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Kaurova, N. S.; Finkel, M. I.; Maslennikov, S. N.; Vahtomin, Yu. B.; Antipov, S. V.; Smirnov, K. V.; Voronov, B. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Ilyin, K. S. |
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Submillimeter mixer based on YBa2Cu3O7-x thin film |
Type ![sorted by Type field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
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2004 |
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Proc. 1-st conf. Fundamental problems of high temperature superconductivity |
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291 |
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HTS, HEB mixer |
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Moscow-Zvenigorod |
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Moscow-Zvenigorod |
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355 |
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Cherednichenko, S.; Drakinskiy, V.; Baubert, J.; Lecomte, B.; Dauplay, F.; Krieg, J. M.; Delorme, Y.; Feret, A.; Hübers, H. W.; Semenov, A. D.; Gol'tsman, G. N. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
2.5 THz multipixel heterodyne receiver based on NbN HEB mixers |
Type ![sorted by Type field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
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2006 |
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Proc. SPIE |
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Proc. SPIE |
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6275 |
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62750I (1 to 11) |
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HEB, mixer, membrane |
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A 16 pixel heterodyne receiver for 2.5 THz has been developed based on NbN superconducting hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers. The receiver uses a quasioptical RF coupling approach where HEB mixers are integrated into double dipole antennas on 1.5 µm thick Si3N4/SiO2 membranes. Spherical mirrors (one per pixel) and backshort distance from the antenna have been used to design the output mixer beam profile. The camera design allows all 16 pixel IF readout in parallel. The gain bandwidth of the HEB mixers on Si3N4/SiO2 membranes was found to be 0.7÷0.9 GHz, which is much smaller than for similar devices on silicon. Application of buffer layers and use of alternative types of membranes (e.g. silicon-on-insulator) is under investigation. |
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561 |
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Ryabchun, S. A.; Tretyakov, I. V.; Finkel, M. I.; Maslennikov, S. N.; Kaurova, N. S.; Seleznev, V. A.; Voronov, B. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N. |
![find record details (via OpenURL) openurl](img/xref.gif)
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Title |
NbN phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometer mixer with additional diffusion cooling |
Type ![sorted by Type field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
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2009 |
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Proc. 20th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 20th ISSTT |
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151-154 |
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HEB, mixer, bandwidth, noise temperatue, in-situ contacts, in situ contacts |
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Charlottesville, USA |
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Tretyakov, I. V.; Ryabchun, S. A.; Maslennikov, S. N.; Finkel, M. I.; Kaurova, N. S.; Seleznev, V. A.; Voronov, B. M.; Gol'tsman, G.N. |
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Title |
NbN HEB mixer: fabrication, noise temperature reduction and characterization |
Type ![sorted by Type field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
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2008 |
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Proc. Basic problems of superconductivity |
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HEB, mixer, noise temperature, conversion gain bandwidth |
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We demonstrate that in the terahertz region superconducting hot-electron mixers offer the lowest noise temperature, opening the possibility of using HTS's in the future to fabricate these devices. Specifically, a noise temperature of 950 K was measured for the receiver operating at 2.5 THz with a NbN HEB mixer, and a gain bandwidth of 6 GHz was measured at 300 GHz near Tc for the same mixer. |
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591 |
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Lobanov, Y.; Tong, C.; Blundell, R.; Gol'tsman, G. |
![find record details (via OpenURL) openurl](img/xref.gif)
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A study of direct detection effect on the linearity of hot electron bolometer mixers |
Type ![sorted by Type field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
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2009 |
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Proc. 20th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 20th ISSTT |
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282-287 |
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HEB mixer, direct detection effect |
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We have performed a study of how direct detection affects the linearity and hence the calibration of an HEB mixer. Two types of waveguide HEB devices have been used: a 0.8 THz HEB mixer and a 1.0 THz HEB mixer which is ~5 times smaller than the former. Two independent experimental approaches were used. In the ΔG/G method, the conversion gain of the HEB mixer is first measured as a function of the bias current for a number of bias voltages. At each bias setting, we carefully measure the change in the operating current when the input loads are switched. From the measured data, we can derive the expected difference in gain between the hot and cold loads. In the second method (injection method [1]), the linearity of the HEB mixer is independently measured by injecting a modulated signal for different input load temperatures. The results of both approaches confirm that there is gain compression in the operation of HEB mixers. Based on the results of our measurements, we discuss the impact of direct detection effects on the operation of HEB mixers. |
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RPLAB @ gujma @ |
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724 |
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Lobanov, Y. V.; Tong, Cheuk-Yu E.; Hedden, A. S.; Blundell, R.; Gol'tsman, G. N. |
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Title |
Microwave-assisted슠measurement슠of the슠frequency슠response슠of슠terahertz슠HEB슠mixers슠with a슠fourier슠transform슠spectrometer |
Type ![sorted by Type field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
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2010 |
Publication |
21st International Symposium on Space Terahertz Technology |
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21st ISSTT |
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420-423 |
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HEB mixer |
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We describe a novel method of operation of the HEB direct detector for use with a Fourier Transform Spectrometer. Instead of elevating the bath temperature, we have measured the RF response of waveguide HEB mixers by applying microwave radiation to select appropriate bias conditions. In our experiment, a microwave signal is injected into the HEB mixer via its IF port. By choosing an appropriate injection level, the device can be operated close to the desired operating point. Furthermore, we have shown that both thermal biasing and microwave injection can reproduce the same spectral response of the HEB mixer. However, with the use of microwave injection, there is no need to wait for the mixer to reach thermal equilibrium, so characterisation can be done in less time. Also, the liquid helium consumption for our wet cryostat is also reduced. We have demonstrated that the signalto-noise ratio of the FTS measurements can be improved with microwave injection. |
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RPLAB @ gujma @ |
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725 |
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Verevkin, A.; Zhang, J.; Slysz, W.; Sobolewski, Roman; Lipatov, A.; Okunev, O.; Chulkova, G.; Korneev, A.; Smimov, K.; Gol'tsman, G. N. |
![find record details (via OpenURL) openurl](img/xref.gif)
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Title |
Spectral sensitivity and temporal resolution of NbN superconducting single-photon detectors |
Type ![sorted by Type field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
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2002 |
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Proc. 13th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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Proc. 13th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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105-111 |
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NbN SSPD, SNSPD |
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We report our studies on spectral sensitivity and time resolution of superconducting NbN thin film single-photon detectors (SPDs). Our SPDs exhibit an everimentally measured detection efficiencies (DE) from — 0.2% at 2=1550 nm up to —3% at lambda=405 nm wavelength for 10-nm film thickness devices and up to 3.5% at lambda=1550 nm for 3.5-nm film thickness devices. Spectral dependences of detection efficiency (DE) at 2=0.4 —3.0 pm range are presented. With variable optical delay setup, it is shown that NbN SPD potentially can resolve optical pulses with the repetition rate up to 10 GHz at least. The observed full width at the half maximum (FWHM) of the signal pulse is about 150-180 ps, limited by read-out electronics. The jitter of NbN SPD is measured to be —35 ps at optimum biasing. |
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1528 |
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Dzardanov, A.; Ekstrom, H.; Gershenzon, E.; Gol'tsman, G.; Jacobsson, S.; Karasik, B.; Kollberg, E.; Okunev, O.; Voronov, B.; Yngvesson, S. |
![find record details (via OpenURL) openurl](img/xref.gif)
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Title |
Hot-electron superconducting mixers for 20-500 GHz operation |
Type ![sorted by Type field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
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1994 |
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Proc. Int. Conf. on Millimeter and Submillimeter Waves and Appl. |
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2250 |
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4D |
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276-278 |
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Bolometdcmucers based on Nb and NbN superconducting thin films in the resistive state have been prepared for 20, 100 GHz and 350-500 GHz operation. The mixing mechanism is presumably of electron heating origin. Our measurements indicate that a conversion loss of about 6-8 dB can rather easily be achieved, and that the noise is reasonably low. The requirements on the operation mode and on the film parameters in order to obtain small conversion losses or even gain are discussed. For NbN films the availability of nearly 1 GHz IF bandwidth is experimentally demonstrated. NbN hot-electron mucers combined with slot-line tapered antenna on Si membrane or with double-dipole antenna on SiO^ substrate have been fabricated. The devices we study are considered to be very promising for use in heterodyne receivers from microwaves to terahertz frequencies. |
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RPLAB @ phisix @ |
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981 |
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Korneev, A.; Divochiy, A.; Tarkhov, M.; Minaeva, O.; Seleznev, V.; Kaurova, N.; Voronov, B.; Okunev, O.; Chulkova, G.; Milostnaya, I.; Smirnov, K.; Gol'tsman, G. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
New advanced generation of superconducting NbN-nanowire single-photon detectors capable of photon number resolving |
Type ![sorted by Type field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
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2008 |
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J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. |
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J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. |
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97 |
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012307 (1 to 6) |
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PNR SSPD; SNSPD |
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We present our latest generation of ultrafast superconducting NbN single-photon detectors (SSPD) capable of photon-number resolving (PNR). We have developed, fabricated and tested a multi-sectional design of NbN nanowire structures. The novel SSPD structures consist of several meander sections connected in parallel, each having a resistor connected in series. The novel SSPDs combine 10 μm × 10 μm active areas with a low kinetic inductance and PNR capability. That resulted in a significantly reduced photoresponse pulse duration, allowing for GHz counting rates. The detector's response magnitude is directly proportional to the number of incident photons, which makes this feature easy to use. We present experimental data on the performances of the PNR SSPDs. The PNR SSPDs are perfectly suited for fibreless free-space telecommunications, as well as for ultrafast quantum cryptography and quantum computing. |
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1742-6596 |
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1245 |
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Chulkova, G.; Milostnaya, I.; Tarkhov, M.; Korneev, A.; Minaeva, O.; Voronov, B.; Divochiy, A.; Gol'tsman, G.; Kitaygorsky, J.; Pan, D.; Sobolewski, R. |
![find record details (via OpenURL) openurl](img/xref.gif)
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Title |
Superconducting single-photon nanostructured detectors for advanced optical applications |
Type ![sorted by Type field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
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2006 |
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Proc. Symposium on Photonics Technologies for 7th Framework Program |
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400 |
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SSPD, SNSPD |
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We present superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs) based on NbN thin-film nanostructures and operated at liquid helium temperatures. The SSPDs are made of ultrathin NbN films (2.5-4 nm thick, Tc= 9-11K) as meander-shaped nanowires covering the area of 10× 10 µm2. Our detectors are operated at the temperature well below the critical temperature Tc and are DC biased by a current Ib close to the meander critical current Ic. The operation principle of the detector is based on the use of the resistive region in a narrow ultra-thin superconducting stripe upon the absorption of an incident photon. The developed devices demonstrate high sensitivity and response speed in a broadband range from UV to mid-IR (up to 6 µm), making them very attractive for advanced optical technologies, which require efficient detectors of single quanta and low-density optical radiation. |
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RPLAB @ sasha @ chulkova2006superconducting |
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Smirnov, K. V.; Vakhtomin, Yu. B.; Divochiy, A. V.; Ozhegov, R. V.; Pentin, I. V.; Gol'tsman, G. N. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Infrared and terahertz detectors on basis of superconducting nanostructures |
Type ![sorted by Type field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
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2010 |
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Microwave and Telecom. Technol. (CriMiCo), 20th Int. Crimean Conf. |
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823-824 |
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SSPD, SNSPD, HEB |
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Results of development of single-photon receiving systems of visible, infrared and terahertz range based on thin-film superconducting nanostructures are presented. The receiving systems are produced on the basis of superconducting nanostructures, which function by means of hot-electron phenomena. |
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RPLAB @ sasha @ smirnov2010infrared |
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1025 |
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Cherednichenko, S.; Yagoubov, P.; Il'in, K.; Gol'tsman, G.; Gershenzon, E. |
![find record details (via OpenURL) openurl](img/xref.gif)
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Title |
Large bandwidth of NbN phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometer mixers |
Type ![sorted by Type field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
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1997 |
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Proc. 27th Eur. Microwave Conf. |
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2 |
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972-977 |
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HEB mixer, fabrication process |
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The bandwidth of NbN phonon-cooled hot electron bolometer mixers has been systematically investigated with respect to the film thickness and film quality variation. The films, 2.5 to 10 nm thick, were fabricated on sapphire substrates using DC reactive magnetron sputtering. All devices consisted of several parallel strips, each 1 um wide and 2 um long, placed between Ti-Au contact pads. To measure the gain bandwidth we used two identical BWOs operating in the 120-140 GHz frequency range, one functioning as a local oscillator and the other as a signal source. The majority of the measurements were made at an ambient temperature of 4.2 K with optimal LO and DC bias. The maximum 3 dB bandwidth (about 4 GHz) was achieved for the devices made of films which were 2.5-3.5 nm thick, had a high critical temperature, and high critical current density. A theoretical analysis of bandwidth for these mixers based on the two-temperature model gives a good description of the experimental results if one assumes that the electron temperature is equal to the critical temperature. |
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Jerusalem, Israel |
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IEEE |
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27th Eur. Microwave Conf. |
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1075 |
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Chuprina, I. N.; An, P. P.; Zubkova, E. G.; Kovalyuk, V. V.; Kalachev, A. A.; Gol'tsman, G. N. |
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Optimisation of spontaneous four-wave mixing in a ring microcavity |
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2017 |
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J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. |
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J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. |
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47 |
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10 |
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887-891 |
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ring microcavity |
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Abstract. A theory of spontaneous four-wave mixing in a ring microcavity is developed. The rate of emission of biphotons for pulsed and monochromatic pumping with allowance for the disper- sion of group velocities is analytically calculated. In the first case, pulses in the form of an increasing exponential are considered, which are optimal for excitation of an individual resonator mode. The behaviour of the group velocity dispersion as a function of the width and height of the waveguide is studied for a specific case of a ring microcavity made of silicon nitride. The results of the numeri- cal calculation are in good agreement with the experimental data. The ring microcavity is made of two types of waveguides: com- pletely etched and half etched. It is found that the latter allow for better control over the parameters in the manufacturing process, making them more predictable. |
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RPLAB @ kovalyuk @ |
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1142 |
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Krause, S.; Mityashkin, V.; Antipov, S.; Gol'tsman, G.; Meledin, D.; Desmaris, V.; Belitsky, V.; Rudzinski, M. |
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Study of IF bandwidth of NbN hot electron bolometers on GaN buffer layer using a direct measurement method |
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2016 |
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Proc. 27th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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30-32 |
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NbN HEB, GaN buffer layer |
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In this paper, we present a reliable measurement method to study the influence of the GaN buffer layer on phonon-escape time in comparison with commonly used Si substrates and, in consequence, on the IF bandwidth of HEBs. One of the key aspects is to operate the HEB mixer at elevated bath temperatures close to the critical temperature of the NbN ultra-thin film, where contributions from electron-phonon processes and self-heating effects are relatively small, therefore IF roll-off will be governed by the phonon-escape.Two independent experiments were performed at GARD and MSPU on a similar experimental setup at frequencies of approximately 180 and 140 GHz, respectively, and have shown reproducible and consistent results. The entire IF chain was characterized by S-parameter measurements. We compared the measurement results of epitaxial NbN grown onto GaN buffer-layer with Tc of 12.5 K (4.5nm) with high quality polycrystalline NbN films on Si substrate with Tc of 10.5K (5nm) and observed a strong indication of an enhancement of phonon escape to the substrate by a factor of two for the NbN/GaN material combination. |
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Shcherbatenko, M.; Lobanov, Y.; Kovalyuk, V.; Korneev, A.; Gol'tsman, G. N. |
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Title |
Photon counting detector as a mixer with picowatt local oscillator power requirement |
Type ![sorted by Type field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
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2016 |
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Proc. 27th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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Proc. 27th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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110 |
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SSPD mixer, SNSPD |
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At the current stage of the heterodyne receiver technology, great attention is paid to the development of detector arrays and matrices comprising many detectors on a single wafer. However, any traditional THz detector (such as SIS, HEB, or Schottky diode) requires quite a noticeable amount of Local Oscillator (LO) power which scales with the matrix size, and the total amount of the LO power needed is much greater than that available from compact and handy solid state sources. Substantial reduction of the LO power requirement may be obtained with a photon-counting detector used as a mixer. This approach, mentioned earlier in [1,2] provides a number of advantages. Thus, sensitivity of such a detector would be at the quantum limit (because of the photon-counting nature of the detector) and just a few LO photons for the mixing would be required leading to a possible breakthrough in the matrix receiver development. In addition, the receiver could be easily tuned from the heterodyne to the direct detection mode without any loss in its sensitivity with the latter limited only by the quantum efficiency of the detector used. We demonstrate such a technique with the use of the Superconducting Nanowire Single Photon Detector(SNSPD)[3] irradiated by both 1.5 μm LO with a tiny amount of power (from a few picowatts down to femtowatts) facing the detector, and the test signal with a power significantly less than that of the LO. The SNSPD was operated in the current mode and the bias current was slightly below its critical value. Irradiating the detector with either the LO or the signal source produced voltage pulses which are statistically evenly distributed and could be easily counted by a lab counter or oscilloscope. Irradiating the detector by the both lasers simultaneously produced pulses at the frequency f m which is the exact difference between the frequencies at which the two lasers operate. f m could be deduced form either counts statistics integrated over a sufficient time interval or with the help of an RF spectrum analyzer. In addition to the chip SNSPD with normal incidence coupling, we use the detectors with a travelling wave geometry design [4]. In this case a niobium nitride nanowire is placed on the top of a nanophotonic waveguide, thus increasing the efficient interaction length. Integrated device scheme allows us to measure the optical losses with high accuracy. Our approach is fully scalable and, along with a large number of devices integrated on a single chip can be adapted to the mid and far IR ranges. This work was supported in part by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, contract no. 14.B25.31.0007 and by RFBR grant # 16-32-00465. 1. Leaf A. Jiang and Jane X. Luu, ―Heterodyne detection with a weak local oscillator, Applied Optics Vol. 47, Issue 10, pp. 1486-1503 (2008) 2. Matsuo H. ―Requirements on Photon Counting Detectors for Terahertz Interferometry J Low Temp Phys (2012) 167:840–845 3. A. Semenov, G. Gol'tsman, A. Korneev, “Quantum detection by current carrying superconducting film”, Physica C, 352, pp. 349-356 (2001) 4. O. Kahl, S. Ferrari, V. Kovalyuk, G. N. Goltsman, A. Korneev, and W. H. P. Pernice, ―Waveguide integrated superconducting single-photon detectors with high internal quantum efficiency at telecom wavelengths., Sci. Rep., vol. 5, p. 10941, (2015). |
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