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Author | Meledin, D. V.; Marrone, D. P.; Tong, C.-Y. E.; Gibson, H.; Blundell, R.; Paine, S. N.; Papa, D.C.; Smith, M.; Hunter, T. R.; Battat, J.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G. | ||||
Title | A 1-THz superconducting hot-electron-bolometer receiver for astronomical observations | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Techn. | Abbreviated Journal | IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Techn. |
Volume | 52 | Issue | 10 | Pages | 2338-2343 |
Keywords | NbN HEB mixer, applications | ||||
Abstract | In this paper, we describe a superconducting hot-electron-bolometer mixer receiver developed to operate in atmospheric windows between 800-1300 GHz. The receiver uses a waveguide mixer element made of 3-4-nm-thick NbN film deposited over crystalline quartz. This mixer yields double-sideband receiver noise temperatures of 1000 K at around 1.0 THz, and 1600 K at 1.26 THz, at an IF of 3.0 GHz. The receiver was successfully tested in the laboratory using a gas cell as a spectral line test source. It is now in use on the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory terahertz test telescope in northern Chile. | ||||
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ISSN | 0018-9480 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1484 | |||
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Author | Tong, C.-Y. E.; Meledin, D.; Loudkov, D.; Blundell, R.; Erickson, N.; Kawamura, J.; Mehdi, I.; Gol’tsman, G. | ||||
Title | A 1.5 THz Hot-Electron Bolometer mixer operated by a planar diode based local oscillator | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2003 | Publication | IEEE MTT-S Int. Microwave Symp. Digest | Abbreviated Journal | IEEE MTT-S Int. Microwave Symp. Digest |
Volume | 2 | Issue | Pages | 751-754 | |
Keywords | waveguide NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | We have developed a 1.5 THz superconducting NbN Hot-Electron Bolometer mixer. It is operated by an all-solid-state Local Oscillator comprising of a cascade of 4 planar doublers following an MMIC based W-band power amplifier. The threshold available pump power is estimated to be 1 /spl mu/W. | ||||
Address | Philadelphia, PA, USA | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1516 | |||
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Author | Blundell, R.; Kawamura, J. H.; Tong, C. E.; Papa, D. C.; Hunter, T. R.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Cherednichenko, S. I.; Voronov, B. M.; Gershenzon, E. M. | ||||
Title | A hot-electron bolometer mixer receiver for the 680-830 GHz frequency range | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 1998 | Publication | Proc. 6-th Int. Conf. Terahertz Electron. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 6-th Int. Conf. Terahertz Electron. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 18-20 | ||
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | We describe a heterodyne receiver designed to operate in the partially transparent atmospheric windows centered on 680 and 830 GHz. The receiver incorporates a niobium nitride thin film, cooled to 4.2 K, as the phonon-cooled hot-electron mixer element. The double sideband receiver noise, measured over the frequency range 680-830 GHz, is typically 700-1300 K. The instantaneous output bandwidth of the receiver is 600 MHz. This receiver has recently been used at the SubMillimeter Telescope, jointly operated by the Steward Observatory and the Max Planck Institute for Radioastronomy, for observations of the neutral carbon and CO spectral lines at 810 GHz and at 806 and 691 GHz respectively. Laboratory measurements on a second mixer in the same test receiver have yielded extended high frequency performance to 1 THz. | ||||
Address | Leeds, UK | ||||
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Publisher | IEEE | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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ISSN | ISBN | 0-7803-4903-2 | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | IEEE Sixth International Conference on Terahertz Electronics Proceedings. THZ 98. (Cat. No.98EX171) | ||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1581 | |||
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Author | Shurakov, A.; Tong, Cheuk-yu E.; Grimes, P.; Blundell, R.; Golt'sman, G. | ||||
Title | A microwave reflection readout scheme for hot electron bolometric direct detector | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2015 | Publication | IEEE Trans. THz Sci. Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | IEEE Trans. THz Sci. Technol. |
Volume | 5 | Issue | Pages | 81-84 | |
Keywords | HEB detectors | ||||
Abstract | In this paper, we propose and present data from a fast THz detector based on the repurpose of hot electron bolometer mixers (HEB) fabricated from superconducting NbN thinfilm. This detector is essentially a traditional NbN bolometer element that operates under the influence of a microwave pump. The in-jected microwave power serves the dual purpose of enhancing the detector sensitivity and reading out the impedance changes of the device in response to incidentTHz radiation. We have measured an optical Noise Equivalent Power of 4 pW/ Hz for our detector at a bath temperature of 4.2 K. The measurement frequency was 0.83 THz and the modulation frequency was 1.48 kHz. The readout scheme is versatile and facilitates both high-speed operation as well as multi-pixel applications. |
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | RPLAB @ atomics90 @ | Serial | 950 | ||
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Author | Tong, C.-Y. E.; Trifonov, A.; Shurakov, A.; Blundell, R.; Gol’tsman, G. | ||||
Title | A microwave-operated hot-electron-bolometric power detector for terahertz radiation | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2015 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Volume | 25 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 2300604 (1 to 4) |
Keywords | NbN HEB mixer | ||||
Abstract | A new class of microwave-operated THz power detectors based on the NbN hot-electron-bolometer (HEB) mixer is proposed. The injected microwave signal ( 1 GHz) serves the dual purpose of pumping the HEB element and enabling the read-out of the internal state of the device. A cryogenic amplifier amplifies the reflected microwave signal from the device and a homodyne scheme recovers the effects of the incident THz radiation. Two modes of operation have been identified, depending on the level of incident radiation. For weak signals, we use a chopper to chop the incident radiation against a black body reference and a lock-in amplifier to perform synchronous detection of the homodyne readout. The voltage measured is proportional to the incident power, and we estimate an optical noise equivalent power of 5pW/ √Hz at 0.83 THz. At higher signal levels, the homodyne circuit recovers the stream of steady relaxation oscillation pulses from the HEB device. The frequency of these pulses is in the MHz frequency range and bears a linear relationship with the incident THz radiation over an input power range of 15 dB. A digital frequency counter is used to measure THz power. The applicable power range is between 1 nW and 1 μW. | ||||
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Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
ISSN | 1558-2515 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1354 | |||
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Author | Lobanov, Y.; Tong, C.; Blundell, R.; Gol'tsman, G. | ||||
Title | A study of direct detection effect on the linearity of hot electron bolometer mixers | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2009 | Publication | Proc. 20th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 20th ISSTT |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 282-287 | ||
Keywords | HEB mixer, direct detection effect | ||||
Abstract | We have performed a study of how direct detection affects the linearity and hence the calibration of an HEB mixer. Two types of waveguide HEB devices have been used: a 0.8 THz HEB mixer and a 1.0 THz HEB mixer which is ~5 times smaller than the former. Two independent experimental approaches were used. In the ΔG/G method, the conversion gain of the HEB mixer is first measured as a function of the bias current for a number of bias voltages. At each bias setting, we carefully measure the change in the operating current when the input loads are switched. From the measured data, we can derive the expected difference in gain between the hot and cold loads. In the second method (injection method [1]), the linearity of the HEB mixer is independently measured by injecting a modulated signal for different input load temperatures. The results of both approaches confirm that there is gain compression in the operation of HEB mixers. Based on the results of our measurements, we discuss the impact of direct detection effects on the operation of HEB mixers. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | RPLAB @ gujma @ | Serial | 724 | ||
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Author | Kawamura, J. H.; Tong, C.-Y.E.; Blundell, R.; Cosmo Papa, D.; Hunter, T. R.; Gol'tsman, G.; Cherednichenko, S.; Voronov, B.; Gershenzon, E. | ||||
Title | An 800 GHz NbN phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometer mixer receiver | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1999 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Volume | 9 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 3753-3756 |
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | We describe a heterodyne receiver developed for astronomical applications to operate in the 350 /spl mu/m atmospheric window. The waveguide receiver employs a superconductive NbN phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometer mixer. The double sideband receiver noise temperature closely follows 1 kGHz/sup -1/ across 780-870 GHz, with the intermediate frequency centered at 1.4 GHz. The conversion loss is about 15 dB. The receiver was installed for operation at the University of Arizona/Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy Submillimeter Telescope facility. The instrument was successfully used to conduct test observations of a number of celestial sources in a number of astronomically important spectral lines. | ||||
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Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
ISSN | 1051-8223 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 288 | |||
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Author | Tong, C. E.; Blundell, R.; Papa, D. C.; Smith, M.; Kawamura, J.; Gol'tsman, G.; Gershenzon, E.; Voronov, B. | ||||
Title | An all solid-state superconducting heterodyne receiver at terahertz frequencies | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1999 | Publication | IEEE Microw. Guid. Wave Lett. | Abbreviated Journal | IEEE Microw. Guid. Wave Lett. |
Volume | 9 | Issue | 9 | Pages | 366-368 |
Keywords | waveguide NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | A superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixer-receiver operating from 1 to 1.26 THz has been developed. This heterodyne receiver employs two solid-state local oscillators each consisting of a Gunn oscillator followed by two stages of varactor frequency multiplication. The measured receiver noise temperature is 1350 K at 1.035 THz and 2700 K at 1.26 THz. This receiver demonstrates that tunable solid-state local oscillators, supplying only a few micro-watts of output power, can be used in terahertz receiver applications. | ||||
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ISSN | 1051-8207 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1565 | |||
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Author | Loudkov, D.; Tong, C.-Y. E.; Blundell, R.; Kaurova, N.; Grishina, E.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G. | ||||
Title | An investigation of the performance of the superconducting HEB mixer as a function of its RF embedding impedance | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2005 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Volume | 15 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 472-475 |
Keywords | waveguide NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | We have conducted an investigation of the optimal embedding impedance for a waveguide superconducting hot-electron bolometric (HEB) mixer. Three mixer chip designs for 800 GHz, offering nominal embedding resistances of 70 /spl Omega/, 35 /spl Omega/, and 15 /spl Omega/, have been developed. We used both High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) software and scale model impedance measurements in the design process. We subsequently fabricated HEB mixers to these designs using 3-4 nm thick NbN thin film. Receiver noise temperature measurements and Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS) scans were performed to determine the optimal combination of embedding impedance and normal-state resistance for a 50 Ohm IF load impedance. A receiver noise temperature of 440 K was measured at a local oscillator frequency 850 GHz for a mixer with normal state resistance of 62 /spl Omega/ incorporated into a circuit offering a nominal embedding impedance of 70 /spl Omega/. We conclude from our data that, for low noise operation, the normal state resistance of the HEB mixer element should be close to the embedding impedance of the mixer mount. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | 1439677 | Serial | 1464 | ||
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Author | Loudkov, D.; Tong, C. Y. E.; Blundell, R.; Kaurova, N.; Grishina, E.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G. | ||||
Title | An investigation of the performance of the superconducting HEB슠mixer as a function of its RF슠embedding impedance | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2005 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 15 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 472-475 |
Keywords | HEB mixer | ||||
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Publisher | IEEE | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 371 | |||
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Author | Loudkov, D.; Tong, C.-Y.E.; Blundell, R.; Kaurova, N.; Grishina, E.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G. | ||||
Title | An investigation of the performance of the waveguide superconducting HEB mixer at different RF embedding impedances | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2005 | Publication | Proc. 16th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 16th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 226-229 | ||
Keywords | waveguide NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | We have conducted an investigation of the performance of superconducting hot-electron bolometric (HEB) mixer at 800 GHz as a function of the embedding impedance of the waveguide embedding circuit. Using a single half-height mixer block, we have developed three different mixer chip configurations, offering nominal embedding resistances of 70, 35, and 15 Ohms. Both the High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) software and scaled model impedance measurements were employed in the design process. Two batches of HEB mixers were fabricated to these designs using 3-4 nm thick NbN thin film. The mixers were characterized through receiver noise temperature measurements and Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS) scans. Briefly, a minimum receiver noise temperature of 440 K was measured at a local oscillator frequency 850 GHz for a mixer of normal state resistance 62 Ohms incorporated into a circuit offering a nominal embedding impedance of 70 Ohms. We conclude from our data that, for low noise operation, the normal state resistance of the HEB mixer element should be close to that of the embedding impedance of the mixer mount. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1472 | |||
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Author | Tong, C. Y. E.; Blundell, R.; Paine, S.; Papa, D. C.; Kawamura, J.; Stern, J.; LeDuc, H. G. | ||||
Title | Design and characterization of a 250-350 GHz fixed-tuned superconductor-insulator-insulator receiver | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1996 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn. | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 44 | Issue | 9 | Pages | 1548-1556 |
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Call Number | Serial | 273 | |||
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Author | Trifonov, A.; Tong, C.-Y. E.; Grimes, P.; Lobanov, Y.; Kaurova, N.; Blundell, R.; Goltsman, G. | ||||
Title | Development of A Silicon Membrane-based Multi-pixel Hot Electron Bolometer Receiver | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2017 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Volume | 27 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 6 |
Keywords | Multi-pixel, HEB, silicon-on-insulator, horn array | ||||
Abstract | We report on the development of a multi-pixel Hot Electron Bolometer (HEB) receiver fabricated using silicon membrane technology. The receiver comprises a 2 × 2 array of four HEB mixers, fabricated on a single chip. The HEB mixer chip is based on a superconducting NbN thin film deposited on top of the silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrate. The thicknesses of the device layer and handling layer of the SOI substrate are 20 μm and 300 μm respectively. The thickness of the device layer is chosen such that it corresponds to a quarter-wave in silicon at 1.35 THz. The HEB mixer is integrated with a bow-tie antenna structure, in turn designed for coupling to a circular waveguide, |
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | RPLAB @ kovalyuk @ | Serial | 1111 | ||
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Author | Trifonov, A.; Tong, C.-Y. E.; Grimes, P.; Lobanov, Y.; Kaurova, N.; Blundell, R.; Goltsman, G. | ||||
Title | Development of a silicon membrane-based multipixel hot electron bolometer receiver | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2017 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Volume | 27 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 1-5 |
Keywords | Multi-pixel, NbN HEB, silicon-on-insulator, horn array | ||||
Abstract | We report on the development of a multipixel hot electron bolometer (HEB) receiver fabricated using silicon membrane technology. The receiver comprises a 2 × 2 array of four HEB mixers, fabricated on a single chip. The HEB mixer chip is based on a superconducting NbN thin-film deposited on top of the silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrate. The thicknesses of the device layer and handling layer of the SOI substrate are 20 and 300 μm, respectively. The thickness of the device layer is chosen such that it corresponds to a quarter-wave in silicon at 1.35 THz. The HEB mixer is integrated with a bow-tie antenna structure, in turn designed for coupling to a circular waveguide, fed by a monolithic drilled smooth-walled horn array. | ||||
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ISSN | 1051-8223 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1324 | |||
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Author | Lobanov, Y.V.; Tong, C.-Y.E.; Hedden, A.S.; Blundell, R.; Voronov, B.M.; Gol'tsman, G.N. | ||||
Title | Direct measurement of the gain and noise bandwidths of HEB mixers | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2011 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Volume | 21 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 645-648 |
Keywords | waveguide NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | The intermediate frequency (IF) bandwidth of a hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixer is an important parameter of the mixer, in that it helps to determine its suitability for a given application. With the availability of wideband low noise amplifiers, it is simple to measure the performance of an HEB mixer over a wide range of IF at a fixed LO frequency using the standard Y-factor method. This in-situ method allows us to measure both the gain and noise bandwidths simultaneously. We have also measured mixer output impedance with a vector network analyser. Intrinsic time constant has been extracted from the impedance data and compared to the mixer's bandwidths determined from receiver Y-factor measurement. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | RPLAB @ gujma @ | Serial | 720 | ||
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