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Author | Goltsman, G. | ||||
Title | Superconducting NbN hot-electron bolometer mixer, direct detector and single-photon counter: from devices to systems | Type | Report | ||
Year | 2009 | Publication | 2-nd Int. Conf. EUROFLUX | Abbreviated Journal | 2-nd Int. Conf. EUROFLUX |
Volume | Issue | Pages | |||
Keywords | HEB, SSPD, SNSPD | ||||
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Address | Avignon, France | ||||
Corporate Author | Thesis | ||||
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Notes | Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Serial | 1398 | |||
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Author | Gol’tsman, G.N. | ||||
Title | Overview of recent results for superconducting NbN terahertz and optical detectors and mixers | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
Year | 2014 | Publication | SM2 – Seminar on Terahertz Photonics | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 0562 | ||
Keywords | NbN SSPD, SNSPD, HEB | ||||
Abstract | We present our recent achievements in the development of sensitive and ultrafast thin-film superconducting sensors: hot-electron bolometers (HEB), HEB-mixers for terahertz range and infrared single-photon counters. These sensors have already demonstrated a performance that makes them devices-of-choice for many terahertz and optical applications. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1746 | |||
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Author | Лудков, Денис Николаевич | ||||
Title | Терагерцовые смесители на горячих электронах из тонких сверхпроводниковых пленок NbN и NbTiN | Type | Manuscript | ||
Year | 2005 | Publication | М. МПГУ | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | Issue | Pages | |||
Keywords | HEB, detector, mixer | ||||
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Corporate Author | Thesis | Ph.D. thesis | |||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 479 | |||
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Author | Масленников, Сергей Николаевич | ||||
Title | Смесители на эффекте электронного разогрева для терагерцового и инфракрасного диапазонов | Type | Manuscript | ||
Year | 2007 | Publication | М. МПГУ | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | Issue | Pages | |||
Keywords | HEB, detector, mixer, terahertz, THz, infrared, IR, direct detection effect, conversion loss | ||||
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Corporate Author | Thesis | Ph.D. thesis | |||
Publisher | Place of Publication | Editor | |||
Language | Russian | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 481 | |||
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Author | Финкель, М. И. | ||||
Title | Терагерцовые смесители на эффекте электронного разогрева в ультратонких плёнках NbN и NbTiN | Type | Manuscript | ||
Year | 2006 | Publication | М. МПГУ | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | Issue | Pages | |||
Keywords | HEB, detector, mixer, terahertz, THz, infrared, IR, direct detection effect, conversion bandwidth, conversion loss | ||||
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Corporate Author | Thesis | Ph.D. thesis | |||
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Language | Summary Language | Original Title | |||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 597 | |||
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Author | Рябчун, С. А. | ||||
Title | Широкополосные высокостабильные терагерцовые смесители на горячих электронах из тонких сверхпроводниковых пленок NbN | Type | Manuscript | ||
Year | 2009 | Publication | М. МПГУ | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 98 | ||
Keywords | HEB, mixer, terahertz, THz, stability, Allan variance, conversion bandwidth, in-situ technique, Au contacts | ||||
Abstract | |||||
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Corporate Author | Thesis | Ph.D. thesis | |||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 598 | |||
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Author | Hajenius, M.; Baselmans, J. J. A.; Gao, J. R.; Klapwijk, T. M.; de Korte, P. A. J.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G. | ||||
Title | Low noise NbN superconducting hot electron bolometer mixers at 1.9 and 2.5 THz | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | Supercond. Sci. Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
Volume | 17 | Issue | 5 | Pages | S224-S228 |
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | NbN phonon-cooled hot electron bolometer mixers (HEBs) have been realized with negligible contact resistance between the bolometer itself and the contact structure. Using a combination of in situ cleaning of the NbN film and the use of an additional superconducting interlayer of a 10 nm NbTiN layer between the Au of the contact structure and the NbN film superior noise temperatures have been obtained as low as 950 K at 2.5 THz and 750 K at 1.9 THz. Here we address in detail the DC characterization of these devices, the interface transparencies between the bolometers and the contacts and the consequences of these factors on the mixer performance. | ||||
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Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
ISSN | 0953-2048 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 558 | |||
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Author | Finkel, M. I.; Maslennikov, S. N.; Gol'tsman, G. N. | ||||
Title | The concept of the receiving complex for the “Millimetron” space radio telescope | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2007 | Publication | Radiophys. Quant. Electron. | Abbreviated Journal | Radiophys. Quant. Electron. |
Volume | 50 | Issue | 10-11 | Pages | 837-846 |
Keywords | HEB, applications, Millimetron, VLBI | ||||
Abstract | We consider the current status of research in the development of a submillimeter and far-infrared receiving instrument and propose promising solutions for the receivers of the spaceborne telescope “Millimetron,” which allow one to realize comprehensively the opportunities given by this international project administrated by the Astrospace Center of the P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. | ||||
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Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
ISSN | 0033-8443 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 411 | |||
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Author | Semenov, Alexei D; Gol'tsman, Gregory N; Sobolewski, Roman | ||||
Title | Hot-electron effect in superconductors and its applications for radiation sensors | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2002 | Publication | Superconductor Science and Technology | Abbreviated Journal | Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
Volume | 15 | Issue | 4 | Pages | R1-R16 |
Keywords | HEB, SSPD | ||||
Abstract | The paper reviews the main aspects of nonequilibrium hot-electron phenomena in superconductors and various theoretical models developed to describe the hot-electron effect. We discuss implementation of the hot-electron avalanche mechanism in superconducting radiation sensors and present the most successful practical devices, such as terahertz mixers and direct intensity detectors, for far-infrared radiation. Our presentation also includes the novel approach to hot-electron quantum detection implemented in superconducting x-ray to optical photon counters. | ||||
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ISSN | 0953-2048 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 416 | |||
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Author | Loudkov, D.; Tong, C. Y. E.; Blundell, R.; Kaurova, N.; Grishina, E.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G. | ||||
Title | An investigation of the performance of the superconducting HEB슠mixer as a function of its RF슠embedding impedance | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2005 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 15 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 472-475 |
Keywords | HEB mixer | ||||
Abstract | |||||
Address | |||||
Corporate Author | Thesis | ||||
Publisher | IEEE | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
Language | Summary Language | Original Title | |||
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Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 371 | |||
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Author | Baselmans, J. J. A.; Baryshev, A.; Reker, S. F.; Hajenius, M.; Gao, J. R.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Vahtomin, Yu.; Maslennikov, S.; Antipov, S.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G. | ||||
Title | Direct detection effect in small volume hot electron bolometer mixers | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2005 | Publication | Appl. Phys. Lett. | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Volume | 86 | Issue | 16 | Pages | 163503 (1 to 3) |
Keywords | HEB, mixer, direct detection effect | ||||
Abstract | We measure the direct detection effect in a small volume (0.15μm×1μm×3.5nm)(0.15μm×1μm×3.5nm) quasioptical NbN phonon cooled hot electronbolometermixer at 1.6THz1.6THz. We find that the small signal sensitivity of the receiver is underestimated by 35% due to the direct detection effect and that the optimal operating point is shifted to higher bias voltages when using calibration loads of 300K300K and 77K77K. Using a 200GHz200GHzbandpass filter at 4.2K4.2K the direct detection effect virtually disappears. This has important implications for the calibration procedure of these receivers in real telescope systems. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 377 | |||
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Author | Finkel, M. I.; Maslennikov, S. N.; Gol'tsman, G. N. | ||||
Title | Terahertz heterodyne receivers based on superconductive hot-electron bolometer mixers | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2005 | Publication | Radiophys. Quant. Electron. | Abbreviated Journal | Radiophys. Quant. Electron. |
Volume | 48 | Issue | 10-11 | Pages | 859-864 |
Keywords | HEB, applications | ||||
Abstract | We consider recent results in development of hot-electron bolometer mixers. Special attention is paid to optimization of the contacts between the antenna and the active area of a superconducting film. An important result in the study of the parasitic effect of direct detection is obtained during the measurement of the noise temperatures by the hot/cold load method. The latest results of studies of the waveguide hot-electron bolometer mixers and their successful practical applications are considered. Progress in development of high-frequency (over 1.3 THz) heterodyne receivers for several important international projects is discussed and new submillimeter radio astronomy projects ESPRIT and SAFIR are described. | ||||
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Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
ISSN | 0033-8443 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 381 | |||
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Author | Hajenius, M.; Baselmans, J. J. A.; Baryshev, A.; Gao, J. R.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Kooi, J. W.; Jellema, W.; Yang, Z. Q. | ||||
Title | Full characterization and analysis of a terahertz heterodyne receiver based on a NbN hot electron bolometer | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2006 | Publication | J. Appl. Phys. | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 100 | Issue | 7 | Pages | 074507 |
Keywords | HEB | ||||
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Language | Summary Language | Original Title | |||
Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
ISSN | 0021-8979 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | RPLAB @ s @ | Serial | 385 | ||
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Author | Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Elantiev, A. I.; Karasik, B. S.; Potoskuev, S. E. | ||||
Title | Intense electromagnetic radiation heating of electrons of a superconductor in the resistive state | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1988 | Publication | Sov. J. Low Temp. Phys. | Abbreviated Journal | Sov. J. Low Temp. Phys. |
Volume | 14 | Issue | 7 | Pages | 414-420 |
Keywords | HEB | ||||
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Notes | Duplicated as 1697 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Serial | 236 | |||
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Author | Gershenzon, E. M.; Goltsman, G. N.; Semenov, A. D.; Sergeev, A. V. | ||||
Title | Limiting characteristic of fast superconducting bolometers | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1989 | Publication | Sov. Phys.-Tech. Phys. | Abbreviated Journal | Sov. Phys.-Tech. Phys. |
Volume | 34 | Issue | Pages | 195-199 | |
Keywords | HEB | ||||
Abstract | Теоретически и экспериментально исследовано физическое ограничение быстродействия сверхпроводящего болометра. Показано, что минимальная постоянная времени реализуется в условиях электронного разогрева и определяется процессом неупругого электрон-фонон- ного взаимодействия. Сформулированы требования кконструкции «электронного болометра» для достижения предельной чувствительности. Проведено сравнение характеристик электронного болометра и обычных болометров различных типов. | ||||
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Notes | О предельных характеристиках быстродействующих серхпроводниковых болометров | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Serial | 237 | |||
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Author | Гершензон, Е. М.; Гершензон, М. Е.; Гольцман, Г. Н.; Люлькин, А. М.; Семенов, А. Д.; Сергеев, А. В. | ||||
Title | О предельных характеристиках быстродействующих серхпроводниковых болометров | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1989 | Publication | Журнал технической физики | Abbreviated Journal | Журнал технической физики |
Volume | 59 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 111-120 |
Keywords | HEB | ||||
Abstract | Теоретически и экспериментально исследовано физическое ограничение быстродействия сверхпроводящего болометра. Показано, что минимальная постоянная времени реализуется в условиях электронного разогрева и определяется процессом неупругого электрон-фонон- ного взаимодействия. Сформулированы требования кконструкции «электронного болометра» для достижения предельной чувствительности. Проведено сравнение характеристик электронного болометра и обычных болометров различных типов. | ||||
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Language | Russian | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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Notes | Duplicated as 237 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Serial | 238 | |||
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Author | Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Gogidze, I. G.; Gusev, Yu. P.; Elantiev, A. I.; Karasik, B. S.; Semenov, A. D. | ||||
Title | Millimeter and submillimeter wave range mixer based on electronic heating of superconducting films in the resistive state | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1990 | Publication | Sov. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal | Sov. Supercond. |
Volume | 3 | Issue | 10 | Pages | 1582-1597 |
Keywords | HEB mixers | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 240 | |||
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Author | Gol'tsman, G. N.; Semenov, A. D.; Gousev, Y. P.; Zorin, M. A.; Gogidze, I. G.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Lang, P. T.; Knott, W. J.; Renk, K. F. | ||||
Title | Sensitive picosecond NbN detector for radiation from millimetre wavelengths to visible light | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1991 | Publication | Supercond. Sci. Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
Volume | 4 | Issue | 9 | Pages | 453-456 |
Keywords | NbN HEB detectors | ||||
Abstract | The authors report on the application of a broad-band NbN film detector which has high sensitivity and picosecond response time for detection of radiation from millimetre wavelengths to visible light. From a study of amplitude modulated radiation of backward-wave tubes and picosecond pulses from gas and solid state lasers at wavelengths between 2 mm and 0.53 mu m, they found a detectivity of 1010 W-1 cm Hz-1/2 and a response time of less than 50 ps at T=10 K. The characteristics were provided by using a 150 AA thick NbN film patterned into a structure of micron strips. According to the proposed detection mechanism, namely electron heating, they expect an intrinsic response time of approximately 20 ps at the same temperature. | ||||
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Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
ISSN | 0953-2048 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 242 | |||
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Author | Prober, D. E. | ||||
Title | Superconducting terahertz mixer using a transition-edge microbolometer | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1993 | Publication | Appl. Phys. Lett. | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Volume | 62 | Issue | 17 | Pages | 2119-2121 |
Keywords | HEB mixer, NbN, TES | ||||
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Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Recommended by Klapwijk | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Serial | 244 | |||
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Author | Lindgren, M.; Zorin, M. A.; Trifonov, V.; Danerud, M.; Winkler, D.; Karasik, B. S.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Gershenzon, E. M. | ||||
Title | Optical mixing in a patterned YBa2Cu3O7-δ thin film | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1994 | Publication | Appl. Phys. Lett. | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Volume | 65 | Issue | 26 | Pages | 3398-3400 |
Keywords | YBCO HTS HEB mixer, bandwidth | ||||
Abstract | Mixing of 1.56 µm infrared radiation from two lasers in a high quality YBa2Cu3O7-δ thin film, patterned to parallel strips, was demonstrated. A mixer bandwidth of 18 GHz, limited by the measurement system, was obtained. A model based on nonequilibrium electron heating gives a good fit to the data and predicts an intrinsic mixer bandwidth in excess of 100 GHz, operating in the whole infrared spectrum. Reduction of bolometric effects and ways to decrease the conversion loss of the mixer is discussed. The minimum conversion loss is expected to be ~10 dB. | ||||
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Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
ISSN | 0003-6951 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 251 | |||
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Author | Gousev, Yu. P.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Semenov, A. D.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Nebosis, R. S.; Heusinger, M. A.; Renk, K. F. | ||||
Title | Broadband ultrafast superconducting NbN detector for electromagnetic radiation | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1994 | Publication | J. Appl. Phys. | Abbreviated Journal | J. Appl. Phys. |
Volume | 75 | Issue | 7 | Pages | 3695-3697 |
Keywords | NbN HEB | ||||
Abstract | An ultrafast detector that is sensitive to radiation in a broad spectral range from submillimeter waves to visible light is reported. It consists of a structured NbN thin film cooled to a temperature below Tc (∼11 K). Using 20 ps pulses of a GaAs laser, we observed signal pulses with both rise and decay time of about 50 ps. From the analysis of a mixing experiment with submillimeter radiation we estimate an intrinsic response time of the detector of ∼12 ps. The sensitivity was found to be similar for the near‐infrared and submillimeter radiation. Broadband sensitivity and short response time are attributed to a quasiparticle heating effect. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 252 | |||
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Author | Gol'tsman, G. N.; Karasik, B. S.; Okunev, O. V.; Dzardanov, A. L.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Ekstrom, H.; Jacobsson, S.; Kollberg, E. | ||||
Title | NbN hot electron superconducting mixers for 100 GHz operation | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1995 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Volume | 5 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 3065-3068 |
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | NbN is a promising superconducting material for hot-electron superconducting mixers with an IF bandwidth larger than 1 GHz. In the 1OO GHz frequency range, the following parameters were obtained for 50 /spl Aring/ thick NbN films at 4.2 K: receiver noise temperature (DSB) /spl sim/1000 K; conversion loss /spl sim/10 dB; IF bandwidth /spl sim/1 GHz; and local oscillator power /spl sim/1 /spl mu/W. An increase of the critical current of the NbN film, increased working temperature, and a better mixer matching may allow a broader IF bandwidth up to 2 GHz, reduced conversion losses down to 3-5 dB and a receiver noise temperature (DSB) down to 200-300 K. | ||||
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ISSN | 1051-8223 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | About LO power required | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Serial | 255 | |||
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Author | Hans Ekstrom; Karasik, Boris S.; Kollberg, Erik L.; Sigfrid Yngvesson | ||||
Title | Conversion gain and noise of niobium superconducting hot–electron–mixers | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1995 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 43 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 938-947 |
Keywords | Nb HEB mixers | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 254 | |||
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Author | Karasik, B. S.; Elantiev, A. I. | ||||
Title | Noise temperature limit of a superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixer | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1996 | Publication | Applied Physics Letters | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Volume | 68 | Issue | 6 | Pages | 853-855 |
Keywords | HEB mixer noise temperature, Johnson noise, thermal fluctuation noise, noise bandwidth | ||||
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ISSN | 0003-6951 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 260 | |||
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Author | Karasik, B. S.; Il'in, K. S.; Pechen, E. V.; Krasnosvobodtsev, S. I. | ||||
Title | Diffusion cooling mechanism in a hot-electron NbC microbolometer mixer | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1996 | Publication | Applied Physics Letters | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Volume | 68 | Issue | 16 | Pages | 2285-2287 |
Keywords | HEB mixer, diffusion cooling channel, diffusion channel | ||||
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ISSN | 0003-6951 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 262 | |||
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Author | Semenov, Alexei; Richter, Heiko; Smirnov, Konstantin; Voronov, Boris; Gol'tsman, Gregory; Hübers, Heinz-Wilhelm | ||||
Title | The development of terahertz superconducting hot-electron bolometric mixers | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | Supercond. Sci. Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
Volume | 17 | Issue | 5 | Pages | 436-439 |
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | We present recent advances in the development of NbN hot-electron bolometric (HEB) mixers for flying terahertz heterodyne receivers. Three important issues have been addressed: the quality of the source NbN films, the effect of the bolometer size on the spectral properties of different planar feed antennas, and the local oscillator (LO) power required for optimal operation of the mixer. Studies of the NbN films with an atomic force microscope indicated a surface structure that may affect the performance of the smallest mixers. Measured spectral gain and noise temperature suggest that at frequencies above 2.5 THz the spiral feed provides better overall performance than the double-slot feed. Direct measurements of the optimal LO power support earlier estimates made in the framework of the uniform mixer model. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 357 | |||
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Author | Ekstörm, H.; Kollberg, E.; Yagoubov, P.; Gol'tsman, G.; Gershenzon, E.; Yngvesson, S. | ||||
Title | Gain and noise bandwidth of NbN hot-electron bolometric mixers | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1997 | Publication | Appl. Phys. Lett. | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Volume | 70 | Issue | 24 | Pages | 3296-3298 |
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers, conversion loss, conversion gain, U-factor technique | ||||
Abstract | We have measured the noise performance and gain bandwidth of 35 Å thin NbN hot-electron mixers integrated with spiral antennas on silicon substrate lenses at 620 GHz. The best double-sideband receiver noise temperature is less than 1300 K with a 3 dB bandwidth of ≈5 GHz. The gain bandwidth is 3.2 GHz. The mixer output noise dominated by thermal fluctuations is 50 K, and the intrinsic conversion gain is about −12 dB. Without mismatch losses and excluding the loss from the beamsplitter, we expect to achieve a receiver noise temperature of less than 700 K. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 279 | |||
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Author | Kawamura, J. H.; Tong, C.-Y.E.; Blundell, R.; Cosmo Papa, D.; Hunter, T. R.; Gol'tsman, G.; Cherednichenko, S.; Voronov, B.; Gershenzon, E. | ||||
Title | An 800 GHz NbN phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometer mixer receiver | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1999 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Volume | 9 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 3753-3756 |
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | We describe a heterodyne receiver developed for astronomical applications to operate in the 350 /spl mu/m atmospheric window. The waveguide receiver employs a superconductive NbN phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometer mixer. The double sideband receiver noise temperature closely follows 1 kGHz/sup -1/ across 780-870 GHz, with the intermediate frequency centered at 1.4 GHz. The conversion loss is about 15 dB. The receiver was installed for operation at the University of Arizona/Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy Submillimeter Telescope facility. The instrument was successfully used to conduct test observations of a number of celestial sources in a number of astronomically important spectral lines. | ||||
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Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
ISSN | 1051-8223 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 288 | |||
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Author | Yagoubov, Pavel; Kroug, Matthias; Merkel, Harald; Kollberg, Erik; Schubert, Josef; Hübers, Heinz-Wilhelm | ||||
Title | NbN hot electron bolometric mixers at frequencies between 0.7 and 3.1 THz | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1999 | Publication | Supercond. Sci. Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
Volume | 12 | Issue | 11 | Pages | 989-991 |
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | The performance of NbN-based phonon-cooled hot electron bolometric (HEB) quasioptical mixers is investigated in the 0.7-3.1 THz frequency range. The devices are made from a 3.5-4 nm thick NbN film on high resistivity Si and integrated with a planar spiral antenna on the same substrate. The length of the bolometer microbridge is 0.1-0.2 µm; the width is 1-2 µm. The best results of the DSB receiver noise temperature measured at 1.5 GHz intermediate frequency are: 800 K at 0.7 THz, 1100 K at 1.6 THz, 2000 K at 2.5 THz and 4200 K at 3.1 THz. The measurements were performed with a far infrared laser as the local oscillator (LO) source. The estimated LO power requirement is less than 500 nW at the receiver input. First results on spiral antenna polarization measurements are reported. | ||||
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ISSN | 0953-2048 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 295 | |||
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Author | Schubert, J.; Semenov, A.; Gol'tsman, G.; Hübers, H.-W.; Schwaab, G.; Voronov, B.; Gershenzon, E. | ||||
Title | Noise temperature of an NbN hot-electron bolometric mixer at frequencies from 0.7 THz to 5.2 THz | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1999 | Publication | Supercond. Sci. Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 12 | Issue | 11 | Pages | 748-750 |
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | We report on noise temperature measurements of an NbN phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometric mixer in the terahertz frequency range. The devices were 3 nm thick films with in-plane dimensions 1.7 × 0.2 µm2 and 0.9 × 0.2 µm2 integrated in a complementary logarithmic-spiral antenna. Measurements were performed at seven frequencies ranging from 0.7 THz to 5.2 THz. The measured DSB noise temperatures are 1500 K (0.7 THz), 2200 K (1.4 THz), 2600 K (1.6 THz), 2900 K (2.5 THz), 4000 K (3.1 THz), 5600 K (4.3 THz) and 8800 K (5.2 THz). | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 298 | |||
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Author | Khosropanah, P.; Gao, J. R.; Laauwen, W. M.; Hajenius, M; Klapwijk, T. M. | ||||
Title | Low noise NbN hot electron bolometer mixer at 4.3 THz | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2007 | Publication | Appl. Phys. Lett. | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Volume | 91 | Issue | Pages | 221111 (1 to 3) | |
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers, NbN, contacts cleaning | ||||
Abstract | We have studied the sensitivity of a superconducting NbN hot electron bolometer mixer integrated with a spiral antenna at 4.3 THz. Using hot/cold blackbody loads and a beam splitter all in vacuum, we measured a double sideband receiver noise temperature of 1300 K at the optimum local oscillator (LO) power of 330 nW, which is about 12 times the quantum noise (hnu/2kB). Our result indicates that there is no sign of degradation of the mixing process at the superterahertz frequencies. Moreover, a measurement method is introduced which allows us for an accurate determination of the sensitivity despite LO power fluctuations. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 584 | |||
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Author | Semenov, A. D.; Hübers, H.-W.; Schubert, J.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Elantiev, A. I.; Voronov, B. M.; Gershenzon, E. M. | ||||
Title | Design and performance of the lattice-cooled hot-electron terahertz mixer | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2000 | Publication | J. Appl. Phys. | Abbreviated Journal | J. Appl. Phys. |
Volume | 88 | Issue | 11 | Pages | 6758-6767 |
Keywords | HEB mixer, charge imbalance, HF current distribution | ||||
Abstract | We present the measurements and the theoreticalmodel of the frequency-dependent noise temperature of a superconductor lattice-cooled hot-electron bolometer mixer in the terahertz frequency range. The increase of the noise temperature with frequency is a cumulative effect of the nonuniform distribution of the high-frequency current in the bolometer and the charge imbalance, which occurs at the edges of the normal domain and at the contacts with normal metal. We show that under optimal operation the fluctuation sensitivity of the mixer is determined by thermodynamic fluctuations of the noise power, whereas at small biases there appears additional noise, which is probably due to the flux flow. We propose the prescription of how to minimize the influence of the current distribution on the mixer performance. | ||||
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ISSN | 0021-8979 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 306 | |||
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Author | Kroug, M.; Cherednichenko, S.; Merkel, H.; Kollberg, E.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G.; Hübers, H. W.; Richter, H. | ||||
Title | NbN hot electron bolometric mixers for terahertz receivers | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2001 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Volume | 11 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 962-965 |
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | Sensitivity and gain bandwidth measurements of phonon-cooled NbN superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixers are presented. The best receiver noise temperatures are: 700 K at 1.6 THz and 1100 K at 2.5 THz. Parylene as an antireflection coating on silicon has been investigated and used in the optics of the receiver. The dependence of the mixer gain bandwidth (GBW) on the bias voltage has been measured. Starting from low bias voltages, close to operating conditions yielding the lowest noise temperature, the GBW increases towards higher bias voltages, up to three times the initial value. The highest measured GBW is 9 GHz within the same bias range the noise temperature increases by a factor of two. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 312 | |||
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Author | Gershenson, M. E.; Gong, D.; Sato, T.; Karasik, B. S.; Sergeev, A. V. | ||||
Title | Millisecond electron-phonon relaxation in ultrathin disordered metal films at millikelvin temperatures | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2001 | Publication | Appl. Phys. Lett. | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 79 | Issue | Pages | 2049-2051 | |
Keywords | HEB detector, FIR, far infrared | ||||
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Call Number | RPLAB @ s @ heb_eph_interaction_Gershenzon | Serial | 315 | ||
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Author | Kawamura, J.; Hunter, T. R.; Tong, C. Y. E.; Blundell, R.; Papa, D. C.; Patt, F.; Peters, W.; Wilson, T.; Henkel, C.; Goltsman, G.; Gershenzon, E. | ||||
Title | Ground-based terahertz CO spectroscopy towards Orion | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2002 | Publication | A&A | Abbreviated Journal | A&A |
Volume | 394 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 271-274 |
Keywords | HEB mixers, applications | ||||
Abstract | Using a superconductive hot-electron bolometer heterodyne receiver on the 10-m Heinrich Hertz Telescope on Mount Graham, Arizona, we have obtained velocity-resolved 1.037 THz CO () spectra toward several positions along the Orion Molecular Cloud (OMC-1) ridge. We confirm the general results of prior observations of high-J CO lines that show that the high temperature, , high density molecular gas, , is quite extended, found along a ~ region centered on BN/KL. However, our observations have significantly improved angular resolution, and with a beam size of we are able to spatially and kinematically discriminate the emission originating in the extended quiescent ridge from the very strong and broadened emission originating in the compact molecular outflow. The ridge emission very close to the BN/KL region appears to originate from two distinct clouds along the line of sight with and ≈ . The former component dominates the emission to the south of BN/KL and the latter to the north, with a turnover point coincident with or near BN/KL. Our evidence precludes a simple rotation of the inner ridge and lends support to a model in which there are multiple molecular clouds along the line of sight towards the Orion ridge. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 322 | |||
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Author | Meledin, D.; Tong, C. Y.-E.; Blundell, R.; Kaurova, N.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G. | ||||
Title | Study of the IF bandwidth of NbN HEB mixers based on crystalline quartz substrate with an MgO buffer layer | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2003 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Volume | 13 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 164-167 |
Keywords | NbN HEB mixer | ||||
Abstract | In this paper, we present the results of IF bandwidth measurements on 3-4 nm thick NbN hot electron bolometer waveguide mixers, which have been fabricated on a 200-nm thick MgO buffer layer deposited on a crystalline quartz substrate. The 3-dB IF bandwidth, measured at an LO frequency of 0.81 THz, is 3.7 GHz at the optimal bias point for low noise receiver operation. We have also made measurements of the IF dynamic impedance, which allow us to evaluate the intrinsic electron temperature relaxation time and self-heating parameters at different bias conditions. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 341 | |||
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Author | Semenov, A. D.; Hübers, Heinz-Wilhelm; Richter, H.; Birk, M.; Krocka, M.; Mair, U.; Vachtomin, Yu. B.; Finkel, M. I.; Antipov, S. V.; Voronov, B. M.; Smirnov, K. V.; Kaurova, N. S.; Drakinski, V. N.; Gol'tsman, G. N. | ||||
Title | Superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixer for terahertz heterodyne receivers | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2003 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 13 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 168-171 |
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | We present recent results showing the development of superconducting NbN hot-electron bolometer mixer for German receiver for astronomy at terahertz frequencies and terahertz limb sounder. The mixer is incorporated into a planar feed antenna, which has either logarithmic spiral or double-slot configuration, and backed on a silicon lens. The hybrid antenna had almost frequency independent and symmetric radiation pattern slightly broader than expected for a diffraction limited antenna. At 2.5 THz the best 2200 K double side-band receiver noise temperature was achieved across a 1 GHz intermediate frequency bandwidth centred at 1.5 GHz. For this operation regime, a receiver conversion efficiency of -17 dB was directly measured and the loss budget was evaluated. The mixer response was linear at load temperatures smaller than 400 K. Implementation of the MgO buffer layer on Si resulted in an increased 5.2 GHz gain bandwidth. The receiver was tested in the laboratory environment by measuring a methanol emission line at 2.5 THz. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 343 | |||
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Author | Baselmans, J. J. A.; Hajenius, M.; Gao, J. R.; Klapwijk, T. M.; de Korte, P. A. J.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G. | ||||
Title | Doubling of sensitivity and bandwidth in phonon cooled hot electron bolometer mixers | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | Appl. Phys. Lett. | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Volume | 84 | Issue | 11 | Pages | 1958-1960 |
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | We demonstrate that the performance of NbN lattice cooled hot electron bolometer mixers depends strongly on the interface quality between the bolometer and the contact structure. We show experimentally that both the receiver noise temperature and the gain bandwidth can be improved by more than a factor of 2 by cleaning the interface and adding an additional superconducting interlayer to the contact pad. Using this we obtain a double sideband receiver noise temperature TN,DSB=950 K at 2.5 THz and 4.3 K, uncorrected for losses in the optics. At the same bias point, we obtain an IF gain bandwidth of 6 GHz. |
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 352 | |||
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Author | Floet, D. Wilms; Baselmans, J. J. A.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Gao, J. R. | ||||
Title | Resistive transition of niobium superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixers | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1998 | Publication | Applied Physics Letters | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Volume | 73 | Issue | 19 | Pages | 2826 |
Keywords | HEB | ||||
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ISSN | 0003-6951 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 543 | |||
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Author | Bruderer, S.; Benz, A. O.; van Dishoeck, E. F.; Melchior, M.; Doty, S. D.; van der Tak, F.; Stäuber, P.; Wampfler, S. F.; Dedes, C.; Yıldız, U. A.; Pagani, L.; Giannini, T.; de Graauw, Th.; Whyborn, N.; Teyssier, D.; Jellema, W.; Shipman, R.; Schieder, R.; Honingh, N.; Caux, E.; Bächtold, W.; Csillaghy, A.; Monstein, C.; Bachiller, R.; Baudry, A.; Benedettini, M.; Bergin, E.; Bjerkeli, P.; Blake, G. A.; Bontemps, S.; Braine, J.; Caselli, P.; Cernicharo, J.; Codella, C.; Daniel, F.; di Giorgio, A. M.; Dominik, C.; Encrenaz, P.; Fich, M.; Fuente, A.; Goicoechea, J. R.; Helmich, F.; Herczeg, G. J.; Herpin, F.; Hogerheijde, M. R.; Jacq, T.; Johnstone, D.; Jørgensen, J. K.; Kristensen, L. E.; Larsson, B.; Lis, D.; Liseau, R.; Marseille, M.; McCoey, C.; Melnick, G.; Neufeld, D.; Nisini, B.; Olberg, M.; Parise, B.; Pearson, J. C.; Plume, R.; Risacher, C.; Santiago-García, J.; Saraceno, P.; Shipman, R.; Tafalla, M.; van Kempen, T. A.; Visser, R.; Wyrowski, F. | ||||
Title | Herschel/HIFI detections of hydrides towards AFGL 2591. Envelope emission versus tenuous cloud absorption | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2010 | Publication | Astron. Astrophys. | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 521 | Issue | Pages | L44 (1 to 7) | |
Keywords | HEB mixer applications, HIFI, Herschel | ||||
Abstract | The Heterodyne Instrument for the Far Infrared (HIFI) onboard the Herschel Space Observatory allows the first observations of light diatomic molecules at high spectral resolution and in multiple transitions. Here, we report deep integrations using HIFI in different lines of hydrides towards the high-mass star forming region AFGL 2591. Detected are CH, CH+, NH, OH+, H2O+, while NH+ and SH+ have not been detected. All molecules except for CH and CH+ are seen in absorption with low excitation temperatures and at velocities different from the systemic velocity of the protostellar envelope. Surprisingly, the CH(JF,P = 3/22,- – 1/21,+ ) and CH+(J = 1–0, J = 2–1) lines are detected in emission at the systemic velocity. We can assign the absorption features to a foreground cloud and an outflow lobe, while the CH and CH+ emission stems from the envelope. The observed abundance and excitation of CH and CH+ can be explained in the scenario of FUV irradiated outflow walls, where a cavity etched out by the outflow allows protostellar FUV photons to irradiate and heat the envelope at larger distances driving the chemical reactions that produce these molecules. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1083 | |||
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Author | Gol'tsman, G. N.; Loudkov, D. N. | ||||
Title | Terahertz superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixers and their application in radio astronomy | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2003 | Publication | Radiophys. Quant. Electron. | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 46 | Issue | 8/9 | Pages | 604-617 |
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | We review the latest developments, research, and radioastronomy applications of hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers operated in the terahertz waveband. The physical principles of operation of terahertz HEB mixers are presented, their manufacturing from ultrathin NbN films, the main HEB-mixer parameters and their measurement techniques are discussed, and practical terahertz radioastronomy projects based on heterodyne receivers with HEB mixers are considered. | ||||
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ISSN | 0033-8443 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | UDC 537.312.62 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Serial | 472 | |||
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Author | Гольцман, Г.Н.; Лудков, Д.Н. | ||||
Title | Сверхпроводниковые смесители на горячих электронах терагерцового диапазона и их применение в радиоастрономии | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2003 | Publication | Изв. высших учебных заведений. Радиофизика | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 46 | Issue | 8/9 | Pages | |
Keywords | HEB, mixers | ||||
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Language | russian | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | RPLAB @ s @ | Serial | 473 | ||
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Author | Vystavkin, A. N. | ||||
Title | Estimation of noise equivalent power and design analysis of an andreev reflection hot-electron microbolometer for submillimeter radioastronomy | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1999 | Publication | Rus. J. Radio Electron. | Abbreviated Journal | Rus. J. Radio Electron. |
Volume | Issue | 10 | Pages | ||
Keywords | HEB, detector, bolometer | ||||
Abstract | Results of theoretical estimations and measurements of characteristics of an Andreev reflection hot-electron microbolometer for submillimeter radioastronomy made by different researchers are reviewed and analysed. Peculiarities and characteristics of the microbolometers using two types of microthermometer for measurement of the electron temperature increment under influence of the radiation: the SIN-junction and the transition-edge sensor (TES) with electrothermal feedback – are compared. Advantages of the microbolometer with the second type of the microthermometer when the TES is used simultaneously as the absorber of radiation are shown. Methods of achievement of the best noise equivalent power of the microbolometer in such version as well as methods of the matching the microbolometer with the incident radiation flow using planar antennas and with the channel of output signal measurement using a SQUID-picoammeter are considered. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 496 | |||
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Author | Semenov, A. D.; Il'in, K.; Siegel, M.; Smirnov, A.; Pavlov, S.; Richter, H.; Hübers, H.-W. | ||||
Title | Evidence of non-bolometric mixing in the bandwidth of a hot-electron bolometer | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2006 | Publication | Superconductor Science and Technology | Abbreviated Journal | Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
Volume | 19 | Issue | 10 | Pages | 1051-1056 |
Keywords | HEB | ||||
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Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
ISSN | 0953-2048 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 536 | |||
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Author | Semenov, Alexei D.; Richter, Heiko; Hubers, Heinz-Wilhelm; Gunther, Burghardt.; Smirnov, Andrey; Il'in, Konstantin S.; Siegel, Michael; Karamarkovic, Jugoslav P. | ||||
Title | Terahertz performance of integrated lens antennas with a hot-electron bolometer | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2007 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn. | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 55 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 239-247 |
Keywords | HEB, lens antenna | ||||
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ISSN | 0018-9480 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 538 | |||
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Author | Baselmans, J. J. A.; Hajenius, M.; Gao, J. R.; Baryshev, A.; Kooi, J.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Voronov, B.; de Korte, P.; Gol'tsman, G. | ||||
Title | NbN hot electron bolometer mixers: sensitivity, LO power, direct detection and stability | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2005 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Volume | 15 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 484-489 |
Keywords | HEB mixers, direct detection effect, stability, Allan variance | ||||
Abstract | We demonstrate that the performance of NbN lattice cooled hot electron bolometer mixers depends strongly on the interface quality between the bolometer and the contact structure. Both the receiver noise temperature and the gain bandwidth can be improved by a factor of 2 by cleaning the interface and adding an additional superconducting interlayer to the contact pad. Using this we obtain a double sideband receiver noise temperature of 950 K at 2.5 THz and 4.3 K, using a 0.4/spl times/4 /spl mu/m HEB mixer with a spiral antenna. At the same bias point, we obtain an IF gain bandwidth of 6 GHz. To comply with current demands on THz mixers for use in space based receivers we reduce the device size to 0.15/spl times/1 /spl mu/m and use a twin slot antenna. We report measurements of the noise temperature, LO power requirement, stability and the direct detection effect, using a mixer with a 1.6 THz twin slot antenna and a 1.462 THz solid state LO source with calibrated output power. | ||||
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Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
ISSN | 1051-8223 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 546 | |||
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Author | Uzawa, Y.; Miki, S.; Wang, Z.; Kawakami, A.; Kroug, M.; Yagoubov, P.; Kollberg, E. | ||||
Title | Performance of a quasi-optical NbN hot-electron bolometric mixer at terahertz frequencies | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2002 | Publication | Superconductor Science and Technology | Abbreviated Journal | Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
Volume | 15 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 141-145 |
Keywords | HEB, mixer | ||||
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Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
ISSN | 0953-2048 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | RPLAB @ s @ | Serial | 548 | ||
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Author | Cherednichenko, S.; Drakinskiy, V. | ||||
Title | Low noise hot-electron bolometer mixers for terahertz frequencies | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2008 | Publication | J. Low Temp. Phys. | Abbreviated Journal | J. Low Temp. Phys. |
Volume | 151 | Issue | 1-2 | Pages | 575-579 |
Keywords | HEB, mixer, gain bandwidth, MgB2 | ||||
Abstract | Hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers are used in many low noise heterodyne radio astronomical receivers. Their noise temperature is at the level of 10–15 times the quantum limit. However, their gain bandwidth is a serious limiting factor. Here we review the state of the art of the HEB mixers gain bandwidth for different materials and substrates. We compare the gain bandwidth of HEB mixers made on bulk substrates and thin membranes. Finally, results for MgB2 thin films for broadband HEB mixers are discussed. | ||||
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Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
ISSN | 0022-2291 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | RPLAB @ lobanovyury @ | Serial | 553 | ||
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Author | Schwaab, G.W.; Sirmain, G.; Schubert, J.; Hubers, H.-W.; Gol'tsman, G.; Cherednichenko, S.; Verevkin, A.; Voronov, B.; Gershenzon, E. | ||||
Title | Investigation of NbN phonon-cooled HEB mixers at 2.5 THz | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1999 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Volume | 9 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 4233-4236 |
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | The development of superconducting hot electron bolometric (HEB) mixers has been a big step forward in the direction of quantum noise limited mixer performance at THz frequencies. Such mixers are crucial for the upcoming generation of airborne and spaceborne THz heterodyne receivers. In this paper we report on new results on a phonon-cooled NbN HEB mixer using e-beam lithography. The superconducting film is 3 nm thick. The mixer is 0.2 μm long and 1.5 μm wide and it is integrated in a spiral antenna on a Si substrate. The device is quasi-optically coupled through a Si lens and a dielectric beam combiner to the radiation of an optically pumped FIR ring gas laser cavity. The performance of the mixer at different THz frequencies from 0.69 to 2.55 THz with an emphasis on 2.52 THz is demonstrated. At 2.52 THz minimum DSB noise temperatures of 4200 K have been achieved at an IF of 1.5 GHz and a bandwidth of 40 MHz with the mixer mounted in a cryostat and a 0.8 m long signal path in air. | ||||
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ISSN | 1051-8223 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 550 | |||
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Author | Meledin, Denis; Pavolotsky, Alexey; Desmaris, Vincent.; Lapkin, Igor; Risacher, Christophe; Perez, Victor; Henke, Douglas; Nystrom, Olle; Sundin, Erik; Dochev, Dimitar; Pantaleev, Miroslav; Fredrixon, Mathias; Strandberg, Magnus; Voronov, Boris; Goltsman, Gregory; Belitsky, Victor | ||||
Title | A 1.3-THz balanced waveguide HEB mixer for the APEX telescope | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2009 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn. | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 57 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 89-98 |
Keywords | HEB, mixer, waveguide, balanced, NbN | ||||
Abstract | In this paper, we report about the development, fabrication, and characterization of a balanced waveguide hot electron bolometer (HEB) receiver for the Atacama Pathfinder EXperiment telescope covering the frequency band of 1.25–1.39 THz. The receiver uses a quadrature balanced scheme and two HEB mixers, fabricated from 4- to 5-nm-thick NbN film deposited on crystalline quartz substrate with an MgO buffer layer in between. We employed a novel micromachining method to produce all-metal waveguide parts at submicrometer accuracy (the main-mode waveguide dimensions are 90×180 μm). We present details on the mixer design and measurement results, including receiver noise performance, stability and “first-light†at the telescope site. The receiver yields a double-sideband noise temperature averaged over the RF band below 1200 K, and outstanding stability with a spectroscopic Allan time more than 200 s. | ||||
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ISSN | 0018-9480 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | RPLAB @ lobanovyury @ | Serial | 554 | ||
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Author | Cherednichenko, Sergey; Drakinskiy, Vladimir; Berg, Therese; Kollberg, Erik L.; Angelov, Iltcho | ||||
Title | The direct detection effect in the hot-electron bolometer mixer sensitivity calibration | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2007 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn. | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 55 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 504-510 |
Keywords | HEB, mixer, direct detection effect | ||||
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ISSN | 0018-9480 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | RPLAB @ lobanovyury @ | Serial | 555 | ||
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Author | Burke, P. J.; Schoelkopf, R. J.; Prober, D. E.; Skalare, A.; Karasik, B. S.; Gaidis, M. C.; McGrath, W. R.; Bumble, B.; LeDuc, H. G. | ||||
Title | Mixing and noise in diffusion and phonon cooled superconducting hot-electron bolometers | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1999 | Publication | J. Appl. Phys. | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 85 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 1644-1653 |
Keywords | HEB, mixer | ||||
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Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
ISSN | 0021-8979 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 556 | |||
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Author | Gao, J. R.; Hajenius, M.; Yang, Z. Q.; Baselmans, J. J. A.; Khosropanah, P.; Barends, R.; Klapwijk, T. M. | ||||
Title | Terahertz superconducting hot electron bolometer heterodyne receivers | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2007 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 17 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 252-258 |
Keywords | HEB, mixer, direct detection effect | ||||
Abstract | We highlight the progress on NbN hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixers achieved through fruitful collaboration between SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research and Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands. This includes the best receiver noise temperatures of 700 K at 1.63 THz using a twin-slot antenna mixer and 1050 K at 2.84 THz using a spiral antenna coupled HEB mixer. The mixers are based on thin NbN films on Si and fabricated with a new contact-process and-structure. By reducing their areas HEB mixers have shown an LO power requirement as low as 30 nW. Those small HEB mixers have demonstrated equivalent sensitivity as those with large areas provided the direct detection effect due to broadband radiation is removed. To manifest that a HEB based heterodyne receiver can in practice be used at arbitrary frequencies above 2 THz, we demonstrate a 2.8 THz receiver using a THz quantum cascade laser (QCL) as local oscillator. | ||||
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ISSN | 1051-8223 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | RPLAB @ asmirn @ | Serial | 557 | ||
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Author | Ryabchun, Sergey; Tong, Cheuk-Yu Edward; Blundell, Raymond; Gol'tsman, Gregory | ||||
Title | Stabilization scheme for hot-electron bolometer receivers using microwave radiation | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2009 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Volume | 19 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 14-19 |
Keywords | HEB, mixer, Allan variance, stabilization, radiometer equation | ||||
Abstract | We present the results of a stabilization scheme for terahertz receivers based on NbN hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers that uses microwave radiation with a frequency much lower than the gap frequency of NbN to compensate for mixer current fluctuations. A feedback control loop, which actively controls the power level of the injected microwave radiation, has successfully been implemented to stabilize the operating point of the HEB mixer. This allows us to increase the receiver Allan time to 10 s and also improve the temperature resolution of the receiver by about 30% in the total power mode of operation. | ||||
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ISSN | 1051-8223 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | RPLAB @ lobanovyury @ | Serial | 559 | ||
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Author | Cherednichenko, S.; Drakinskiy, V.; Baubert, J.; Krieg, J.-M.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G.; Desmaris, V. | ||||
Title | Gain bandwidth of NbN hot-electron bolometer terahertz mixers on 1.5 μm Si3N4 / SiO2 membranes | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2007 | Publication | J. Appl. Phys. | Abbreviated Journal | J. Appl. Phys. |
Volume | 101 | Issue | 12 | Pages | 124508 (1 to 6) |
Keywords | HEB, mixer, membrane | ||||
Abstract | The gain bandwidth of NbN hot-electron bolometer terahertz mixers on electrically thin Si3N4/SiO2 membranes was experimentally investigated and compared with that of HEB mixers on bulk substrates. A gain bandwidth of 3.5 GHz is achieved on bulk silicon, whereas the gain bandwidth is reduced down to 0.6–0.9 GHz for mixers on 1.5 μm Si3N4/SiO2 membranes. We show that application of a MgO buffer layer on the membrane extends the gain bandwidth to 3 GHz. The experimental data were analyzed using the film-substrate acoustic mismatch approach. | ||||
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ISSN | 0021-8979 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 560 | |||
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Author | Fu, K.; Zannoni, R.; Chan, C.; Adams, S. H.; Nicholson, J.; Polizzi, E.; Yngvesson, K. S. | ||||
Title | Terahertz detection in single wall carbon nanotubes | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2008 | Publication | Applied Physics Letters | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Volume | 92 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 033105 |
Keywords | HEB, single wall, carbon nanotube, CNT, SWNT, SWCNT, terahertz detection, THz | ||||
Abstract | It is reported that terahertz radiation from 0.69 to 2.54 THz has been sensitively detected in a device consisting of bundles of carbon nanotubes containing single wall metallic carbon nanotubes, quasioptically coupled through a lithographically fabricated antenna, and a silicon lens. The measured data are consistent with a bolometric detection process in the metallic tubes and the devices show promise for operation well above 4.2 K. | ||||
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Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
ISSN | 0003-6951 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | NEP is not shown | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Serial | 566 | |||
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Author | Siddiqi, I.; Prober, D. E. | ||||
Title | Nb–Au bilayer hot-electron bolometers for low-noise THz heterodyne detection | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | Applied Physics Letters | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Volume | 84 | Issue | 8 | Pages | 1404 |
Keywords | HEB, mixers, dynamic range, saturation, LO power, local oscillator power, Nb | ||||
Abstract | The sensitivity of present Nb diffusion-cooled hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers is not quantum limited, and can be improved by reducing the superconducting transition temperature TC. Lowering TC reduces thermal fluctuations, resulting in a decrease of the mixer noise temperature TM. However, lower TC mixers have reduced dynamic range and saturate more easily due to background noise. We present 30 GHz microwave measurements on a bilayer HEB system, Nb–Au, in which TC can be tuned with Au layer thickness to obtain the maximum sensitivity for a given noise background. These measurements are intended as a guide for the optimization of THz mixers. Using a Nb–Au mixer with TC = 1.6 K, we obtain TM = 50 K with 2 nW of local oscillator (LO) power. Good mixer performance is observed over a wide range of LO power and bias voltage and such a device should not exhibit saturation in a THz receiver. | ||||
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ISSN | 0003-6951 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 571 | |||
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Author | Kawamura, J.; Blundell, R.; Tong, C.-Y. E.; Papa, D. C.; Hunter, T. R.; Paine, S. N.; Patt, F.; Gol'tsman, G.; Cherednichenko, S.; Voronov, B.; Gershenzon, E. | ||||
Title | Superconductive hot-electron-bolometer mixer receiver for 800-GHz operation | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2000 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn. | Abbreviated Journal | IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn. |
Volume | 48 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 683-689 |
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers, LO power, local oscillator power, saturation, linearity, dynamic range | ||||
Abstract | In this paper, we describe a superconductive hot-electron-bolometer mixer receiver designed to operate in the partially transmissive 350-μm atmospheric window. The receiver employs an NbN thin-film microbridge as the mixer element, in which the main cooling mechanism of the hot electrons is through electron-phonon interaction. At a local-oscillator frequency of 808 GHz, the measured double-sideband receiver noise temperature is TRX=970 K, across a 1-GHz intermediate-frequency bandwidth centered at 1.8 GHz. We have measured the linearity of the receiver and the amount of local-oscillator power incident on the mixer for optimal operation, which is PLO≈1 μW. This receiver was used in making observations as a facility instrument at the Heinrich Hertz Telescope, Mt. Graham, AZ, during the 1998-1999 winter observing season. | ||||
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ISSN | 0018-9480 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | RPLAB @ lobanovyury @ | Serial | 573 | ||
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Author | Tong, C.-Y.E.; Meledin, D.V.; Marrone, D.P.; Paine, S.N.; Gibson, H.; Blundell, R. | ||||
Title | Near field vector beam measurements at 1 THz | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2003 | Publication | IEEE Microw. Compon. Lett. | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 13 | Issue | 6 | Pages | 235-237 |
Keywords | HEB, mixer, waveguide, LO power, local oscillator power, saturation effect, dynamic range | ||||
Abstract | We have performed near-field vector beam measurements at 1.03 THz to characterize and align the receiver optics of a superconducting receiver. The signal source is a harmonic generator mounted on an X-Y translation stage. We model the measured two-dimensional complex beam pattern by a fundamental Gaussian mode, from which we derive the position of the beam center, the beam radius and the direction of propagation. By performing scans in the planes separated by 400 mm, we have confirmed that our beam pattern measurements are highly reliable. | ||||
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Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
ISSN | 1531-1309 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | RPLAB @ lobanovyury @ | Serial | 574 | ||
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Author | Wei, Jian; Olaya, David; Karasik, Boris S.; Pereverzev, Sergey V.; Sergeev, Andrei V.; Gershenson, Michael E. | ||||
Title | Ultrasensitive hot-electron nanobolometers for terahertz astrophysics | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2008 | Publication | Nature Nanotechnology | Abbreviated Journal | Nature Nanotech |
Volume | 3 | Issue | 8 | Pages | 496-500 |
Keywords | HEB, Ti/NbN, single terahertz photons, detection | ||||
Abstract | The submillimetre or terahertz region of the electromagnetic spectrum contains approximately half of the total luminosity of the Universe and 98% of all the photons emitted since the Big Bang. This radiation is strongly absorbed in the Earth's atmosphere, so space-based terahertz telescopes are crucial for exploring the evolution of the Universe. Thermal emission from the primary mirrors in these telescopes can be reduced below the level of the cosmic background by active cooling, which expands the range of faint objects that can be observed. However, it will also be necessary to develop bolometers – devices for measuring the energy of electromagnetic radiation—with sensitivities that are at least two orders of magnitude better than the present state of the art. To achieve this sensitivity without sacrificing operating speed, two conditions are required. First, the bolometer should be exceptionally well thermally isolated from the environment; second, its heat capacity should be sufficiently small. Here we demonstrate that these goals can be achieved by building a superconducting hot-electron nanobolometer. Its design eliminates the energy exchange between hot electrons and the leads by blocking electron outdiffusion and photon emission. The thermal conductance between hot electrons and the thermal bath, controlled by electron–phonon interactions, becomes very small at low temperatures (10-16 WK-1 at 40 mK). These devices, with a heat capacity of 10-19 J K-1, are sufficiently sensitive to detect single terahertz photons in submillimetre astronomy and other applications based on quantum calorimetry and photon counting. |
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ISSN | 1748-3387 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 576 | |||
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Author | Maezawa, Hiroyuki | ||||
Title | Application of superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixers for terahertz-band astronomy | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2015 | Publication | IEICE Trans. Electronics | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 98 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 196-206 |
Keywords | HEB mixer applications, HEB applications | ||||
Abstract | Recently, a next-generation heterodyne mixer detector – a hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixer employing a superconducting microbridge – has gradually opened up terahertz-band astronomy. The surrounding state-of-the-art technologies including fabrication processes, 4 K cryostats, cryogenic low-noise amplifiers, local oscillator sources, micromachining techniques, and spectrometers, as well as the HEB mixers, have played a valuable role in the development of super-low-noise heterodyne spectroscopy systems for the terahertz band. The current developmental status of terahertz-band HEB mixer receivers and their applications for spectroscopy and astronomy with ground-based, airborne, and satellite telescopes are presented. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1073 | |||
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Author | Ryabchun, S. A.; Tretyakov, I. V.; Pentin, I. V.; Kaurova, N. S.; Seleznev, V. A.; Voronov, B. M.; Finkel, M. I.; Maslennikov, S. N.; Gol'tsman, G. N. | ||||
Title | Low-noise wide-band hot-electron bolometer mixer based on an NbN film | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2009 | Publication | Radiophys. Quant. Electron. | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 52 | Issue | 8 | Pages | 576-582 |
Keywords | HEB mixer, in-situ contacts, noise temperature, conversion gain bandwidth, diffusion cooling channel | ||||
Abstract | We develop and study a hot-electron bolometer mixer made of a two-layer NbN–Au film in situ deposited on a silicon substrate. The double-sideband noise temperature of the mixer is 750 K at a frequency of 2.5 THz. The conversion efficiency measurements show that at the superconducting transition temperature, the intermediate-frequency bandwidth amounts to about 6.5 GHz for a mixer 0.112 μm long. These record-breaking characteristics are attributed to the improved contacts between a sensitive element and a helical antenna and are reached due to using the in situ deposition of NbN and Au layers at certain stages of the process. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 599 | |||
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Author | Рябчун, С. А.; Третьяков, И. В.; Пентин, И. В; Каурова, Н. С.; Селезнев, В. А; Воронов, Б. М.; Финкель, М. И.; Масленников, С. Н.; Гольцман, Г. Н. | ||||
Title | Малошумящий широкополосный терагерцовый смеситель на эффекте электронного разогрева в плёнке NbN | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2009 | Publication | Известия высших учебных заведений. Радиофизика | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 52 | Issue | 8 | Pages | 641-648 |
Keywords | HEB mixer, in-situ contacts, noise temperature, conversion gain bandwidth, diffusion cooling channel | ||||
Abstract | Разработан и исследован смеситель на горячих электронах, изготовленный из двуслойной плёнки NbN-Au, осаждённой на кремневую подложку in situ. Двухполосная шумовая температура устройства составила 750 К на частоте 2.5 ТГц. Измерения эффективности преобразования для смесителя длиной 0.112 мкм вблизи температуры сверхпроводящего перехода показали полосу промежуточных частот около 6.5 ГГц. Эти результаты являются рекордными и были получены за счёт улучшения контактов между чувствительным элементом и спиральной антенной при замене технологического маршрута с нанесением слоёв NbN и Au в отдельных процессах на технологический процесс, в котором данные слои наносятся in situ без нарушения вакуума. | ||||
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Call Number | Serial | 600 | |||
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Author | Barends, R.; Hajenius, M.; Gao, J. R.; Klapwijk, T. M. | ||||
Title | Current-induced vortex unbinding in bolometer mixers | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2005 | Publication | Applied Physics Letters | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Volume | 87 | Issue | Pages | 263506 (1 to 3) | |
Keywords | HEB mixer numerical model, HEB model, IV-curves, vortex-antivortex, Berezinskii–Kosterlitz–Thouless theory, diffusion cooling channel, diffusion channel, distributed HEB model, distributed model, self-heating effect, temperature profile | ||||
Abstract | We present a description of the current-voltage characteristics of hot electron bolometers in terms of the current-dependent intrinsic resistive transition of NbN films. We find that, by including this current dependence, we can correctly predict the complete current-voltage characteristics, showing excellent agreement with measurements for both low and high bias and for small as well as large devices. It is assumed that the current dependence is due to vortex-antivortex unbinding as described in the Berezinskii–Kosterlitz–Thouless theory. The presented approach will be useful in guiding device optimization for noise and bandwidth. | ||||
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Call Number | Serial | 604 | |||
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Author | Karasik, Boris S.; Cantor, Robin | ||||
Title | Optical NEP in hot-electron nanobolometers | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2010 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
Volume | Issue | Pages | 1-7 | ||
Keywords | HEB, Ti, NEP, femtowatt, SAFARI, SPICA, 650 GHz, 0.65 THz, 460 um, twin slot antenna, SQUID readout | ||||
Abstract | For the first time, we have measured the optical noise equivalent power (NEP) in titanium (Ti) superconducting hot-electron nanobolometers (nano-HEBs). The bolometers were 2{\mu}mx1{\mu}mx20nm and 1{\mu}mx1{\mu}mx20nm planar antenna-coupled devices. The measurements were done at {\lambda} = 460 {\mu}m using a cryogenic black body radiation source delivering optical power from a fraction of a femtowatt to a few 100s of femtowatts. A record low NEP = 3x10^{-19} W/Hz^{1/2} at 50 mK has been achieved. This sensitivity meets the requirements for SAFARI instrument on the SPICA telescope. The ways for further improvement of the nano-HEB detector sensitivity are discussed. | ||||
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Notes | To appear in Proc. 21st Int. Symp. on Spc. THz Technol., Oxford, UK, 23-25 March, 2010 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Serial | 623 | |||
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Author | Zhang, W.; Khosropanah, P.; Gao, J. R.; Kollberg, E. L.; Yngvesson, K. S.; Bansal, T.; Barends, R.; Klapwijk, T. M. | ||||
Title | Quantum noise in a terahertz hot electron bolometer mixer | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2010 | Publication | Applied Physics Letters | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Volume | 96 | Issue | 11 | Pages | 111113-(1-3) |
Keywords | HEB mixer, quantum limit, quantum noise, vacuum box, THz, Terahertz | ||||
Abstract | We have measured the noise temperature of a single, sensitive superconducting NbN hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixer in a frequency range from 1.6 to 5.3 THz, using a setup with all the key components in vacuum. By analyzing the measured receiver noise temperature using a quantum noise (QN) model for HEB mixers, we confirm the effect of QN. The QN is found to be responsible for about half of the receiver noise at the highest frequency in our measurements. The beta-factor (the quantum efficiency of the HEB) obtained experimentally agrees reasonably well with the calculated value. | ||||
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Call Number | Serial | 624 | |||
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Author | Huebers, Heinz-Wilhelm; Pavlov, S.; Semenov, A.; Köhler, R.; Mahler, L.; Tredicucci, A.; Beere, H.; Ritchie, D.; Linfield, E. | ||||
Title | Terahertz quantum cascade laser as local oscillator in a heterodyne receiver | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2005 | Publication | Optics Express | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 13 | Issue | 15 | Pages | 5890-5896 |
Keywords | QCL heterodyne, 6 mW at 2.5 THz, HEB mixer, terahertz | ||||
Abstract | Terahertz quantum cascade lasers have been investigated with respect to their performance as a local oscillator in a heterodyne receiver. The beam profile has been measured and transformed in to a close to Gaussian profile resulting in a good matching between the field patterns of the quantum cascade laser and the antenna of a superconducting hot electron bolometric mixer. Noise temperature measurements with the hot electron bolometer and a 2.5 THz quantum cascade laser yielded the same result as with a gas laser as local oscillator. | ||||
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Call Number | Serial | 627 | |||
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Author | Rabanus, D.; Graf, U. U.; Philipp, M.; Ricken, O.; Stutzki, J.; Vowinkel, B.; Wiedner, M. C.; Walther, C.; Fischer, M.; Faist, J. | ||||
Title | Phase locking of a 1.5 terahertz quantum cascade laser and use as a local oscillator in a heterodyne HEB receiver | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2009 | Publication | Optics Express | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 17 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 1159-1168 |
Keywords | QCL heterodyne, 300 uW at 1.5 THz, HEB mixer | ||||
Abstract | We demonstrate for the first time the closure of an electronic phase lock loop for a continuous–wave quantum cascade laser (QCL) at 1.5 THz. The QCL is operated in a closed cycle cryo cooler. We achieved a frequency stability of better than 100 Hz, limited by the resolution bandwidth of the spectrum analyser. The PLL electronics make use of the intermediate frequency (IF) obtained from a hot electron bolometer (HEB) which is downconverted to a PLL IF of 125 MHz. The coarse selection of the longitudinal mode and the fine tuning is achieved via the bias voltage of the QCL. Within a QCL cavity mode, the free-running QCL shows frequency fluctuations of about 5 MHz, which the PLL circuit is able to control via the Stark–shift of the QCL gain material. Temperature dependent tuning is shown to be nonlinear, and of the order of -16 MHz/K. Additionally we have used the QCL as local oscillator (LO) to pump an HEB and perform, again for the first time at 1.5 THz, a heterodyne experiment, and obtain a receiver noise temperature of 1741 K. | ||||
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Call Number | Serial | 628 | |||
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Author | Ryabchun, Sergey; Tong, Cheuk-Yu Edward; Paine, Scott; Lobanov, Yury; Blundell, Raymond; Goltsman, Gregory | ||||
Title | Temperature resolution of an HEB receiver at 810 GHz | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2009 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Volume | 19 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 293-296 |
Keywords | HEB mixer | ||||
Abstract | We present the results of direct measurements of the temperature resolution of an HEB receiver operating at 810 GHz, in both continuum and spectroscopic modes. In the continuum mode, the input of the receiver was switched between black bodies with different physical temperatures. With a system noise temperature of around 1100 K, the receiver was able to resolve loads which differed in temperature by about 1 K over an integration time of 5 seconds. This resolution is significantly worse than the value of 0.07 K given by the radiometer equation. In the spectroscopic mode, a gas cell filled with carbonyl sulphide (OCS) gas was used and the emission line at 813.3537060 GHz was measured using the receiver in conjunction with a digital spectrometer. From the observed spectra, we determined that the measurement uncertainty of the equivalent emission temperature was 2.8 K for an integration time of 0.25 seconds and a spectral resolution of 12 MHz, compared to a 1.4 K temperature resolution given by the radiometer equation. This relative improvement is due to the fact that at short integration times the contribution from 1/f noise and drift are less dominant. In both modes, the temperature resolution was improved by about 40% with the use of a feedback loop which adjusted the level of an injected microwave radiation to maintain a constant operating current of the HEB mixer. This stabilization scheme has proved to be very effective to keep the temperature resolution of the HEB receiver to close to the theoretical value given by the radiometer equation. | ||||
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Call Number | Serial | 636 | |||
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Author | Tretyakov, Ivan; Ryabchun, Sergey; Finkel, Matvey; Maslennikova, Anna; Kaurova, Natalia; Lobastova, Anastasia; Voronov, Boris; Gol'tsman, Gregory | ||||
Title | Low noise and wide bandwidth of NbN hot-electron bolometer mixers | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2011 | Publication | Appl. Phys. Lett. | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Volume | 98 | Issue | Pages | 033507 (1 to 3) | |
Keywords | NbN HEB mixer | ||||
Abstract | We report a record double sideband noise temperature of 600 K (5hν/kB) offered by a NbN hot-electron bolometer receiver at 2.5 THz. Allowing for standing wave effects, this value was found to be constant in the intermediate frequency range 1–7 GHz, which indicates that the mixer has an unprecedentedly large noise bandwidth in excess of 7 GHz. The insight into this is provided by gain bandwidth measurements performed at the superconducting transition. They show that the dependence of the bandwidth on the mixer length follows the model for an HEB mixer with diffusion and phonon cooling of the hot electrons. | ||||
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Call Number | RPLAB @ gujma @ | Serial | 638 | ||
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Author | Масленникова, А. В.; Рябчун, С. А.; Финкель, М. И.; Каурова, Н. С.; Исупова, А. А.; Воронов, Б. М.; Гольцман, Г. Н. | ||||
Title | Широкополосные смесители на горячих электронах на основе NbN наноструктур | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2011 | Publication | Труды Московского физико-технического института | Abbreviated Journal | Труды МФТИ |
Volume | 3 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 31-34 |
Keywords | HEB mixer | ||||
Abstract | Мы приводим данные исследования полосы преобразования смесителей на горячих электронах (hot-electron bolometer, НЕВ), изготовленных на основе тонких пленок NbN. Зависимость полосы преобразования от длины смесительного элемента находится в прекрасном согласии с результатами теоретической модели HEB-смесителя, в котором энергетическая релаксация электронов одновременно происходит по двум каналам: фононному и диффузионному. | ||||
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Call Number | RPLAB @ gujma @ | Serial | 646 | ||
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Author | Tret’yakov, I. V.; Ryabchun, S. A.; Kaurova, N. S.; Larionov, P. A.; Lobastova, A. A.; Voronov, B. M.; Finkel, M. I.; Gol’tsman, G. N. | ||||
Title | Optimum absorbed heterodyne power for superconducting NbN hot-electron bolometer mixer | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2010 | Publication | Tech. Phys. Lett. | Abbreviated Journal | Tech. Phys. Lett. |
Volume | 36 | Issue | 12 | Pages | 1103-1105 |
Keywords | NbN HEB mixer | ||||
Abstract | Absorbed heterodyne power has been measured in a low-noise broadband hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixer for the terahertz range, operating on the effect of electron heating in the resistive state of an ultrathin superconducting NbN film. It is established that the optimum absorbed heterodyne power for the HEB mixer operating at 2.5 THz is about 100 nW. | ||||
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ISSN | 1063-7850 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1389 | |||
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Author | Братман, В.Л.; Литвак, А.Г.; Суворов, Е.В. | ||||
Title | Освоение терагерцевого диапазона: источники и приложения | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2010 | Publication | Успехи физических наук | Abbreviated Journal | Успехи физ. наук |
Volume | 181 | Issue | 8 | Pages | 867–874 |
Keywords | HEB | ||||
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Call Number | RPLAB @ gujma @ | Serial | 674 | ||
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Author | Пентин, И. В.; Смирнов, К. В.; Вахтомин, Ю. Б.; Смирнов, А. В.; Ожегов, Р. В.; Дивочий, А. В.; Гольцман, Г. Н. | ||||
Title | Быстродействующий терагерцевый приемник и инфракрасный счетчик одиночных фотонов на эффекте разогрева электронов в сверхпроводниковых тонкопленочных наноструктурах | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2011 | Publication | Труды МФТИ | Abbreviated Journal | Труды МФТИ |
Volume | 3 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 38-42 |
Keywords | SSPD, SNSPD, HEB | ||||
Abstract | Представлены результаты создания приемных систем терагерцевого диапазона (0.3-70 ТГц), обладающих рекордным быстродействием (50 пс) и высокой чувствительностью (до 5x 10^(-14) Вт/Гц^(1/2)), а также однофотонных приемных систем ближнего инфракрасного диапазона с квантовой эффективностью 25 %, уровнем темнового счета 10-1c., максимальной скоростью счета ~ 100 МГц и временным разрешением до 50 пс. | ||||
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Call Number | RPLAB @ gujma @ | Serial | 707 | ||
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Author | Korneev, A.; Finkel, M.; Maslennikov, S.; Korneeva, Yu.; Florya, I.; Tarkhov, M.; Elezov, M.; Ryabchun, S.; Tretyakov, I.; Isupova, A.; Voronov, B.; Goltsman, G. | ||||
Title | Superconducting NbN terahertz detectors and infrared photon counters | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2010 | Publication | Вестник НГУ. Серия: физ. | Abbreviated Journal | Вестник НГУ. Серия: физ. |
Volume | 5 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 68-72 |
Keywords | HEB; HEB mixer | ||||
Abstract | We present our recent achievements in the development of sensitive and ultrafast thin-film superconducting sensors: hot-electron bolometers (HEB), HEB-mixers for terahertz range and infrared single-photon counters. These sensors have already demonstrated a performance that makes them devices-of-choice for many terahertz and optical applications. Keywords: Hot electron bolometer mixers, infrared single-photon detectors, superconducting device fabrication, superconducting NbN films. | ||||
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ISSN | 1818-7994 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | УДК 538.9 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | RPLAB @ gujma @ | Serial | 708 | ||
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Author | Tretyakov, Ivan; Ryabchun, Sergey; Finkel, Matvey; Maslennikov, Sergey; Maslennikova, Anna; Kaurova, Natalia; Lobastova, Anastasia; Voronov, Boris; Gol'tsman, Gregory | ||||
Title | Ultrawide noise bandwidth of NbN hot-electron bolometer mixers with in situ gold contacts | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2011 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 21 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 620-623 |
Keywords | NbN HEB mixer bandwidth | ||||
Abstract | We report a noise bandwidth of 7 GHz in the new generation of NbN hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers that are being developed for the space observatory Millimetron. The HEB receiver driven by a 2.5-THz local oscillator offered a noise temperature of 600 K in a 50-MHz final detection bandwidth. As the filter center frequency was swept this value remained nearly constant up to the cutoff frequency of the cryogenic amplifier at 7 GHz. We believe that such a low value of the noise temperature is due to reduced radio frequency (RF) loss at the interface between the superconducting film and the gold contacts. We have also performed gain bandwidth measurements at the superconducting transition on HEB mixers with various lengths and found them to be in excellent agreement with the results of the analytical and numerical models developed for the HEB mixer with both diffusion and phonon cooling of hot electrons. | ||||
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Call Number | RPLAB @ gujma @ | Serial | 716 | ||
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Author | Lobanov, Y.; Tong, E.; Blundell, R.; Hedden, A.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G. | ||||
Title | Large-signal frequency response of an HEB mixer: from 300 MHz to terahertz | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2011 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 21 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 628-631 |
Keywords | waveguide NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | We present a study of the large signal frequency response of an HEB mixer over a wide frequency range. In our experiments, we have subjected the HEB mixer to incident electromagnetic radiation from 0.3 GHz to 1 THz. The mixer element is an NbN film deposited on crystalline quartz. The mixer chip is mounted in a waveguide cavity, coupled to free space with a diagonal horn. At microwave frequencies, electromagnetic radiation is applied through the coaxial bias port of the mixer block. At higher frequencies the input signal passes via the diagonal horn feed. At each frequency, the incident power is varied and a family of I-V curves is recorded. From the curves we identify 3 distinct regimes of operation of the mixer separated by the phonon relaxation frequency and the superconducting energy gap frequency observed at about 3 GHz and 660 GHz respectively. In this paper, we will present observed curves and discuss the results of our experiment. | ||||
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Call Number | RPLAB @ gujma @ | Serial | 719 | ||
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Author | Lobanov, Y.V.; Tong, C.-Y.E.; Hedden, A.S.; Blundell, R.; Voronov, B.M.; Gol'tsman, G.N. | ||||
Title | Direct measurement of the gain and noise bandwidths of HEB mixers | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2011 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Volume | 21 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 645-648 |
Keywords | waveguide NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | The intermediate frequency (IF) bandwidth of a hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixer is an important parameter of the mixer, in that it helps to determine its suitability for a given application. With the availability of wideband low noise amplifiers, it is simple to measure the performance of an HEB mixer over a wide range of IF at a fixed LO frequency using the standard Y-factor method. This in-situ method allows us to measure both the gain and noise bandwidths simultaneously. We have also measured mixer output impedance with a vector network analyser. Intrinsic time constant has been extracted from the impedance data and compared to the mixer's bandwidths determined from receiver Y-factor measurement. | ||||
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Call Number | RPLAB @ gujma @ | Serial | 720 | ||
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Author | Ожегов, Роман Викторович | ||||
Title | Флуктуационная чувствительность и стабильность приемников с СИС и HEB смесителями для терагерцового тепловидения | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2011 | Publication | Радиофизика | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 135 | ||
Keywords | HEB | ||||
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Call Number | RPLAB @ gujma @ | Serial | 731 | ||
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Author | Burke, P. J.; Schoelkopf, R. J.; Prober, D. E.; Skalare, A.; Karasik, B. S.; Gaidis, M. C.; McGrath, W. R.; Bumble, B.; Leduc, H. G. | ||||
Title | Spectrum of thermal fluctuation noise in diffusion and phonon cooled hot-electron mixers | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1998 | Publication | Applied Physics Letters | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Volume | 72 | Issue | 12 | Pages | 1516-1518 |
Keywords | HEB mixer; thermal fluctuation noise; TFN | ||||
Abstract | A systematic study of the intermediate frequency noise bandwidth of Nb thin-film superconducting hot-electron bolometers is presented. We have measured the spectrum of the output noise as well as the conversion efficiency over a very broad intermediate frequency range (from 0.1 to 7.5 GHz) for devices varying in length from 0.08 μm to 3 μm. Local oscillator and rf signals from 8 to 40 GHz were used. For a device of a given length, the spectrum of the output noise and the conversion efficiency behave similarly for intermediate frequencies less than the gain bandwidth, in accordance with a simple thermal model for both the mixing and thermal fluctuation noise. For higher intermediate frequencies the conversion efficiency decreases; in contrast, the noise decreases but has a second contribution which dominates at higher frequency. The noise bandwidth is larger than the gain bandwidth, and the mixer noise is low, between 120 and 530 K (double side band). | ||||
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Call Number | RPLAB @ gujma @ | Serial | 760 | ||
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Author | Kawakami, A; Saito, S.; Hyodo, M. | ||||
Title | Fabrication of nano-antennas for superconducting Infrared detectors | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2011 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 21 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 632-635 |
Keywords | optical antennas, NbN/MgO/NbN/TiN/Al HEB, dipole antennas, IR, infrared | ||||
Abstract | To improve the response performance of superconducting infrared detectors, we have developed a fabrication process for nano-antennas. A nano-antenna consists of a dipole antenna, and a superconducting thin film strip placed in the antenna's center. By measuring the transition temperature of the superconducting strips, we confirmed that their superconductivity maintained a good condition after the nano-antenna fabrication process. We also evaluated nano-antenna characteristics using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The evaluated antenna length and width were respectively set at around 2400 nm and 400 nm, and the antennas were placed at intervals of several micrometers around the area of 1 mm2 . In an evaluation of spectral transmission characteristics, clear absorption caused by antenna effects was observed at around 1400 cm-1. High polarization dependencies were also observed. | ||||
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Call Number | Serial | 761 | |||
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Author | Il'in, K. S.; Lindgren, M.; Currie, M. A.; Semenov, D.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Sobolewski, Roman; Cherednichenko, S. I.; Gershenzon, E. M. | ||||
Title | Picosecond hot-electron energy relaxation in NbN superconducting photodetectors | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2000 | Publication | Appl. Phys. Lett. | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Volume | 76 | Issue | 19 | Pages | 2752-2754 |
Keywords | NbN HEB detectors, two-temperature model, IF bandwidth | ||||
Abstract | We report time-resolved characterization of superconducting NbN hot-electron photodetectors using an electro-optic sampling method. Our samples were patterned into micron-size microbridges from 3.5-nm-thick NbN films deposited on sapphire substrates. The devices were illuminated with 100 fs optical pulses, and the photoresponse was measured in the ambient temperature range between 2.15 and 10.6 K (superconducting temperature transition TC). The experimental data agreed very well with the nonequilibrium hot-electron, two-temperature model. The quasiparticle thermalization time was ambient temperature independent and was measured to be 6.5 ps. The inelastic electron–phonon scattering time Ï„e–ph tended to decrease with the temperature increase, although its change remained within the experimental error, while the phonon escape time Ï„es decreased almost by a factor of two when the sample was put in direct contact with superfluid helium. Specifically, Ï„e–ph and Ï„es, fitted by the two-temperature model, were equal to 11.6 and 21 ps at 2.15 K, and 10(±2) and 38 ps at 10.5 K, respectively. The obtained value of Ï„e–ph shows that the maximum intermediate frequency bandwidth of NbN hot-electron phonon-cooled mixers operating at TC can reach 16(+4/–3) GHz if one eliminates the bolometric phonon-heating effect. | ||||
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ISSN | 0003-6951 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Call Number | Serial | 856 | |||
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Author | Elant'ev, A. I.; Karasik, B. S. | ||||
Title | Effect of high-frequency current on Nb superconductive film in resistive state | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1989 | Publication | Sov. J. Low Temp. Phys. | Abbreviated Journal | Sov. J. Low Temp. Phys. |
Volume | 15 | Issue | 7 | Pages | 379-383 |
Keywords | Nb HEB | ||||
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Call Number | Serial | 882 | |||
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Author | Гершензон, Е. М.; Гольцман, Г. Н.; Елантьев, А. И.; Карасик, Б. С.; Потоскуев, С. Э. | ||||
Title | Разогрев электронов в резистивном состоянии сверхпроводника электромагнитным излучением значительной интенсивности | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1988 | Publication | Физика низких температур | Abbreviated Journal | Физика низких температур |
Volume | 14 | Issue | 7 | Pages | 753-763 |
Keywords | HEB | ||||
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Notes | Duplicated as 1697 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Serial | 883 | |||
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Author | Kaganov, M. L.; Lifshitz, I. M.; Tanatarov, L. V. | ||||
Title | Relaxation between electrons and the crystalline lattice | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1957 | Publication | Sov. Phys. JETP | Abbreviated Journal | Sov. Phys. JETP |
Volume | 4 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 173-178 |
Keywords | HEB, nonlinear equations, numerical model | ||||
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Call Number | Serial | 894 | |||
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Author | Vercruyssen, N.; Verhagen, T. G. A.; Flokstra, M. G.; Pekola, J. P.; Klapwijk, T. M. | ||||
Title | Evanescent states and nonequilibrium in driven superconducting nanowires | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2012 | Publication | Phys. Rev. B | Abbreviated Journal | Phys. Rev. B |
Volume | 85 | Issue | Pages | 224503(1-10) | |
Keywords | Al HEB, Al superconducting nanowire, global state, bimodal state, quasiclassical kinetic equations, Usadel equation | ||||
Abstract | We study the nonlinear response of current transport in a superconducting diffusive nanowire between normal reservoirs. We demonstrate theoretically and experimentally the existence of two different superconducting states appearing when the wire is driven out of equilibrium by an applied bias, called the global and bimodal superconducting states. The different states are identified by using two-probe measurements of the wire, and measurements of the local density of states with tunneling probes. The analysis is performed within the framework of the quasiclassical kinetic equations for diffusive superconductors. | ||||
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Call Number | Serial | 898 | |||
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Author | Semenov, A. D.; Nebosis, R. S.; Gousev, Yu. P.; Heusinger, M. A.; Renk, K. F. | ||||
Title | Analysis of the nonequilibrium photoresponse of superconducting films to pulsed radiation by use of a two-temperature model | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1995 | Publication | Phys. Rev. B | Abbreviated Journal | Phys. Rev. B |
Volume | 52 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 581-590 |
Keywords | HEB, NbN phonon scecific heat, Cp | ||||
Abstract | Photoresponse of a superconducting film in the resistive state to pulsed radiation has been studied in the framework of a model assuming that two different effective temperatures can be assigned to the quasiparticle and phonon nonequilibrium distributions. The coupled electron-phonon-substrate system is described by a system of time-dependent energy-balance differential equations for effective temperatures. An analytical solution of the system is given and calculated voltage transients are compared with experimental photoresponse signals taking into account the radiation pulse shape and the time resolution of the readout electronics. It is supposed that a resistive state (vortices, fluxons, network of intergrain junctions, hot spots, phase slip centers) provides an ultrafast connection between electron temperature changes and changes of the film resistance and thus plays a minor role in the temporal evolution of the response. In accordance with experimental observations a two-component response was revealed from simulations. The slower component corresponds to a bolometric mechanism while the fast component is connected with the relaxation of the electron temperature. Calculated photoresponse transients are presented for different ratios of the electron and phonon specific heat, radiation pulse durations and fluences, and frequency band passes of registration electronics. From the amplitude of the bolometric component we determine the radiation energy absorbed in a film. This enables us to reveal an intrinsic electron-phonon scattering time even if it is much shorter than the time resolution of readout electronics. We analyze experimental voltage transients for NbN, YBa2Cu3O7, and TlBa2Ca2Cu3O9 superconducting films and find the electron-phonon interaction times at the transition temperatures of 17, 2.5, and 1.8 ps, respectively. The values are in reasonable agreement with data of other experiments. | ||||
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Call Number | Serial | 903 | |||
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Author | Gao, J. R.; Hovenier, J. N.; Yang, Z. Q.; Baselmans, J. J. A.; Baryshev, A.; Hajenius, M.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Adam, A. J. L.; Klaassen, T. O.; Williams, B. S.; Kumar, S.; Hu, Q.; Reno, J. L. | ||||
Title | Terahertz heterodyne receiver based on a quantum cascade laser and a superconducting bolometer | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2005 | Publication | Appl. Phys. Lett. | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Volume | 86 | Issue | Pages | 244104 (1 to 3) | |
Keywords | HEB, QCL | ||||
Abstract | We report the first demonstration of an all solid-stateheterodyne receiver that can be used for high-resolution spectroscopy above 2THz suitable for space-based observatories. The receiver uses a NbN superconducting hot-electron bolometer as mixer and a quantum cascade laser operating at 2.8THz as local oscillator. We measure a double sideband receiver noise temperature of 1400K at 2.8THz and 4.2K, and find that the free-running QCL has sufficient power stability for a practical receiver, demonstrating an unprecedented combination of sensitivity and stability. | ||||
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Call Number | Serial | 905 | |||
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Author | Lobanov, Yury; Shcherbatenko, Michael; Shurakov, Alexander; Rodin, Alexander V.; Klimchuk, Artem; Nadezhdinsky, Alexander I.; Maslennikov, Sergey; Larionov, Pavel; Finkel, Matvey; Semenov, Alexander; Verevkin, Aleksandr A.; Voronov, Boris M.; Ponurovsky, Yakov; Klapwijk, Teunis M.; Gol'tsman, Gregory N. | ||||
Title | Heterodyne detection at near-infrared wavelengths with a superconducting NbN hot-electron bolometer mixer | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2014 | Publication | Opt. Lett. | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 39 | Issue | 6 | Pages | 1429-1432 |
Keywords | HEB, zebra, IR, infrared | ||||
Abstract | We report on the development of a highly sensitive optical receiver for heterodyne IR spectroscopy at the communication wavelength of 1.5 μm (200 THz) by use of a superconducting hot-electron bolometer. The results are important for the resolution of narrow spectral molecular lines in the near-IR range for the study of astronomical objects, as well as for quantum optical tomography and fiber-optic sensing. Receiver configuration as well as fiber-to-detector light coupling designs are discussed. Light absorption of the superconducting detectors was enhanced by nano-optical antennas, which were coupled to optical fibers. An intermediate frequency (IF) bandwidth of about 3 GHz was found in agreement with measurements at 300 GHz, and a noise figure of about 25 dB was obtained that was only 10 dB above the quantum limit. | ||||
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Call Number | Serial | 906 | |||
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Author | Pütz, P.; Honingh, C. E.; Jacobs, K.; Justen, M.; Schultz, M.; Stutzki, J. | ||||
Title | Terahertz hot electron bolometer waveguide mixers for GREAT | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2012 | Publication | Astron. Astrophys. | Abbreviated Journal | A&A |
Volume | 542 | Issue | Pages | L2 | |
Keywords | HEB mixer, applications | ||||
Abstract | Context. Supplementing the publications based on the first-light observations with the German REceiver for Astronomy at Terahertz frequencies (GREAT) on SOFIA, we present background information on the underlying heterodyne detector technology. This Letter complements the GREAT instrument Letter and focuses on the mixers itself. Aims. We describe the superconducting hot electron bolometer (HEB) detectors that are used as frequency mixers in the L1 (1400 GHz), L2 (1900 GHz), and M (2500 GHz) channels of GREAT. Measured performance of the detectors is presented and background information on their operation in GREAT is given. Methods. Our mixer units are waveguide-based and couple to free-space radiation via a feedhorn antenna. The HEB mixers are designed, fabricated, characterized, and flight-qualified in-house. We are able to use the full intermediate frequency bandwidth of the mixers using silicon-germanium multi-octave cryogenic low-noise amplifiers with very low input return loss. Results. Superconducting HEB mixers have proven to be practical and sensitive detectors for high-resolution THz frequency spectroscopy on SOFIA. We show that our niobium-titanium-nitride (NbTiN) material HEBs on silicon nitride (SiN) membrane substrates have an intermediate frequency (IF) noise roll-off frequency above 2.8 GHz, which does not limit the current receiver IF bandwidth. Our mixer technology development efforts culminate in the first successful operation of a waveguide-based HEB mixer at 2.5 THz and deployment for radioastronomy. A significant contribution to the success of GREAT is made by technological development, thorough characterization and performance optimization of the mixer and its IF interface for receiver operation on SOFIA. In particular, the development of an optimized mixer IF interface contributes to the low passband ripple and excellent stability, which GREAT demonstrated during its initial successful astronomical observation runs. |
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Call Number | Serial | 907 | |||
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Author | Cherednichenko, Sergey; Drakinskiy, Vladimir; Berg, Therese; Khosropanah, Pourya; Kollberg, Erik | ||||
Title | Hot-electron bolometer terahertz mixers for the Herschel Space Observatory | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2008 | Publication | Review of Scientific Instruments | Abbreviated Journal | Rev. Sci. Instrum. |
Volume | 79 | Issue | Pages | 034501 | |
Keywords | HEB mixer, HEB detector, HEB direct detector, applications | ||||
Abstract | We report on low noise terahertz mixers(1.4–1.9THz) developed for the heterodyne spectrometer onboard the Herschel Space Observatory. The mixers employ double slot antenna integrated superconducting hot-electron bolometers (HEBs) made of thin NbN films. The mixer performance was characterized in terms of detection sensitivity across the entire rf band by using a Fourier transform spectrometer (from 0.5to2.5THz, with 30GHz resolution) and also by measuring the mixernoise temperature at a limited number of discrete frequencies. The lowest mixernoise temperature recorded was 750K [double sideband (DSB)] at 1.6THz and 950KDSB at 1.9THz local oscillator (LO) frequencies. Averaged across the intermediate frequency band of 2.4–4.8GHz, the mixernoise temperature was 1100KDSB at 1.6THz and 1450KDSB at 1.9THz LO frequencies. The HEB heterodyne receiver stability has been analyzed and compared to the HEB stability in the direct detection mode. The optimal local oscillator power was determined and found to be in a 200–500nW range. | ||||
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Call Number | Serial | 908 | |||
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Author | Yagoubov, P.; Kroug, M.; Merkel, H.; Kollberg, E.; Gol'tsman, G.; Svechnikov, S.; Gershenzon, E. | ||||
Title | Noise temperature and local oscillator power requirement of NbN phonon-cooled hot electron bolometric mixers at terahertz frequencies | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1998 | Publication | Appl. Phys. Lett. | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Volume | 73 | Issue | 19 | Pages | 2814-2816 |
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers, noise temperature, local oscillator power | ||||
Abstract | In this letter, the noise performance of NbN-based phonon-cooled hot electron bolometric quasioptical mixers is investigated in the 0.55–1.1 THz frequency range. The best results of the double-sideband <cd><2018>DSB<cd><2019> noise temperature are: 500 K at 640 GHz, 600 K at 750 GHz, 850 K at 910 GHz, and 1250 K at 1.1 THz. The water vapor in the signal path causes significant contribution to the measured receiver noise temperature around 1.1 THz. The devices are made from 3-nm-thick NbN film on high-resistivity Si and integrated with a planar spiral antenna on the same substrate. The in-plane dimensions of the bolometer strip are typically 0.2Ï«2 um. The amount of local oscillator power absorbed in the bolometer is less than 100 nW. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 911 | |||
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Author | Gurevich, A. Vl.; Mints, R. G. | ||||
Title | Self-heating in normal metals and superconductors | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1987 | Publication | Rev. Mod. Phys. | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 59 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 941-1000 |
Keywords | HEB, Joule self-heating effect | ||||
Abstract | This review is devoted to the physics of current-carrying superconductors and normal metals having two or more stable states sustained by Joule self-heating. The creation, propagation, and localization of electrothermal domains and switching waves leading to the transition from one stable state to another in uniform and nonuniform samples are treated in detail. The connection between thermal bistability and hysteresis, dropping and stepped current-voltage characteristics, self-induced oscillations of current and voltage, selfreplication of electrothermal domains, and the formation of periodic and stochastic resistive structures are considered. | ||||
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Call Number | Serial | 917 | |||
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Author | Pekker, David; Shah, Nayana; Sahu, Mitrabhanu; Bezryadin, Alexey; Goldbart, Paul M. | ||||
Title | Stochastic dynamics of phase-slip trains and superconductive-resistive switching in current-biased nanowires | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2009 | Publication | Phys. Rev. B | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 80 | Issue | Pages | 214525 (1 to 17) | |
Keywords | superconducting nanowire, phase-slip, order parameter, HEB distributed model, HEB model | ||||
Abstract | Superconducting nanowires fabricated via carbon-nanotube templating can be used to realize and study quasi-one-dimensional superconductors. However, measurement of the linear resistance of these nanowires have been inconclusive in determining the low-temperature behavior of phase-slip fluctuations, both quantal and thermal. Thus, we are motivated to study the nonlinear current-voltage characteristics in current-biased nanowires and the stochastic dynamics of superconductive-resistive switching, as a way of probing phase-slip events. In particular, we address the question: can a single phase-slip event occurring somewhere along the wire—during which the order-parameter fluctuates to zero—induce switching, via the local heating it causes? We explore this and related issues by constructing a stochastic model for the time evolution of the temperature in a nanowire whose ends are maintained at a fixed temperature. We derive the corresponding master equation as a tool for evaluating and analyzing the mean switching time at a given value of current (smaller than the depairing critical current). The model indicates that although, in general, several phase-slip events are necessary to induce switching via a thermal runaway, there is indeed a regime of temperatures and currents in which a single event is sufficient. We carry out a detailed comparison of the results of the model with experimental measurements of the distribution of switching currents, and provide an explanation for the rather counterintuitive broadening of the distribution width that is observed upon lowering the temperature. Moreover, we identify a regime in which the experiments are probing individual phase-slip events, and thus offer a way of unearthing and exploring the physics of nanoscale quantum tunneling of the one-dimensional collective quantum field associated with the superconducting order parameter. | ||||
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Notes | Recommended by Klapwijk | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Serial | 923 | |||
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Author | Phillips, T. G.; Jefferts, K. B. | ||||
Title | A low temperature bolometer heterodyne receiver for Millimeter wave astronomy | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1973 | Publication | Rev. Sci. Instrum. | Abbreviated Journal | Rev. Sci. Instrum. |
Volume | 44 | Issue | 8 | Pages | 1009-1014 |
Keywords | InSb HEB mixer | ||||
Abstract | Liquid helium cooled InSb hot electronbolometers are used in a balanced mixer configuration as detectors for an imagelessmicrowave receiver. The system is designed for mounting at the prime focus of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) 11 m antenna at Kitt Peak, Arizona, and is suitable for the study of rotational line spectra of interstellar gas molecules. Currently the operating frequency is in the 90–140 GHz band where the double sideband system noise temperature is 250 K. | ||||
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Notes | Recommended by Klapwijk | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Serial | 927 | |||
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Author | Miao, W.; Zhang, W.; Zhong, J. Q.; Shi, S. C.; Delorme, Y.; Lefevre, R.; Feret, A; Vacelet, T | ||||
Title | Non-uniform absorption of terahertz radiation on superconducting hot electron bolometer microbridges | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2014 | Publication | Appl. Phys. Lett. | Abbreviated Journal | <ef><bf><bc>Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Volume | 104 | Issue | Pages | 052605(1-4) | |
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers, local oscillator power, RF nonuniform absorption | ||||
Abstract | We interpret the experimental observation of a frequency-dependence of superconducting hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixers by taking into account the non-uniform absorption of the terahertz radiation on the superconducting HEB microbridge. The radiation absorption is assumed to be proportional to the local surface resistance of the HEB microbridge, which is computed using the Mattis-Bardeen theory. With this assumption the dc and mixing characteristics of a superconducting niobium-nitride (NbN) HEB device have been modeled at frequencies below and above the equilibrium gap frequency of the NbN film. | ||||
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Call Number | Serial | 935 | |||
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Author | Huard, B.; Pothier, H.; Esteve, D.; Nagaev, K. E. | ||||
Title | Electron heating in metallic resistors at sub-Kelvin temperature | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2007 | Publication | Phys. Rev. B | Abbreviated Journal | Phys. Rev. B |
Volume | 76 | Issue | Pages | 165426(1-9) | |
Keywords | electron heating in resistor, HEB distributed model, HEB model, hot electrons | ||||
Abstract | In the presence of Joule heating, the electronic temperature in a metallic resistor placed at sub-Kelvin temperatures can significantly exceed the phonon temperature. Electron cooling proceeds mainly through two processes: electronic diffusion to and from the connecting wires and electron-phonon coupling. The goal of this paper is to present a general solution of the problem in a form that can easily be used in practical situations. As an application, we compute two quantities that depend on the electronic temperature profile: the second and the third cumulant of the current noise at zero frequency, as a function of the voltage across the resistor. We also consider time-dependent heating, an issue relevant for experiments in which current pulses are used, for instance, in time-resolved calorimetry experiments. | ||||
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Notes | Recommended by Klapwijk as example for writing the article on the HEB model. | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Serial | 936 | |||
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Author | Bardeen, J; Mattis, D. C. | ||||
Title | Theory of the anomalous skin effect in normal and superconducting metals | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1958 | Publication | Phys. Rev. | Abbreviated Journal | Phys. Rev. |
Volume | 111 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 412-417 |
Keywords | local dirty limit, complex conductivity, HEB | ||||
Abstract | Chambers' expression for the current density in a normal metal in which the electric field varies over a mean free path is derived from a quantum approach in which use is made of the density matrix in the presence of scattering centers but in the absence of the field. An approximate expression used for the latter is shown to reduce to one derived by Kohn and Luttinger for the case of weak scattering. A general space-and time-varying electromagnetic interaction is treated by first-order perturbation theory. The method is applied to superconductors, and a general expression derived for the kernel of the Pippard integral for fields of arbitrary frequency. The expressions derived can also be used to discuss absorption of electromagnetic radiation in thin superconducting films. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 937 | |||
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Author | Shurakov, A.; Tong, Cheuk-yu E.; Grimes, P.; Blundell, R.; Golt'sman, G. | ||||
Title | A microwave reflection readout scheme for hot electron bolometric direct detector | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2015 | Publication | IEEE Trans. THz Sci. Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | IEEE Trans. THz Sci. Technol. |
Volume | 5 | Issue | Pages | 81-84 | |
Keywords | HEB detectors | ||||
Abstract | In this paper, we propose and present data from a fast THz detector based on the repurpose of hot electron bolometer mixers (HEB) fabricated from superconducting NbN thinfilm. This detector is essentially a traditional NbN bolometer element that operates under the influence of a microwave pump. The in-jected microwave power serves the dual purpose of enhancing the detector sensitivity and reading out the impedance changes of the device in response to incidentTHz radiation. We have measured an optical Noise Equivalent Power of 4 pW/ Hz for our detector at a bath temperature of 4.2 K. The measurement frequency was 0.83 THz and the modulation frequency was 1.48 kHz. The readout scheme is versatile and facilitates both high-speed operation as well as multi-pixel applications. |
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Call Number | RPLAB @ atomics90 @ | Serial | 950 | ||
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Author | Trifonov, A.; Tong, C.-Y. E.; Blundell, R.; Ryabchun, S.; Gol'tsman, G. | ||||
Title | Probing the stability of HEB mixers with microwave injection | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2015 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Volume | 25 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 2300404 (1 to 4) |
Keywords | NbN HEB mixer, stability, Allan-variance | ||||
Abstract | Using a microwave probe as a tool, we have performed experiments aimed at understanding the origin of the output-power fluctuations in hot-electron-bolometer (HEB) mixers. We use a probe frequency of 1.5 GHz. The microwave probe picks up impedance changes of the HEB, which are examined upon demodulation of the reflected wave outside the cryostat. This study shows that the HEB mixer operates in two different regimes under a terahertz pump. At a low pumping level, strong pulse modulation is observed, as the device switches between the superconducting state and the normal state at a rate of a few megahertz. When pumped much harder, to approximate the low-noise mixer operating point, residual modulation can still be observed, showing that the HEB mixer is intrinsically unstable even in the resistive state. Based on these observations, we introduced a low-frequency termination to the HEB mixer. By terminating the device in a 50-Ω resistor in the megahertz frequency range, we have been able to improve the output-power Allan time of our HEB receiver by a factor of four to about 10 s for a detection bandwidth of 15 MHz, with a corresponding gain fluctuation of about 0.035%. | ||||
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ISSN | 1051-8223 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1355 | |||
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