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Palermo, C., Varani, L., Vaissière, J. - C., Millithaler, J. - F., Starikov, E., Shiktorov, P., et al. (2005). Monte Carlo calculation of diffusion coefficient, noise spectral density and noise temperature in HgCdTe. In Proc. AIP Conf. (Vol. 780, pp. 151–154).
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Wild, W., Kardashev, N. S., Likhachev, S. F., Babakin, N. G., Arkhipov, V. Y., Vinogradov, I. S., et al. (2009). Millimetron—a large Russian-European submillimeter space observatory. Exp. Astron., 23(1), 221–244.
Abstract: Millimetron is a Russian-led 12 m diameter submillimeter and far-infrared space observatory which is included in the Space Plan of the Russian Federation for launch around 2017. With its large collecting area and state-of-the-art receivers, it will enable unique science and allow at least one order of magnitude improvement with respect to the Herschel Space Observatory. Millimetron will be operated in two basic observing modes: as a single-dish observatory, and as an element of a ground-space very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) system. As single-dish, angular resolutions on the order of 3 to 12 arc sec will be achieved and spectral resolutions of up to a million employing heterodyne techniques. As VLBI antenna, the chosen elliptical orbit will provide extremely large VLBI baselines (beyond 300,000 km) resulting in micro-arc second angular resolution.
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Lobanov, Y. V., Tong, C. - Y. E., Hedden, A. S., Blundell, R., & Gol'tsman, G. N. (2010). Microwave-assisted슠measurement슠of the슠frequency슠response슠of슠terahertz슠HEB슠mixers슠with a슠fourier슠transform슠spectrometer. In 21st International Symposium on Space Terahertz Technology (pp. 420–423).
Abstract: We describe a novel method of operation of the HEB direct detector for use with a Fourier Transform Spectrometer. Instead of elevating the bath temperature, we have measured the RF response of waveguide HEB mixers by applying microwave radiation to select appropriate bias conditions. In our experiment, a microwave signal is injected into the HEB mixer via its IF port. By choosing an appropriate injection level, the device can be operated close to the desired operating point. Furthermore, we have shown that both thermal biasing and microwave injection can reproduce the same spectral response of the HEB mixer. However, with the use of microwave injection, there is no need to wait for the mixer to reach thermal equilibrium, so characterisation can be done in less time. Also, the liquid helium consumption for our wet cryostat is also reduced. We have demonstrated that the signalto-noise ratio of the FTS measurements can be improved with microwave injection.
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Lobanov, Y. V., Tong, C. -yu E., Hedden, A. S., Blundell, R., & Gol’tsman, G. N. (2010). Microwave-assisted measurement of the frequency response of terahertz HEB mixers with a Fourier transform spectrometer. In Proc. 21th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. (pp. 420–423).
Abstract: We describe a novel method of operation of the HEB direct detector for use with a Fourier Transform Spectrometer. Instead of elevating the bath temperature, we have measured the RF response of waveguide HEB mixers by applying microwave radiation to select appropriate bias conditions. In our experiment, a microwave signal is injected into the HEB mixer via its IF port. By choosing an appropriate injection level, the device can be operated close to the desired operating point. Furthermore, we have shown that both thermal biasing and microwave injection can reproduce the same spectral response of the HEB mixer. However, with the use of microwave injection, there is no need to wait for the mixer to reach thermal equilibrium, so characterisation can be done in less time. Also, the liquid helium consumption for our wet cryostat is also reduced. We have demonstrated that the signal- to-noise ratio of the FTS measurements can be improved with microwave injection.
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Shurakov, A., Tong, C. - Y. E., Blundell, R., Kaurova, N., Voronov, B., & Gol'tsman, G. (2013). Microwave stabilization of a HEB mixer in a pulse-tube cryocooler. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., 23(3), 1501504.
Abstract: We report the results of our study of the stability of an 800 GHz hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixer cooled with a pulse-tube cryocooler. Pulse-tube cryocoolers introduce temperature fluctuations as well as mechanical vibrations at a frequency of ~1 Hz, both of which can cause receiver gain fluctuations at that frequency. In our system, the motor of the cryocooler was separated from the cryostat to minimize mechanical vibrations, leaving thermal effects as the dominant source of the receiver gain fluctuations. We measured root mean square temperature variations of the 4 K stage of ~7 mK. The HEB mixer was pumped by a solid state local oscillator at 810 GHz. The root mean square current fluctuations at the low noise operating point (1.50 mV, 56.5 μA) were ~0.12 μA, and were predominantly due to thermal fluctuations. To stabilize the bias current, microwave radiation was injected to the HEB mixer. The injected power level was set by a proportional-integral-derivative controller, which completely compensates for the bias current oscillations induced by the pulse-tube cryocooler. Significant improvement in the Allan variance of the receiver output power was obtained, and an Allan time of 5 s was measured.
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Meledin, D., Tong, C. - Y. E., Blundell, R., & Goltsman, G. (2003). Measurement of intermediate frequency bandwidth of hot electron bolometer mixers at terahertz frequency range. IEEE Microw. Wireless Compon. Lett., 13(11), 493–495.
Abstract: We have developed a new experimental setup for measuring the IF bandwidth of superconducting hot electron bolometer mixers. In our measurement system we use a chopped hot filament as a broadband signal source, and can perform a high-speed IF scan with no loss of accuracy when compared to coherent methods. Using this technique we have measured the 3 dB IF bandwidth of hot electron bolometer mixers, designed for THz frequency operation, and made from 3-4 nm thick NbN film deposited on an MgO buffer layer over crystalline quartz.
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Shitov, S. V., Inatani, J., Shan, W. - L., Takeda, M., Wang, Z., Uvarov, A. V., et al. (2008). Measurement of emissivity of the ALMA antenna panel at 840 GHz using NbN-based heterodyne SIS receiver. In Proc. 19th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. (pp. 263–266).
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Kawamura, J., Blundell, R., Tong, C. -yu E., Gol’tsman, G., Gershenzon, E., Voronov, B., et al. (1997). Low noise NbN lattice-cooled superconducting hot-electron bolometric mixers at submillimeter wavelengths. Appl. Phys. Lett., 70(12), 1619–1621.
Abstract: Lattice-cooled superconducting hot-electron bolometric mixers are used in a submillimeter-wave waveguide heterodyne receiver. The mixer elements are niobium nitride film with 3.5 nm thickness and ∼10 μm2 area. The local oscillator power for optimal performance is estimated to be 0.5 μW, and the instantaneous bandwidth is 2.2 GHz. At an intermediate frequency centered at 1.4 GHz with 200 MHz bandwidth, the double sideband receiver noise temperature is 410 K at 430 GHz. The receiver has been used to detect molecular line emission in a laboratory gas cell.
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Hansen, L., Jørgensen, H. E., Nørgaard-Nielsen, H. U., Pedersen, K., Goudfrooij, P., & Linden-Vornle, M. J. D. (2000). ISO far-infrared observations of rich galaxy clusters III. Abell 2029, Abell 2052, Abell 2142. A&A, 362(1), 133–137.
Abstract: A sample of five rich galaxy clusters has been mapped by ISO at 60 μm, 100 μm, 135 μm, and 200 μm using the PHT-C camera. In previous papers Abell 2670 and Sersic 159-03 were discussed. Here we present the results for Abell 2029, Abell 2052, and Abell 2142. The conclusion of the survey is that the relatively small fields (approximate to 60 square are minutes) are structured with filaments or superpositions of point sources. In some cases point sources (approximate to 0.1 Jy) can be identified with cluster galaxies. An attempt to demonstrate infrared emission from dust in the cooling flows (due to star formation) was inconclusive.
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Schwaab, G. W., Sirmain, G., Schubert, J., Hubers, H. - W., Gol'tsman, G., Cherednichenko, S., et al. (1999). Investigation of NbN phonon-cooled HEB mixers at 2.5 THz. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., 9(2), 4233–4236.
Abstract: The development of superconducting hot electron bolometric (HEB) mixers has been a big step forward in the direction of quantum noise limited mixer performance at THz frequencies. Such mixers are crucial for the upcoming generation of airborne and spaceborne THz heterodyne receivers. In this paper we report on new results on a phonon-cooled NbN HEB mixer using e-beam lithography. The superconducting film is 3 nm thick. The mixer is 0.2 μm long and 1.5 μm wide and it is integrated in a spiral antenna on a Si substrate. The device is quasi-optically coupled through a Si lens and a dielectric beam combiner to the radiation of an optically pumped FIR ring gas laser cavity. The performance of the mixer at different THz frequencies from 0.69 to 2.55 THz with an emphasis on 2.52 THz is demonstrated. At 2.52 THz minimum DSB noise temperatures of 4200 K have been achieved at an IF of 1.5 GHz and a bandwidth of 40 MHz with the mixer mounted in a cryostat and a 0.8 m long signal path in air.
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