Records |
Author |
Meledin, Denis; Pavolotsky, Alexey; Desmaris, Vincent.; Lapkin, Igor; Risacher, Christophe; Perez, Victor; Henke, Douglas; Nystrom, Olle; Sundin, Erik; Dochev, Dimitar; Pantaleev, Miroslav; Fredrixon, Mathias; Strandberg, Magnus; Voronov, Boris; Goltsman, Gregory; Belitsky, Victor |
Title |
A 1.3-THz balanced waveguide HEB mixer for the APEX telescope |
Type ![sorted by Type field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
Journal Article |
Year |
2009 |
Publication |
IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn. |
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Volume |
57 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
89-98 |
Keywords |
HEB, mixer, waveguide, balanced, NbN |
Abstract |
In this paper, we report about the development, fabrication, and characterization of a balanced waveguide hot electron bolometer (HEB) receiver for the Atacama Pathfinder EXperiment telescope covering the frequency band of 1.25–1.39 THz. The receiver uses a quadrature balanced scheme and two HEB mixers, fabricated from 4- to 5-nm-thick NbN film deposited on crystalline quartz substrate with an MgO buffer layer in between. We employed a novel micromachining method to produce all-metal waveguide parts at submicrometer accuracy (the main-mode waveguide dimensions are 90×180 μm). We present details on the mixer design and measurement results, including receiver noise performance, stability and “first-light†at the telescope site. The receiver yields a double-sideband noise temperature averaged over the RF band below 1200 K, and outstanding stability with a spectroscopic Allan time more than 200 s. |
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0018-9480 |
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RPLAB @ lobanovyury @ |
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554 |
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Cherednichenko, Sergey; Drakinskiy, Vladimir; Berg, Therese; Kollberg, Erik L.; Angelov, Iltcho |
Title |
The direct detection effect in the hot-electron bolometer mixer sensitivity calibration |
Type ![sorted by Type field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
Journal Article |
Year |
2007 |
Publication |
IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn. |
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Volume |
55 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
504-510 |
Keywords |
HEB, mixer, direct detection effect |
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0018-9480 |
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RPLAB @ lobanovyury @ |
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555 |
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Burke, P. J.; Schoelkopf, R. J.; Prober, D. E.; Skalare, A.; Karasik, B. S.; Gaidis, M. C.; McGrath, W. R.; Bumble, B.; LeDuc, H. G. |
Title |
Mixing and noise in diffusion and phonon cooled superconducting hot-electron bolometers |
Type ![sorted by Type field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
Journal Article |
Year |
1999 |
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J. Appl. Phys. |
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Volume |
85 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
1644-1653 |
Keywords |
HEB, mixer |
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0021-8979 |
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556 |
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Gao, J. R.; Hajenius, M.; Yang, Z. Q.; Baselmans, J. J. A.; Khosropanah, P.; Barends, R.; Klapwijk, T. M. |
Title |
Terahertz superconducting hot electron bolometer heterodyne receivers |
Type ![sorted by Type field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
Journal Article |
Year |
2007 |
Publication |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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Volume |
17 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
252-258 |
Keywords |
HEB, mixer, direct detection effect |
Abstract |
We highlight the progress on NbN hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixers achieved through fruitful collaboration between SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research and Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands. This includes the best receiver noise temperatures of 700 K at 1.63 THz using a twin-slot antenna mixer and 1050 K at 2.84 THz using a spiral antenna coupled HEB mixer. The mixers are based on thin NbN films on Si and fabricated with a new contact-process and-structure. By reducing their areas HEB mixers have shown an LO power requirement as low as 30 nW. Those small HEB mixers have demonstrated equivalent sensitivity as those with large areas provided the direct detection effect due to broadband radiation is removed. To manifest that a HEB based heterodyne receiver can in practice be used at arbitrary frequencies above 2 THz, we demonstrate a 2.8 THz receiver using a THz quantum cascade laser (QCL) as local oscillator. |
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1051-8223 |
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RPLAB @ asmirn @ |
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557 |
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Ryabchun, Sergey; Tong, Cheuk-Yu Edward; Blundell, Raymond; Gol'tsman, Gregory |
Title |
Stabilization scheme for hot-electron bolometer receivers using microwave radiation |
Type ![sorted by Type field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
Journal Article |
Year |
2009 |
Publication |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Abbreviated Journal |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Volume |
19 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
14-19 |
Keywords |
HEB, mixer, Allan variance, stabilization, radiometer equation |
Abstract |
We present the results of a stabilization scheme for terahertz receivers based on NbN hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers that uses microwave radiation with a frequency much lower than the gap frequency of NbN to compensate for mixer current fluctuations. A feedback control loop, which actively controls the power level of the injected microwave radiation, has successfully been implemented to stabilize the operating point of the HEB mixer. This allows us to increase the receiver Allan time to 10 s and also improve the temperature resolution of the receiver by about 30% in the total power mode of operation. |
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1051-8223 |
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RPLAB @ lobanovyury @ |
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559 |
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Author |
Cherednichenko, S.; Drakinskiy, V.; Baubert, J.; Krieg, J.-M.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G.; Desmaris, V. |
Title |
Gain bandwidth of NbN hot-electron bolometer terahertz mixers on 1.5 μm Si3N4 / SiO2 membranes |
Type ![sorted by Type field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
Journal Article |
Year |
2007 |
Publication |
J. Appl. Phys. |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Appl. Phys. |
Volume |
101 |
Issue |
12 |
Pages |
124508 (1 to 6) |
Keywords |
HEB, mixer, membrane |
Abstract |
The gain bandwidth of NbN hot-electron bolometer terahertz mixers on electrically thin Si3N4/SiO2 membranes was experimentally investigated and compared with that of HEB mixers on bulk substrates. A gain bandwidth of 3.5 GHz is achieved on bulk silicon, whereas the gain bandwidth is reduced down to 0.6–0.9 GHz for mixers on 1.5 μm Si3N4/SiO2 membranes. We show that application of a MgO buffer layer on the membrane extends the gain bandwidth to 3 GHz. The experimental data were analyzed using the film-substrate acoustic mismatch approach. |
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0021-8979 |
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560 |
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Author |
Fu, K.; Zannoni, R.; Chan, C.; Adams, S. H.; Nicholson, J.; Polizzi, E.; Yngvesson, K. S. |
Title |
Terahertz detection in single wall carbon nanotubes |
Type ![sorted by Type field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
Journal Article |
Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Applied Physics Letters |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Volume |
92 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
033105 |
Keywords |
HEB, single wall, carbon nanotube, CNT, SWNT, SWCNT, terahertz detection, THz |
Abstract |
It is reported that terahertz radiation from 0.69 to 2.54 THz has been sensitively detected in a device consisting of bundles of carbon nanotubes containing single wall metallic carbon nanotubes, quasioptically coupled through a lithographically fabricated antenna, and a silicon lens. The measured data are consistent with a bolometric detection process in the metallic tubes and the devices show promise for operation well above 4.2 K. |
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0003-6951 |
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NEP is not shown |
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566 |
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Author |
Siddiqi, I.; Prober, D. E. |
Title |
Nb–Au bilayer hot-electron bolometers for low-noise THz heterodyne detection |
Type ![sorted by Type field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
Journal Article |
Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Applied Physics Letters |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Volume |
84 |
Issue |
8 |
Pages |
1404 |
Keywords |
HEB, mixers, dynamic range, saturation, LO power, local oscillator power, Nb |
Abstract |
The sensitivity of present Nb diffusion-cooled hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers is not quantum limited, and can be improved by reducing the superconducting transition temperature TC. Lowering TC reduces thermal fluctuations, resulting in a decrease of the mixer noise temperature TM. However, lower TC mixers have reduced dynamic range and saturate more easily due to background noise. We present 30 GHz microwave measurements on a bilayer HEB system, Nb–Au, in which TC can be tuned with Au layer thickness to obtain the maximum sensitivity for a given noise background. These measurements are intended as a guide for the optimization of THz mixers. Using a Nb–Au mixer with TC = 1.6 K, we obtain TM = 50 K with 2 nW of local oscillator (LO) power. Good mixer performance is observed over a wide range of LO power and bias voltage and such a device should not exhibit saturation in a THz receiver. |
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0003-6951 |
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571 |
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Kawamura, J.; Blundell, R.; Tong, C.-Y. E.; Papa, D. C.; Hunter, T. R.; Paine, S. N.; Patt, F.; Gol'tsman, G.; Cherednichenko, S.; Voronov, B.; Gershenzon, E. |
Title |
Superconductive hot-electron-bolometer mixer receiver for 800-GHz operation |
Type ![sorted by Type field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
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Year |
2000 |
Publication |
IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn. |
Abbreviated Journal |
IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn. |
Volume |
48 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
683-689 |
Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers, LO power, local oscillator power, saturation, linearity, dynamic range |
Abstract |
In this paper, we describe a superconductive hot-electron-bolometer mixer receiver designed to operate in the partially transmissive 350-μm atmospheric window. The receiver employs an NbN thin-film microbridge as the mixer element, in which the main cooling mechanism of the hot electrons is through electron-phonon interaction. At a local-oscillator frequency of 808 GHz, the measured double-sideband receiver noise temperature is TRX=970 K, across a 1-GHz intermediate-frequency bandwidth centered at 1.8 GHz. We have measured the linearity of the receiver and the amount of local-oscillator power incident on the mixer for optimal operation, which is PLO≈1 μW. This receiver was used in making observations as a facility instrument at the Heinrich Hertz Telescope, Mt. Graham, AZ, during the 1998-1999 winter observing season. |
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0018-9480 |
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RPLAB @ lobanovyury @ |
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573 |
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Tong, C.-Y.E.; Meledin, D.V.; Marrone, D.P.; Paine, S.N.; Gibson, H.; Blundell, R. |
Title |
Near field vector beam measurements at 1 THz |
Type ![sorted by Type field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
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2003 |
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IEEE Microw. Compon. Lett. |
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13 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
235-237 |
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HEB, mixer, waveguide, LO power, local oscillator power, saturation effect, dynamic range |
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We have performed near-field vector beam measurements at 1.03 THz to characterize and align the receiver optics of a superconducting receiver. The signal source is a harmonic generator mounted on an X-Y translation stage. We model the measured two-dimensional complex beam pattern by a fundamental Gaussian mode, from which we derive the position of the beam center, the beam radius and the direction of propagation. By performing scans in the planes separated by 400 mm, we have confirmed that our beam pattern measurements are highly reliable. |
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1531-1309 |
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RPLAB @ lobanovyury @ |
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574 |
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Wei, Jian; Olaya, David; Karasik, Boris S.; Pereverzev, Sergey V.; Sergeev, Andrei V.; Gershenson, Michael E. |
Title |
Ultrasensitive hot-electron nanobolometers for terahertz astrophysics |
Type ![sorted by Type field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Nature Nanotechnology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature Nanotech |
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3 |
Issue |
8 |
Pages |
496-500 |
Keywords |
HEB, Ti/NbN, single terahertz photons, detection |
Abstract |
The submillimetre or terahertz region of the electromagnetic spectrum contains approximately half of the total luminosity of the Universe and 98% of all the photons emitted since the Big Bang. This radiation is strongly absorbed in the Earth's atmosphere, so space-based terahertz telescopes are crucial for exploring the evolution of the Universe. Thermal emission from the primary mirrors in these telescopes can be reduced below the level of the cosmic background by active cooling, which expands the range of faint objects that can be observed. However, it will also be necessary to develop bolometers – devices for measuring the energy of electromagnetic radiation—with sensitivities that are at least two orders of magnitude better than the present state of the art. To achieve this sensitivity without sacrificing operating speed, two conditions are required. First, the bolometer should be exceptionally well thermally isolated from the environment;
second, its heat capacity should be sufficiently small. Here we demonstrate that these goals can be achieved by building a superconducting hot-electron nanobolometer. Its design eliminates the energy exchange between hot electrons and the leads by blocking electron outdiffusion and photon emission. The thermal conductance between hot electrons and the thermal bath, controlled by electron–phonon interactions, becomes very small at low temperatures (10-16 WK-1 at 40 mK). These devices, with a heat capacity of 10-19 J K-1, are sufficiently sensitive to detect single terahertz photons in submillimetre astronomy and other applications based on quantum calorimetry and photon counting. |
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1748-3387 |
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576 |
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Maezawa, Hiroyuki |
Title |
Application of superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixers for terahertz-band astronomy |
Type ![sorted by Type field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
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Year |
2015 |
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IEICE Trans. Electronics |
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98 |
Issue |
3 |
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196-206 |
Keywords |
HEB mixer applications, HEB applications |
Abstract |
Recently, a next-generation heterodyne mixer detector – a hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixer employing a superconducting microbridge – has gradually opened up terahertz-band astronomy. The surrounding state-of-the-art technologies including fabrication processes, 4 K cryostats, cryogenic low-noise amplifiers, local oscillator sources, micromachining techniques, and spectrometers, as well as the HEB mixers, have played a valuable role in the development of super-low-noise heterodyne spectroscopy systems for the terahertz band. The current developmental status of terahertz-band HEB mixer receivers and their applications for spectroscopy and astronomy with ground-based, airborne, and satellite telescopes are presented. |
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1073 |
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Ryabchun, S. A.; Tretyakov, I. V.; Pentin, I. V.; Kaurova, N. S.; Seleznev, V. A.; Voronov, B. M.; Finkel, M. I.; Maslennikov, S. N.; Gol'tsman, G. N. |
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Low-noise wide-band hot-electron bolometer mixer based on an NbN film |
Type ![sorted by Type field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
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2009 |
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Radiophys. Quant. Electron. |
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52 |
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8 |
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576-582 |
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HEB mixer, in-situ contacts, noise temperature, conversion gain bandwidth, diffusion cooling channel |
Abstract |
We develop and study a hot-electron bolometer mixer made of a two-layer NbN–Au film in situ deposited on a silicon substrate. The double-sideband noise temperature of the mixer is 750 K at a frequency of 2.5 THz. The conversion efficiency measurements show that at the superconducting transition temperature, the intermediate-frequency bandwidth amounts to about 6.5 GHz for a mixer 0.112 μm long. These record-breaking characteristics are attributed to the improved contacts between a sensitive element and a helical antenna and are reached due to using the in situ deposition of NbN and Au layers at certain stages of the process. |
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599 |
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Рябчун, С. А.; Третьяков, И. В.; Пентин, И. В; Каурова, Н. С.; Селезнев, В. А; Воронов, Б. М.; Финкель, М. И.; Масленников, С. Н.; Гольцман, Г. Н. |
Title |
Малошумящий широкополосный терагерцовый смеситель на эффекте электронного разогрева в плёнке NbN |
Type ![sorted by Type field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
Journal Article |
Year |
2009 |
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Известия высших учебных заведений. Радиофизика |
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52 |
Issue |
8 |
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641-648 |
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HEB mixer, in-situ contacts, noise temperature, conversion gain bandwidth, diffusion cooling channel |
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Разработан и исследован смеситель на горячих электронах, изготовленный из двуслойной плёнки NbN-Au, осаждённой на кремневую подложку in situ. Двухполосная шумовая температура устройства составила 750 К на частоте 2.5 ТГц. Измерения эффективности преобразования для смесителя длиной 0.112 мкм вблизи температуры сверхпроводящего перехода показали полосу промежуточных частот около 6.5 ГГц. Эти результаты являются рекордными и были получены за счёт улучшения контактов между чувствительным элементом и спиральной антенной при замене технологического маршрута с нанесением слоёв NbN и Au в отдельных процессах на технологический процесс, в котором данные слои наносятся in situ без нарушения вакуума. |
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Author |
Barends, R.; Hajenius, M.; Gao, J. R.; Klapwijk, T. M. |
Title |
Current-induced vortex unbinding in bolometer mixers |
Type ![sorted by Type field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
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2005 |
Publication |
Applied Physics Letters |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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87 |
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263506 (1 to 3) |
Keywords |
HEB mixer numerical model, HEB model, IV-curves, vortex-antivortex, Berezinskii–Kosterlitz–Thouless theory, diffusion cooling channel, diffusion channel, distributed HEB model, distributed model, self-heating effect, temperature profile |
Abstract |
We present a description of the current-voltage characteristics of hot electron bolometers in terms of the current-dependent intrinsic resistive transition of NbN films. We find that, by including this current dependence, we can correctly predict the complete current-voltage characteristics, showing excellent agreement with measurements for both low and high bias and for small as well as large devices. It is assumed that the current dependence is due to vortex-antivortex unbinding as described in the Berezinskii–Kosterlitz–Thouless theory. The presented approach will be useful in guiding device optimization for noise and bandwidth. |
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