubes; CNT; infrared; integrated optics devices; nanomaterials | ||||
Abstract | Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have recently been integrated into optical waveguides and operated as electrically-driven light emitters under constant electrical bias. Such devices are of interest for the conversion of fast electrical signals into optical ones within a nanophotonic circuit. Here, we demonstrate that waveguide-integrated single-walled CNTs are promising high-speed transducers for light-pulse generation in the gigahertz range. Using a scalable fabrication approach we realize hybrid CNT-based nanophotonic devices, which generate optical pulse trains in the range from 200 kHz to 2 GHz with decay times below 80 ps. Our results illustrate the potential of CNTs for hybrid optoelectronic systems and nanoscale on-chip light sources. | ||||
Address | Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technische Universitat Darmstadt, Darmstadt 64287, Germany | ||||
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ISSN | 2190-4286 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:28144563; PMCID:PMC5238692 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | RPLAB @ kovalyuk @ | Serial | 1109 | ||
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Author | Lobanov, Y.; Shcherbatenko, M.; Semenov, A.; Kovalyuk, V.; Kahl, O.; Ferrari, S.; Korneev, A.; Ozhegov, R.; Kaurova, N.; Voronov, B. M.; Pernice, W. H. P.; Gol'tsman, G. N. | ||||
Title | Superconducting nanowire single photon detector for coherent detection of weak signals | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2017 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Volume | 27 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 1-5 |
Keywords | NbN SSPD mixer, SNSPD, nanophotonic waveguide | ||||
Abstract | Traditional photon detectors are operated in the direct detection mode, counting incident photons with a known quantum efficiency. Here, we have investigated a superconducting nanowire single photon detector (SNSPD) operated as a photon counting mixer at telecommunication wavelength around 1.5 μm. This regime of operation combines excellent sensitivity of a photon counting detector with excellent spectral resolution given by the heterodyne technique. Advantageously, we have found that low local oscillator (LO) power of the order of hundreds of femtowatts to a few picowatts is sufficient for clear observation of the incident test signal with the sensitivity approaching the quantum limit. With further optimization, the required LO power could be significantly reduced, which is promising for many practical applications, such as the development of receiver matrices or recording ultralow signals at a level of less-than-one-photon per second. In addition to a traditional NbN-based SNSPD operated with normal incidence coupling, we also use detectors with a travelling wave geometry, where a NbN nanowire is placed on the top of a Si 3 N 4 nanophotonic waveguide. This approach is fully scalable and a large number of devices could be integrated on a single chip. | ||||
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ISSN | 1051-8223 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1206 | |||
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Author | Trifonov, A.; Tong, C.-Y. E.; Grimes, P.; Lobanov, Y.; Kaurova, N.; Blundell, R.; Goltsman, G. | ||||
Title | Development of A Silicon Membrane-based Multi-pixel Hot Electron Bolometer Receiver | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2017 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Volume | 27 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 6 |
Keywords | Multi-pixel, HEB, silicon-on-insulator, horn array | ||||
Abstract | We report on the development of a multi-pixel Hot Electron Bolometer (HEB) receiver fabricated using silicon membrane technology. The receiver comprises a 2 × 2 array of four HEB mixers, fabricated on a single chip. The HEB mixer chip is based on a superconducting NbN thin film deposited on top of the silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrate. The thicknesses of the device layer and handling layer of the SOI substrate are 20 μm and 300 μm respectively. The thickness of the device layer is chosen such that it corresponds to a quarter-wave in silicon at 1.35 THz. The HEB mixer is integrated with a bow-tie antenna structure, in turn designed for coupling to a circular waveguide, |
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | RPLAB @ kovalyuk @ | Serial | 1111 | ||
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Author | Klapwijk, T. M.; Semenov, A. V. | ||||
Title | Engineering physics of superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixers | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2017 | Publication | IEEE Trans. THz Sci. Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | IEEE Trans. THz Sci. Technol. |
Volume | 7 | Issue | 6 | Pages | 627-648 |
Keywords | HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | Superconducting hot-electron bolometers are presently the best performing mixing devices for the frequency range beyond 1.2 THz, where good-quality superconductor-insulator-superconductor devices do not exist. Their physical appearance is very simple: an antenna consisting of a normal metal, sometimes a normal-metal-superconductor bilayer, connected to a thin film of a narrow short superconductor with a high resistivity in the normal state. The device is brought into an optimal operating regime by applying a dc current and a certain amount of local-oscillator power. Despite this technological simplicity, its operation has found to be controlled by many different aspects of superconductivity, all occurring simultaneously. A core ingredient is the understanding that there are two sources of resistance in a superconductor: a charge-conversion resistance occurring at a normal-metal-superconductor interface and a resistance due to time-dependent changes of the superconducting phase. The latter is responsible for the actual mixing process in a nonuniform superconducting environment set up by the bias conditions and the geometry. The present understanding indicates that further improvement needs to be found in the use of other materials with a faster energy relaxation rate. Meanwhile, several empirical parameters have become physically meaningful indicators of the devices, which will facilitate the technological developments. | ||||
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ISSN | 2156-342X | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1292 | |||
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Author | Lobanov, Y. V.; Shcherbatenko, M. L.; Semenov, A. V.; Kovalyuk, V. V.; Korneev, A. A.; Goltsman, G. N.; Vinogradov, E. A.; Naumov, A. V.; Gladush, M. G.; Karimullin, K. R. | ||||
Title | Heterodyne spectroscopy with superconducting single-photon detector | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2017 | Publication | EPJ Web Conf. | Abbreviated Journal | EPJ Web Conf. |
Volume | 132 | Issue | Pages | 01005 | |
Keywords | SSPD mixer, SNSPD | ||||
Abstract | We demonstrate successful operation of a Superconducting Single Photon Detector (SSPD) as the core element in a heterodyne receiver. Irradiating the SSPD by both a local oscillator power and signal power simultaneously, we observed beat signal at the intermediate frequency of a few MHz. Gain bandwidth was found to coincide with the detector single pulse width, where the latter depends on the detector kinetic inductance, determined by the superconducting nanowire length. | ||||
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ISSN | 2100-014X | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1205 | |||
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Author | Korneeva, Yuliya; Florya, Irina; Vdovichev, Sergey; Moshkova, Mariya; Simonov, Nikita; Kaurova, Natalia; Korneev, Alexander; Goltsman, Gregory | ||||
Title | Comparison of hot-spot formation in NbN and MoN thin superconducting films after photon absorption | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2017 | Publication | IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity | Abbreviated Journal | IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductiv |
Volume | 27 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 5 |
Keywords | Thin film devices, Superconducitng photoncounting devices, Nanowire single-photon detectors | ||||
Abstract | In superconducting single-photon detectors SSPD the efficiency of local suppression of superconductivity and hotspot formation is controlled by diffusivity and electron-phonon interaction time. Here we selected a material, 3.6-nm-thick MoNx film, which features diffusivity close to those of NbN traditionally used for SSPD fabrication, but with electron-phonon interaction time an order of magnitude larger. In MoNx detectors we study the dependence of detection efficiency on bias current, photon energy, and strip width and compare it with NbN SSPD. We observe non-linear current-energy dependence in MoNx SSPD and more pronounced plateaus in dependences of detection efficiency on bias current which we attribute to longer electronphonon interaction time. |
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | RPLAB @ kovalyuk @ | Serial | 1114 | ||
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Author | Titova, N.; Kardakova, A. I.; Tovpeko, N.; Ryabchun, S.; Mandal, S.; Morozov, D.; Klemencic, G. M.; Giblin, S. R.; Williams, O. A.; Goltsman, G. N.; Klapwijk, T. M. | ||||
Title | Slow electron–phonon cooling in superconducting diamond films | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2017 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Volume | 27 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 1-4 |
Keywords | superconducting diamond films, electron-phonon cooling | ||||
Abstract | We have measured the electron-phonon energy-relaxation time, τ eph , in superconducting boron-doped diamond films grown on silicon substrate by chemical vapor deposition. The observed electron-phonon cooling times vary from 160 ns at 2.70 K to 410 ns at 1.8 K following a T -2-dependence. The data are consistent with the values of τ eph previously reported for single-crystal boron-doped diamond films epitaxially grown on diamond substrate. Such a noticeable slow electron-phonon relaxation in boron-doped diamond, in combination with a high normal-state resistivity, confirms a potential of superconducting diamond for ultrasensitive superconducting bolometers. | ||||
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Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
ISSN | 1051-8223 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1168 | |||
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Author | Elezov, M. S.; Ozhegov, R. V.; Goltsman, G. N.; Makarov, V. | ||||
Title | Development of the experimental setup for investigation of latching of superconducting single-photon detector caused by blinding attack on the quantum key distribution system | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2017 | Publication | EPJ Web of Conferences | Abbreviated Journal | EPJ Web of Conferences |
Volume | 132 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 2 |
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Abstract | Recently bright-light control of the SSPD has been demonstrated. This attack employed a “backdoor†in the detector biasing scheme. Under bright-light illumination, SSPD becomes resistive and remains “latched†in the resistive state even when the light is switched off. While the SSPD is latched, Eve can simulate SSPD single-photon response by sending strong light pulses, thus deceiving Bob. We developed the experimental setup for investigation of a dependence on latching threshold of SSPD on optical pulse length and peak power. By knowing latching threshold it is possible to understand essential requirements for development countermeasures against blinding attack on quantum key distribution system with SSPDs. |
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | RPLAB @ kovalyuk @ | Serial | 1116 | ||
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