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Hübers, H.-W.; Semenov, A.; Richter, H.; Birk, Manfred; Krocka, Michael; Mair, Ulrich; Smirnov, K.; Gol'tsman, G.; Voronov, B. |
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Title  |
Terahertz heterodyne receiver with a hot-electron bolometer mixer |
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Conference Article |
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2002 |
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Proc. Far-IR, Sub-mm, and mm Detector Technology Workshop |
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Proc. Far-IR, Sub-mm, and mm Detector Technology Workshop |
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NbN HEB mixers |
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During the past decade major advances have been made regarding low noise mixers for terahertz (THz) heterodyne receivers. State of the art hot-electron-bolometer (HEB) mixers have noise temperatures close to the quantum limit and require less than a µW power from the local oscillator (LO). The technology is now at a point where the performance of a practical receiver employing such mixer, rather than the figures of merit of the mixer itself, are of major concern. We have incorporated a phonon-cooled NbN HEB mixer in a 2.5 THz heterodyne receiver and investigated the performance of the receiver. This yields important information for the development of heterodyne receivers such as GREAT (German receiver for astronomy at THz frequencies aboard SOFIA)[1] and TELIS (Terahertz limb sounder), a balloon borne heterodyne receiver for atmospheric research [2]. Both are currently under development at DLR. |
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Monterey, CA, USA |
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Wold, J.; Davidson, J. |
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4 pages; Unconfirmed but cited in https://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/1622/1/bedorf.pdf; There is a Program of the Workshop: https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/7411055/far-ir-submm-mm-detector-technology-workshop-sofia-usra (there is no title of this article in the Program); There is also identical publication in Proc. ISSTT (Serial: 332, “A broadband terahertz heterodyne receiver with an NbN HEB mixer”). |
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1829 |
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Seliverstov, S. V.; Anfertyev, V. A.; Tretyakov, I. V.; Ozheredov, I. A.; Solyankin, P. M.; Revin, L. S.; Vaks, V. L.; Rusova, A. A.; Goltsman, G. N.; Shkurinov, A. P. |
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Title |
Terahertz heterodyne receiver with an electron-heating mixer and a heterodyne based on the quantum-cascade laser |
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Journal Article |
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2017 |
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Radiophys. Quant. Electron. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Radiophys. Quant. Electron. |
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60 |
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7 |
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518-524 |
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NbN HEB mixer, QCL |
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We study characteristics of the laboratory prototype of a terahertz heterodyne receiver with an electron-heating mixer and a heterodyne based on the quantum-cascade laser. The results obtained demonstrate the possibility to use this receiver as a basis for creation of a high-sensitivity terahertz spectrometer, which can be used in many basic and practical applications. A significant advantage of this receiver will be the possibility of placing the mixer and heterodyne in the same cryostat, which will reduce the device dimensions considerably. The obtained experimental results are analyzed, and methods of optimizing the parameters of the receiver are proposed. |
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0033-8443 |
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1322 |
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Pütz, P.; Honingh, C. E.; Jacobs, K.; Justen, M.; Schultz, M.; Stutzki, J. |
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Title |
Terahertz hot electron bolometer waveguide mixers for GREAT |
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2012 |
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Astron. Astrophys. |
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A&A |
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542 |
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L2 |
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HEB mixer, applications |
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Context. Supplementing the publications based on the first-light observations with the German REceiver for Astronomy at Terahertz frequencies (GREAT) on SOFIA, we present background information on the underlying heterodyne detector technology. This Letter complements the GREAT instrument Letter and focuses on the mixers itself.
Aims. We describe the superconducting hot electron bolometer (HEB) detectors that are used as frequency mixers in the L1 (1400 GHz), L2 (1900 GHz), and M (2500 GHz) channels of GREAT. Measured performance of the detectors is presented and background information on their operation in GREAT is given.
Methods. Our mixer units are waveguide-based and couple to free-space radiation via a feedhorn antenna. The HEB mixers are designed, fabricated, characterized, and flight-qualified in-house. We are able to use the full intermediate frequency bandwidth of the mixers using silicon-germanium multi-octave cryogenic low-noise amplifiers with very low input return loss.
Results. Superconducting HEB mixers have proven to be practical and sensitive detectors for high-resolution THz frequency spectroscopy on SOFIA. We show that our niobium-titanium-nitride (NbTiN) material HEBs on silicon nitride (SiN) membrane substrates have an intermediate frequency (IF) noise roll-off frequency above 2.8 GHz, which does not limit the current receiver IF bandwidth. Our mixer technology development efforts culminate in the first successful operation of a waveguide-based HEB mixer at 2.5 THz and deployment for radioastronomy. A significant contribution to the success of GREAT is made by technological development, thorough characterization and performance optimization of the mixer and its IF interface for receiver operation on SOFIA. In particular, the development of an optimized mixer IF interface contributes to the low passband ripple and excellent stability, which GREAT demonstrated during its initial successful astronomical observation runs. |
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907 |
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Huebers, Heinz-Wilhelm; Pavlov, S.; Semenov, A.; Köhler, R.; Mahler, L.; Tredicucci, A.; Beere, H.; Ritchie, D.; Linfield, E. |
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Title |
Terahertz quantum cascade laser as local oscillator in a heterodyne receiver |
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2005 |
Publication |
Optics Express |
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13 |
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15 |
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5890-5896 |
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QCL heterodyne, 6 mW at 2.5 THz, HEB mixer, terahertz |
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Terahertz quantum cascade lasers have been investigated with respect to their performance as a local oscillator in a heterodyne receiver. The beam profile has been measured and transformed in to a close to Gaussian profile resulting in a good matching between the field patterns of the quantum cascade laser and the antenna of a superconducting hot electron bolometric mixer. Noise temperature measurements with the hot electron bolometer and a 2.5 THz quantum cascade laser yielded the same result as with a gas laser as local oscillator. |
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627 |
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Gol'tsman, G. N.; Loudkov, D. N. |
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Terahertz superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixers and their application in radio astronomy |
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Journal Article |
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2003 |
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Radiophys. Quant. Electron. |
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46 |
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8/9 |
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604-617 |
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NbN HEB mixers |
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We review the latest developments, research, and radioastronomy applications of hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers operated in the terahertz waveband. The physical principles of operation of terahertz HEB mixers are presented, their manufacturing from ultrathin NbN films, the main HEB-mixer parameters and their measurement techniques are discussed, and practical terahertz radioastronomy projects based on heterodyne receivers with HEB mixers are considered. |
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0033-8443 |
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UDC 537.312.62 |
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472 |
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Gol’tsman, G. N. |
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Terahertz technology in Russia |
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Conference Article |
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1994 |
Publication |
24th European Microwave Conf. |
Abbreviated Journal |
24th European Microwave Conf. |
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1 |
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113-121 |
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BWO, HEB mixers |
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The presentation consider the parameters and operating peculiarities of unique microwave generators of the terahertz range which have been created in Russia – the backward wave oscillators – as well as certain devices based on these generators, such as high resolution. spectrometers and time-resolving spectrometers with picosecond temporal resolution. Most resent BWO-based studies are illustrated by a project devoted to superconductive hot-electron. bolometers which are of great independent value for the terahertz technology as high-sensitive picosecond detectors and low noise broad-band mixers. |
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24th European Microwave Conference |
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1635 |
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Kawamura, J.; Tong, C.-Y. E.; Blundell, R.; Papa, D. C.; Hunter, T. R.; Patt, F.; Gol’tsman, G.; Gershenzon, E. |
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Terahertz-frequency waveguide NbN hot-electron bolometer mixer |
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Journal Article |
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2001 |
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IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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11 |
Issue |
1 |
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952-954 |
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NbN HEB mixers |
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We have developed a low-noise waveguide heterodyne receiver for operation near 1 THz using phonon-cooled NbN hot-electron bolometers. The mixer elements are submicron-sized microbridges of 4 nm-thick NbN film fabricated on a quartz substrate. Operating at a bath temperature of 4.2 K, the double-sideband receiver noise temperature is 760 K at 1.02 THz and 1100 K at 1.26 THz. The local oscillator is provided by solid-state sources, and power measured at the source is less than 1 /spl mu/W. The intermediate frequency bandwidth exceeds 2 GHz. The receiver was used to make the first ground-based heterodyne detection of a celestial spectroscopic line above 1 THz. |
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1558-2515 |
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1546 |
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Yagubov, P.; Gol'tsman, G.; Voronov, B.; Seidman, L.; Siomash, V.; Cherednichenko, S.; Gershenzon, E. |
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The bandwidth of HEB mixers employing ultrathin NbN films on sapphire substrate |
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1996 |
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Proc. 7th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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Proc. 7th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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290-302 |
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NbN HEB mixers, fabrication process |
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We report on some unusual features observed during fabrication of ultrathin NbN films with high Tc. The films were used to fabricate HEB mixers, which were evaluated for IF bandwidth measurements at 140 GHz. Ultrathin films were fabricated using reactive dc magnetron sputtering with a discharge current source. Reproducible parameters of the films are assured keeping constant the difference between the discharge voltage in pure argon, and in a gas mixture, for the same current. A maximum bandwidth of 4 GHz at optimal LO and dc bias was obtained for mixer chip based on NbN film 35 A thick with Tc = 11 K. |
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Charlottesville, Virginia, USA |
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266 |
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Semenov, Alexei; Richter, Heiko; Smirnov, Konstantin; Voronov, Boris; Gol'tsman, Gregory; Hübers, Heinz-Wilhelm |
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The development of terahertz superconducting hot-electron bolometric mixers |
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2004 |
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Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
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Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
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17 |
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5 |
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436-439 |
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NbN HEB mixers |
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We present recent advances in the development of NbN hot-electron bolometric (HEB) mixers for flying terahertz heterodyne receivers. Three important issues have been addressed: the quality of the source NbN films, the effect of the bolometer size on the spectral properties of different planar feed antennas, and the local oscillator (LO) power required for optimal operation of the mixer. Studies of the NbN films with an atomic force microscope indicated a surface structure that may affect the performance of the smallest mixers. Measured spectral gain and noise temperature suggest that at frequencies above 2.5 THz the spiral feed provides better overall performance than the double-slot feed. Direct measurements of the optimal LO power support earlier estimates made in the framework of the uniform mixer model. |
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357 |
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Vakhtomin, Y. B.; Finkel, M. I.; Antipov, S. V.; Smirnov, K. V.; Kaurova, N. S.; Drakinskii, V. N.; Voronov, B. M.; Gol’tsman, G. N. |
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The gain bandwidth of mixers based on the electron heating effect in an ultrathin NbN film on a Si substrate with a buffer MgO layer |
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Journal Article |
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2003 |
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J. of communications technol. & electronics |
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J. of communications technol. & electronics |
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48 |
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6 |
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671-675 |
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NbN HEB mixers |
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Measurements of the intermediate frequency band 900 GHz of mixers based on the electron heating effect (EHE) in 2-nm- and 3.5-nm-thick superconducting NbN films sputtered on MgO and Si substrates with buffer MgO layers are presented. A 2-nm-thick superconducting NbN film with a critical temperature of 9.2 K has been obtained for the first time using a buffer MgO layer. |
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MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica, Birmingham, AL |
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1064-2269 |
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https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=17302119 (Полоса преобразования смесителей на эффекте разогрева электронов в ультратонких пленках NbN на подложках из Si с подслоем MgO) |
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Vakhtomin2003 |
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1522 |
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Dedes, C.; Röllig, M.; Mookerjea, B.; Okada, Y.; Ossenkopf, V.; Bruderer, S.; Benz, A. O.; Melchior, M.; Kramer, C.; Gerin, M.; Güsten, R.; Akyilmaz, M.; Berne, O.; Boulanger, F.; De Lange, G.; Dubbeldam, L.; France, K.; Fuente, A.; Goicoechea, J. R.; Harris, A.; Huisman, R.; Jellema, W.; Joblin, C.; Klein, T.; Le Petit, F.; Lord, S.; Martin, P.; Martin-Pintado, J.; Neufeld, D. A.; Philipp, S.; Phillips, T.; Pilleri, P.; Rizzo, J. R.; Salez, M.; Schieder, R.; Simon, R.; Siebertz, O.; Stutzki, J.; van der Tak, F.; Teyssier, D.; Yorke, H. |
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The origin of the [C II] emission in the S140 photon-dominated regions. New insights from HIFI |
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2010 |
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Astron. Astrophys. |
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521 |
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L24 |
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HEB mixer applications, HIFI, Herschel, ISM: structure / ISM: kinematics and dynamics / ISM: molecules / photon-dominated region (PDR) / submillimeter: general |
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Using Herschel's HIFI instrument, we observe C ii along a cut through S140, as well as high-J transitions of CO and HCO+ at two positions on the cut, corresponding to the externally irradiated ionization front and the embedded massive star-forming core IRS1. The HIFI data were combined with available ground-based observations and modeled using the KOSMA-Ï„ model for photon-dominated regions (PDRs). We derive the physical conditions in S140 and in particular the origin of C ii emission around IRS1. We identify three distinct regions of C ii emission from the cut, one close to the embedded source IRS1, one associated with the ionization front, and one further into the cloud. The line emission can be understood in terms of a clumpy model of PDRs. At the position of IRS1, we identify at least two distinct components contributing to the [C ii] emission, one of them a small, hot component, which can possibly be identified with the irradiated outflow walls. This is consistent with the C ii peak at IRS1 coinciding with shocked H2 emission at the edges of the outflow cavity. We note that previously available observations of IRS1 can be reproduced well by a single-component KOSMA-Ï„ model. Thus, it is HIFI's unprecedented spatial and spectral resolution, as well as its sensitivity that has allowed us to uncover an additional hot gas component in the S140 region. |
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1091 |
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Meledin, D.; Tong, C. Y.-E.; Blundell, R.; Kaurova, N.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G. |
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The sensitivity and IF bandwidth of waveguide NbN hot electron bolometer mixers on MgO buffer layers over crystalline quartz |
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Conference Article |
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2002 |
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Proc. 13th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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Proc. 13th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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65-72 |
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waveguide NbN HEB mixers |
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We have developed and characterized waveguide phonon-cooled NbN Hot Electron Bolometer (FMB) mixers fabricated from a 3-4 nm thick NbN film deposited on a 200nm thick MgO buffer layer over crystalline quartz. Double side band receiver noise temperatures of 900-1050 K at 1.035 THz, and 1300-1400 K at 1.26 THz have been measured at an intermediate frequency of 1.5 GHz. The intermediate frequency bandwidth, measured at 0.8 THz LO frequency, is 3.2 GHz at the optimal bias point for low noise receiver operation. |
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Cambridge, MA, USA |
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Harvard university |
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326 |
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Hübers, H.-W.; Semenov, A.; Holldack, K.; Schade, U.; Wüstefeld, G.; Gol’tsman, G. |
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Time domain analysis of coherent terahertz synchrotron radiation |
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2005 |
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Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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87 |
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18 |
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184103 (1 to 3) |
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Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers, applications |
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The time structure of coherent terahertz synchrotron radiation at the electron storage ring of the Berliner Elektronensynchrotron und Speicherring Gesellschaft has been analyzed with a fast superconducting hot-electron bolometer. The emission from a single bunch of electrons was found to last ∼1500ps at frequencies around 0.4THz, which is much longer than the length of an electron bunch in the time domain (∼5ps). It is suggested that this is caused by multiple reflections at the walls of the beam line. The quadratic increase of the power with the number of electrons in the bunch as predicted for coherent synchrotron radiation and the transition from stable to bursting radiation were determined from a single storage ring fill pattern of bunches with different populations. |
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0003-6951 |
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1457 |
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Gao, J. R.; Hajenius, M.; Baselmans, J. J. A.; Yang, Z. Q.; Baryshev, A. M.; Barends, R.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G.; Callaos, N. |
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Twin-slot antenna coupled NbN hot electron bolometer mixers for space applications |
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2005 |
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Proc. 9-th WMSCI |
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Proc. 9-th WMSCI |
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9 |
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148-153 |
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NbN HEB mixers |
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International Institute of Informatics and Systemics |
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9806560639, 9789806560635 |
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9th World Multi-Conference on Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics |
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1480 |
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Tretyakov, Ivan; Ryabchun, Sergey; Finkel, Matvey; Maslennikov, Sergey; Maslennikova, Anna; Kaurova, Natalia; Lobastova, Anastasia; Voronov, Boris; Gol'tsman, Gregory |
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Ultrawide noise bandwidth of NbN hot-electron bolometer mixers with in situ gold contacts |
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2011 |
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IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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21 |
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3 |
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620-623 |
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NbN HEB mixer bandwidth |
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We report a noise bandwidth of 7 GHz in the new generation of NbN hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers that are being developed for the space observatory Millimetron. The HEB receiver driven by a 2.5-THz local oscillator offered a noise temperature of 600 K in a 50-MHz final detection bandwidth. As the filter center frequency was swept this value remained nearly constant up to the cutoff frequency of the cryogenic amplifier at 7 GHz. We believe that such a low value of the noise temperature is due to reduced radio frequency (RF) loss at the interface between the superconducting film and the gold contacts. We have also performed gain bandwidth measurements at the superconducting transition on HEB mixers with various lengths and found them to be in excellent agreement with the results of the analytical and numerical models developed for the HEB mixer with both diffusion and phonon cooling of hot electrons. |
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RPLAB @ gujma @ |
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716 |
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