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Darula, Marian; Semenov, Alex D.; Hübers, Heinz-Wilhelm; Schubert, Josef |
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Title  |
Quasioptical high-Tc superconductor Josephson mixer at terahertz frequencies |
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2000 |
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Proc. 11th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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Proc. 11th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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515 |
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HTS Josephson mixers |
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Mixers based on Josephson junctions from conventional superconductor materials have demonstrated excellent performance at subgap frequencies. The advantages of Josephson mixers are low optimal power of the local oscillator and large intermediate frequency bandwidth but their noise temperature increases dramatically at frequencies corresponding to the energy gap of the superconductor, which is typically below 1 THz for widely used materials. The large energy gap of oxide superconductors makes them promising candidates for development of terahertz Josephson mixers. Here we report on experimental study of the quasioptical mixer utilizing bicrystal Josephson junction from high-transition-temperature YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7-δ film. Junctions with a width of 2 µm were fabricated from 100 nm thick laser ablated films on bicrystal MgO substrates and had the and the J C R n product of about 2 mV at 4.2 K. The planar complementary logarithmic spiral antenna incorporated into co-planar waveguide was patterned from 200 nm thick gold film thermally evaporated in situ on top of the YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7-δ film. The mixer chip was clamped to the extended hemispherical silicon lens. Performance of the mixer was investigated at 4.5 K bath temperature. We used FIR laser as a local oscillator at frequencies 0.698 and 2.52 THz. System noise temperature (DSB) was determined from Y-factor measured with 300 K and 77 K loads. At 0.698 THz the lowest noise temperature 1750 K was observed when the mixer was biased with the fixed current to the region in the vicinity of either the first Shapiro step or the critical current. Between these two bias points the noise temperature increased to ≈ 20000 K. As function of the local oscillator power the noise temperature reached the minimum when the critical current was suppressed to the half of its equilibrium value. Power of the local oscillator absorbed by the mixer at optimal operation was of the order 100 nW. The present design of our antenna limits the upper operation frequency to the value of 1.8 THz. Nevertheless, we clearly observed Shapiro steps at the frequency 2.52 THz. Bearing in mind an improved design of the antenna, we estimate the 3000 K DSB noise temperature at this frequency. |
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1555 |
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Vachtomin, Y. B.; Antipov, S. V.; Maslennikov, S. N.; Smirnov, K. V.; Polyakov, S. L.; Zhang, W.; Svechnikov, S. I.; Kaurova, N. S.; Grishina, E. V.; Voronov, B. M.; Gol’tsman, G. N. |
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Title |
Quasioptical hot electron bolometer mixers based on thin NBN films for terahertz region |
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Conference Article |
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2006 |
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Proc. 16th Int. Crimean Microwave and Telecommunication Technology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 16th Int. Crimean Microwave and Telecommunication Technology |
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2 |
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688-689 |
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NbN HEB mixers |
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Presented in this paper are the performances of HEB mixers based on 2-3.5 nm thick NbN films integrated with log-periodic spiral antenna. Double side-band receiver noise temperature values are 1300 K and 3100 K at 2.5 THz and at 3.8 THz, respectively. Mixer gain bandwidth is 5.2 GHz. Local oscillator power is 1-3 muW for mixers with different active area |
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1445 |
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Yazoubov, P.; Kroug, M.; Merkel, H.; Kollberg, E.; Gol'tsman, G.; Lipatov, A.; Svechnikov, S.; Gershenzon, E. |
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Quasioptical NbN phonon-cooled hot electron bolometric mixers with low optimal local oscillator power |
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1998 |
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Proc. 9th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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Proc. 9th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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131-140 |
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NbN HEB mixers |
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In this paper, the noise perform.ance of NIN based phonon-cooled Hot Electron Bolometric (HEB) quasioptical mixers is investigated in the 0.55-1.1 THz frequency range. The best results of the DSB noise temperature are: 500 K at 640 GHz, 600 K at 750 GHz, 850 K at 910 GHz and 1250 K at 1.1 THz. The water vapor in the signal path causes a significant contribution to the measured noise temperature around 1.1 THz. The required LO power is typically about 60 nW. The frequency response of the spiral antenna+lens system is measured using a Fourier Transform Spectrometer with the HEB operating in a detector mode. |
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1589 |
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Svechnikov, S.; Verevkin, A.; Voronov, B.; Menschikov, E.; Gershenzon, E.; Gol'tsman, G. |
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Quasioptical phonon-cooled NbN hot electron bolometer mixers at 0.5-1.1 THz |
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Conference Article |
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1998 |
Publication |
Proc. 9th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 9th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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45-51 |
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NbN HEB mixers |
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The noise performance of a receiver incorporating spiral antenna coupled NbN phonon-cooled superconducting hot electron bolometric mixer is measured from 450 GHz to 1200 GHz. The mixer element is thin (thickness nm) NbN 1.5 pm wide and 0.2 i.um long film fabricated by lift-off e-beam lithography on high-resistive silicon substrate. The noise of the receiver temperature is 1000 K at 800-900 GHz, 1200 K at 950 GHz, and 1600 K at 1.08 THz. The required (absorbed) local-oscillator power is —20 nW. |
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1586 |
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Yagoubov, P.; Gol'tsman, G.; Voronov, B.; Svechnikov, S.; Cherednichenko, S.; Gershenzon, E.; Belitsky, V.; Ekström, H.; Semenov, A.; Gousev, Yu.; Renk, K. |
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Quasioptical phonon-cooled NbN hot-electron bolometer mixer at THz frequencies |
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Conference Article |
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1996 |
Publication |
Proc. 7th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 7th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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303-317 |
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NbN HEB mixers |
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In our experiments we tested phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometer (HEB) quasioptical mixer based on spiral antenna designed for 0.5-1.2 THz frequency band and fabricated on sapphire, Si-coated sapphire and high resistivity silicon substrates. HEB devices were produced from thin superconducting NbN film 3.5-6 nm thick with the critical temperature of about 11-12 K. For these devices we achieved the receiver noise temperature T R (DSB) = 3000 K in the 500-700 GHz frequency range and an IF bandwidth of 3-4 GHz. Prelimanary measurements at frequencies 1-1.2 THz resulted the receiver noise temperature about 9000 K (DSB). |
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1614 |
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Verevkin, A.; Slysz, W.; Pearlman, A.; Zhang, J.; Sobolewski, R.; Okunev, O.; Korneev, A.; Kouminov, P.; Smirnov, K.; Chulkova, G.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Currie, M. |
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Real-time GHz-rate counting of infrared photons using nanostructured NbN superconducting detectors |
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2003 |
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CLEO/QELS |
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CLEO/QELS |
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CThM8 |
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NbN SSPD; SNSPD; Infrared; Quantum detectors; Detectors; Photon counting; Quantum communications; Quantum cryptography; Single photon detectors; Superconductors |
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We demonstrate that our ultrathin, nanometer-width NbN superconducting single-photon detectors are capable of above 1-GHz-frequency, real-time counting of near-infrared photons. The measured system jitter of the detector is below 15 ps. |
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Optical Society of America |
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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference |
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1517 |
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Bryerton, E.; Percy, R.; Bass, R.; Schultz, J.; Oluleye, O.; Lichtenberger, A.; Ediss, G. A.; Pan, S. K.; Goltsman, G. N. |
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Receiver measurements of pHEB beam lead mixers on 3-μm silicon |
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2005 |
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Proc. 30th IRMMW / 13th THz |
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Proc. 30th IRMMW / 13th THz |
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271-272 |
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We report on receiver noise measurement results of phonon-cooled HEB beam lead mixers on 3 μm thick silicon. This type of ultra-thin mixer chip with integrated beam leads allows easy assembly into a block and holds great promise for array integration. Receiver measurements from 600-720 GHz are presented with a minimum noise temperature of 500 K at 666 GHz. These results verify the mixer performance of the SOI processing techniques allowing for further design and integration of SOI pHEB mixers in receivers operating above 1 THz. |
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Joint 30th International Conference on Infrared and Millimeter Waves and 13th International Conference on Terahertz Electronics |
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1460 |
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Korneev, Alexander; Korneeva, Yulia; Florya, Irina; Elezov, Michael; Manova, Nadezhda; Tarkhov, Michael; An, Pavel; Kardakova, Anna; Isupova, Anastasiya; Chulkova, Galina; Voronov, Boris |
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Recent advances in superconducting NbN single-photon detector development |
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2011 |
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Proc. SPIE |
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Proc. SPIE |
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8072 |
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807202 (1 to 10) |
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SSPD |
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Superconducting single-photon detector (SSPD) is a planar nanostructure patterned from 4-nm-thick NbN film deposited on sapphire substrate. The sensitive element of the SSPD is 100-nm-wide NbN strip. The device is operated at liquid helium temperature. Absorption of a photon leads to a local suppression of superconductivity producing subnanosecond-long voltage pulse. In infrared (at 1550 nm and longer wavelengths) SSPD outperforms avalanche photodiodes in terms of detection efficiency (DE), dark counts rate, maximum counting rate and timing jitter. Efficient single-mode fibre coupling of the SSPD enabled its usage in many applications ranging from single-photon sources research to quantum cryptography. Recently we managed to improve the SSPD performance and measured 25% detection efficiency at 1550 nm wavelength and dark counts rate of 10 s-1. We also improved photon-number resolving SSPD (PNR-SSPD) which realizes a spatial multiplexing of incident photons enabling resolving of up to 4 simultaneously absorbed photons. Another improvement is the increase of the photon absorption using a λ/4 microcavity integrated with the SSPD. And finally in our strive to increase the DE at longer wavelengths we fabricated SSPD with the strip almost twice narrower compared to the standard 100 nm and demonstrated that in middle infrared (about 3 μm wavelength) these devices have DE several times higher compared to the traditional SSPDs. |
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RPLAB @ gujma @ |
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663 |
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Okunev, O.; Chulkova, G.; Milostnaya, I.; Antipov, A.; Smirnov, K.; Morozov, D.; Korneev, A.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G.; Slysz, W.; Wegrzecki, M.; Bar, J.; Grabiec, P.; Górska, M.; Pearlman, A.; Cross, A.; Kitaygorsky, J.; Sobolewski, R. |
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Registration of infrared single photons by a two-channel receiver based on fiber-coupled superconducting single-photon detectors |
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2008 |
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Proc. SPIE |
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Proc. SPIE |
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7009 |
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70090V (1 to 8) |
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SSPD, SNSPD, single-photon detectors, superconductors, superconducting nanost |
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Single-photon detectors (SPDs) are the foundation of all quantum communications (QC) protocols. Among different classes of SPDs currently studied, NbN superconducting SPDs (SSPDs) are established as the best devices for ultrafast counting of single photons in the infrared (IR) wavelength range. The SSPDs are nanostructured, 100 μm2 in total area, superconducting meanders, patterned by electron lithography in ultra-thin NbN films. Their operation has been explained within a phenomenological hot-electron photoresponse model. We present the design and performance of a novel, two-channel SPD receiver, based on two fiber-coupled NbN SSPDs. The receivers have been developed for fiber-based QC systems, operational at 1.3 μm and 1.55 μm telecommunication wavelengths. They operate in the temperature range from 4.2 K to 2 K, in which the NbN SSPDs exhibit their best performance. The receiver unit has been designed as a cryostat insert, placed inside a standard liquid-heliumstorage dewar. The input of the receiver consists of a pair of single-mode optical fibers, equipped with the standard FC connectors and kept at room temperature. Coupling between the SSPD and the fiber is achieved using a specially designed, precise micromechanical holder that places the fiber directly on top of the SSPD nanostructure. Our receivers achieve the quantum efficiency of up to 7% for near-IR photons, with the coupling efficiency of about 30%. The response time was measured to be < 1.5 ns and it was limited by our read-out electronics. The jitter of fiber-coupled SSPDs is < 35 ps and their dark-count rate is below 1s-1. The presented performance parameters show that our single-photon receivers are fully applicable for quantum correlation-type QC systems, including practical quantum cryptography. |
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SPIE |
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Sukhoivanov, I.A.; Svich, V.A.; Shmaliy, Y.S. |
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Okunev, O.; Chulkova, G.; Milostnaya, I.; Antipov, A.; Smirnov, K.; Morozov, D.; Korneev, A.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G.; Stysz, W.; Wegrzecki, M.; Bar, J.; Grabiec, P.; Gorska, M.; Pearlman, A.; Cross, A.; Kitaygorsky, J.; Sobolewski, R. |
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Registration of infrared single photons by a two-channel receiver based on fiber-coupled superconducting single-photon detectors |
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2005 |
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Proc. 2-nd CAOL |
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Proc. 2-nd CAOL |
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2 |
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282-285 |
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NbN SSPD, SNSPD |
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Single-photon detectors (SPDs) are the foundation of all quantum communications (QC) protocols. Among different classes of SPDs currently studied, NbN superconducting SPDs (SSPDs) are established as the best devices for ultrafast counting of single photons in the infrared (IR) wavelength range. The SSPDs are nanostructured, 100 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ in total area, superconducting meanders, patterned by electron lithography in ultra-thin NbN films. Their operation has been explained within a phenomenological hot-electron photoresponse model. We present the design and performance of a novel, two-channel SPD receiver, based on two fiber-coupled NbN SSPDs. The receivers have been developed for fiber-based QC systems, operational at 1.3 /spl mu/m and 1.55 /spl mu/m telecommunication wavelengths. They operate in the temperature range from 4.2 K to 2 K, in which the NbN SSPDs exhibit their best performance. The receiver unit has been designed as a cryostat insert, placed inside a standard liquid-helium storage dewar. The input of the receiver consists of a pair of single-mode optical fibers, equipped with the standard FC connectors and kept at room temperature. Coupling between the SSPD and the fiber is achieved using a specially designed, precise micromechanical holder that places the fiber directly on top of the SSPD nanostructure. Our receivers achieve the quantum efficiency of up to 7% for near-IR photons, with the coupling efficiency of about 30%. The response time was measured to be <300 ps and it was limited by our read-out electronics. The jitter of fiber-coupled SSPDs is <35 ps and their dark-count rate is below 1 s/sup -1/. The presented performance parameters show that our single-photon receivers are fully applicable for quantum-correlation-type QC systems, including practical quantum cryptography. |
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Second International Conference on Advanced Optoelectronics and Lasers |
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