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Author |
Verevkin, A. A.; Pearlman, A.; Slysz, W.; Zhang, J.; Sobolewski, R.; Chulkova, G.; Okunev, O.; Kouminov, P.; Drakinskij, V.; Smirnov, K.; Kaurova, N.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G.; Currie, M. |
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Title |
Ultrafast superconducting single-photon detectors for infrared wavelength quantum communications |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Proc. SPIE |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. SPIE |
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Volume |
5105 |
Issue |
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Pages |
160-170 |
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Keywords |
NbN SSPD, SNSPD, applications, single-photon detector, quantum cryptography, quantum communications, superconducting devices |
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Abstract |
We have developed a new class of superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs) for ultrafast counting of infrared (IR) photons for secure quantum communications. The devices are operated on the quantum detection mechanism, based on the photon-induced hotspot formation and subsequent appearance of a transient resistive barrier across an ultrathin and submicron-wide superconducting stripe. The detectors are fabricated from 3.5-nm-thick NbN films and they operate at 4.2 K inside a closed-cycle refrigerator or liquid helium cryostat. Various continuous and pulsed laser sources have been used in our experiments, enabling us to determine the detector experimental quantum efficiency (QE) in the photon-counting mode, response time, time jitter, and dark counts. Our 3.5-nm-thick SSPDs reached QE above 15% for visible light photons and 5% at 1.3 – 1.5 μm infrared range. The measured real-time counting rate was above 2 GHz and was limited by the read-out electronics (intrinsic response time is <30 ps). The measured jitter was <18 ps, and the dark counting rate was <0.01 per second. The measured noise equivalent power (NEP) is 2 x 10-18 W/Hz1/2 at λ = 1.3 μm. In near-infrared range, in terms of the counting rate, jitter, dark counts, and overall sensitivity, the NbN SSPDs significantly outperform their semiconductor counterparts. An ultrafast quantum cryptography communication technology based on SSPDs is proposed and discussed. |
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SPIE |
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Donkor, E.; Pirich, A.R.; Brandt, H.E. |
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Quantum Information and Computation |
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no |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
1514 |
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Author |
Gol’tsman, G. N.; Smirnov, K.; Kouminov, P.; Voronov, B.; Kaurova, N.; Drakinsky, V.; Zhang, J.; Verevkin, A.; Sobolewski, R. |
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Title |
Fabrication of nanostructured superconducting single-photon detectors |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2003 |
Publication |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Abbreviated Journal |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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Volume |
13 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
192-195 |
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Keywords |
NbN SSPD, SNSPD |
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Abstract |
Fabrication of NbN superconducting single-photon detectors, based on the hotspot effect is presented. The hotspot formation arises in an ultrathin and submicrometer-width superconductor stripe and, together with the supercurrent redistribution, leads to the resistive detector response upon absorption of a photon. The detector has a meander structure to maximally increase its active area and reach the highest detection efficiency. Main processing steps, leading to efficient devices, sensitive in 0.4-5 /spl mu/m wavelength range, are presented. The impact of various processing steps on the performance and operational parameters of our detectors is discussed. |
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ISSN |
1558-2515 |
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Serial |
1515 |
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Author |
Zhang, J.; Pearlman, A.; Slysz, W.; Verevkin, A.; Sobolewski, R.; Okunev, O.; Korneev, A.; Kouminov, P.; Smirnov, K.; Chulkova, G.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Lo, W.; Wilsher, K. |
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Title |
Infrared picosecond superconducting single-photon detectors for CMOS circuit testing |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
2003 |
Publication |
CLEO/QELS |
Abbreviated Journal |
CLEO/QELS |
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Pages |
Cmv4 |
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Keywords |
NbN SSPD; SNSPD; Infrared; Quantum detectors; Electron beam lithography; Infrared detectors; Infrared radiation; Quantum efficiency; Single photon detectors; Superconductors |
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Abstract |
Novel, NbN superconducting single-photon detectors have been developed for ultrafast, high quantum efficiency detection of single quanta of infrared radiation. Our devices have been successfully implemented in a commercial VLSI CMOS circuit testing system. |
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Optical Society of America |
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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference |
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no |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
1518 |
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Author |
Vakhtomin, Y. B.; Finkel, M. I.; Antipov, S. V.; Smirnov, K. V.; Kaurova, N. S.; Drakinskii, V. N.; Voronov, B. M.; Gol’tsman, G. N. |
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Title |
The gain bandwidth of mixers based on the electron heating effect in an ultrathin NbN film on a Si substrate with a buffer MgO layer |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2003 |
Publication |
J. of communications technol. & electronics |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. of communications technol. & electronics |
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Volume |
48 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
671-675 |
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Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers |
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Abstract |
Measurements of the intermediate frequency band 900 GHz of mixers based on the electron heating effect (EHE) in 2-nm- and 3.5-nm-thick superconducting NbN films sputtered on MgO and Si substrates with buffer MgO layers are presented. A 2-nm-thick superconducting NbN film with a critical temperature of 9.2 K has been obtained for the first time using a buffer MgO layer. |
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MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica, Birmingham, AL |
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1064-2269 |
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Notes |
https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=17302119 (Полоса преобразования смесителей на эффекте разогрева электронов в ультратонких пленках NbN на подложках из Si с подслоем MgO) |
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Vakhtomin2003 |
Serial |
1522 |
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Author |
Hübers, Heinz-Wilhelm; Semenov, A.; Richter, H.; Smirnov, K.; Gol'tsman, G.; Voronov, B. |
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Title |
Phonon cooled far-infrared hot electron bolometer mixer |
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Abstract |
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Year |
2002 |
Publication |
NASA/ADS |
Abbreviated Journal |
NASA/ADS |
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Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers |
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Abstract |
Heterodyne receivers for applications in astronomy need quantum-limited sensitivity. At frequencies above 1.4 THz superconducting hot electron bolometers (HEB) can be used to achieve this goal. We present results of the development of a quasi-optical phonon-cooled NbN HEB mixer for GREAT, the German heterodyne receiver for SOFIA. Different mixers with logarithmic spiral and double slot feed antennas have been investigated with respect to their noise temperature, conversion loss, linearity and beam pattern at several frequencies between 0.7 THz and 5.2 THz. At 2.5 THz a double sideband noise temperature of 2200 K was achieved. The conversion loss was 16 dB. The response of the mixer was linear up to 400 K load temperature. This performance was verified by measuring an emission line of methanol at 2.5 THz. The results demonstrate that the NbN HEB is very well suited as a mixer for FIR heterodyne receivers. |
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Monterey, CA |
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Far-IR, Sub-mm & MM Detector Technology Workshop, 1-3 April 2002 |
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Notes |
id.37 |
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no |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
1534 |
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Author |
Semenov, A. D.; Hübers, H.-W.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Smirnov, K. |
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Title |
Superconducting quantum detector for astronomy and X-ray spectroscopy |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Proc. Int. Workshop on Supercond. Nano-Electronics Devices |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. Int. Workshop on Supercond. Nano-Electronics Devices |
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Pages |
201-210 |
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NbN SSPD, SNSPD, SQD, superconducting quantum detectors, X-ray spectroscopy |
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Abstract |
We propose the novel concept of ultra-sensitive energy-dispersive superconducting quantum detectors prospective for applications in astronomy and X-ray spectroscopy. Depending on the superconducting material and operation conditions, such detector may allow realizing background limited noise equivalent power 10−21 W Hz−1/2 in the terahertz range when exposed to 4-K background radiation or counting of 6-keV photon with almost 10—4 energy resolution. Planar layout and relatively simple technology favor integration of elementary detectors into a detector array. |
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Naples, Italy |
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Springer |
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Boston, MA |
Editor |
Pekola, J.; Ruggiero, B.; Silvestrini, P. |
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978-1-4615-0737-6 |
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International Workshop on Superconducting Nano-Electronics Devices, May 28-June 1, 2001 |
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no |
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Call Number |
semenov2002superconducting |
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1525 |
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Author |
Semenov, A. D.; Hübers, H.-W.; Richter, H.; Birk, M.; Krocka, M.; Mair, U.; Smirnov, K.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Voronov, B. M. |
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Title |
2.5 THz heterodyne receiver with NbN hot-electron-bolometer mixer |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Phys. C: Supercond. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Phys. C: Supercond. |
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372-376 |
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Pages |
448-453 |
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Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers, applications |
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We describe a 2.5 THz heterodyne receiver for applications in astronomy and atmospheric research. The receiver employs a superconducting NbN phonon-cooled hot-electron-bolometer mixer and an optically pumped far-infrared gas laser as local oscillator. 2200 K double sideband mixer noise temperature was measured at 2.5 THz across a 1 GHz intermediate frequency bandwidth centred at 1.5 GHz. The total conversion losses were 17 dB. The mixer response was linear at load temperatures smaller than 400 K. The receiver was tested in the laboratory environment by measuring the methanol line in emission. Observed pressure broadening confirms the true heterodyne detection regime of the mixer. |
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0921-4534 |
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no |
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Call Number |
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1526 |
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Author |
Okunev, O.; Smirnov, K.; Chulkova, G.; Korneev, A.; Lipatov, A.; Gol'tsman, G.; Zhang, J.; Slysz, W.; Verevkin, A.; Sobolewski, Roman |
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Ultrafast NBN hot-electron single-photon detectors for electronic applications |
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Abstract |
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2002 |
Publication |
Abstracts 8-th IUMRS-ICEM |
Abbreviated Journal |
Abstracts 8-th IUMRS-ICEM |
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Keywords |
NbN SSPD, SNSPD |
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Abstract |
We present a new, simple to manufacture, single-photon detector (SPD), which can work from ultraviolet to near-infrared wavelengths of optical radiation and combines high speed of operation, high quantum efficiency (QE), and very low dark counts. The devices are superconducting and operate at temperature below 5 K. The physics of operation of our SPD is based on formation of a photon-induced resistive hotspot and subsequent appearance of a transient resistive barrier across an ultrathin and submicron-wide superconductor. |
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8th IUMRS International Conference on Electronic Materials |
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no |
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1532 |
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Author |
Lipatov, A.; Okunev, O.; Smirnov, K.; Chulkova, G.; Korneev, A.; Kouminov, P.; Gol'tsman, G.; Zhang, J.; Slysz, W.; Verevkin, A.; Sobolewski, R. |
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Title |
An ultrafast NbN hot-electron single-photon detector for electronic applications |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
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Volume |
15 |
Issue |
12 |
Pages |
1689-1692 |
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Keywords |
NbN SSPD, SNSPD, QE, jitter, dark counts |
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Abstract |
We present the latest generation of our superconducting single-photon detector (SPD), which can work from ultraviolet to mid-infrared optical radiation wavelengths. The detector combines a high speed of operation and low jitter with high quantum efficiency (QE) and very low dark count level. The technology enhancement allows us to produce ultrathin (3.5 nm thick) structures that demonstrate QE hundreds of times better, at 1.55 μm, than previous 10 nm thick SPDs. The best, 10 × 10 μm2, SPDs demonstrate QE up to 5% at 1.55 μm and up to 11% at 0.86 μm. The intrinsic detector QE, normalized to the film absorption coefficient, reaches 100% at bias currents above 0.9 Ic for photons with wavelengths shorter than 1.3 μm. |
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0953-2048 |
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1533 |
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Author |
Verevkin, A.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Ptitsina, N. G.; Chulkova, G. M.; Smirnov, K. S.; Sobolewski, R. |
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Title |
Direct measurements of energy relaxation times in two-dimensional structures under quasi-equilibrium conditions |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Mater. Sci. Forum |
Abbreviated Journal |
Mater. Sci. Forum |
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384-3 |
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107-116 |
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2DEG, AlGaAs/GaAs |
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A new microwave technique was successfully applied for direct studies of energy relaxation times in two-dimensional AlGaAs/GaAs structures under quasi-equilibrium conditions in the nanosecond and picosecond time scale. We report our results of energy relaxation time measurements in the temperature range 1.6-50 K, in quantum Hall effect regime in magnetic fields up to 4 T. |
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Materials Science Forum |
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1536 |
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