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Author Cherednichenko, S.; Kroug, M.; Merkel, H.; Khosropanah, P.; Adam, A.; Kollberg, E.; Loudkov, D.; Gol'tsman, G.; Voronov, B.; Richter, H.; Huebers, H.-W. url  doi
openurl 
  Title 1.6 THz heterodyne receiver for the far infrared space telescope Type Journal Article
  Year 2002 Publication Phys. C: Supercond. Abbreviated Journal Phys. C: Supercond.  
  Volume 372-376 Issue Pages 427-431  
  Keywords NbN HEB mixers, applications  
  Abstract A low noise heterodyne receiver is being developed for the terahertz range using a phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometric mixer based on 3.5 nm thick superconducting NbN film. In the 1–2 GHz intermediate frequency band the double-sideband receiver noise temperature was 450 K at 0.6 THz, 700 K at 1.6 THz and 1100 K at 2.5 THz. In the 3–8 GHz IF band the lowest receiver noise temperature was 700 K at 0.6 THz, 1500 K at 1.6 THz and 3000 K at 2.5 THz while it increased by a factor of 3 towards 8 GHz.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0921-4534 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1527  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Hübers, H.-W.; Semenov, A.; Richter, H.; Birk, M.; Krocka, M.; Mair, U.; Smirnov, K.; Gol’tsman, G.; Voronov, B. url  openurl
  Title Terahertz Heterodyn Receiver with a hot-electron bolometer mixer Type Conference Article
  Year 2002 Publication Far-IR, Sub-mm & MM Detector Technology Workshop Abbreviated Journal Far-IR, Sub-mm & MM Detector Technology Workshop  
  Volume Issue Pages 3-24  
  Keywords NbN HEB mixers  
  Abstract During the past decade major advances have been made regarding low noise mixers for terahertz (THz) heterodyne receivers. State of the art hot-electron-bolometer (HEB) mixers have noise temperatures close to the quantum limit and require less than a µW power from the local oscillator (LO). The technology is now at a point where the performance of a practical receiver employing such mixer, rather than the figures of merit of the mixer itself, are of major concern. We have incorporated a phonon-cooled NbN HEB mixer in a 2.5 THz heterodyne receiver and investigated the performance of the receiver. This yields important information for the development of heterodyne receivers such as GREAT (German receiver for astronomy at THz frequencies aboard SOFIA) [1] and TELIS (Terahertz limb sounder), a balloon borne heterodyne receiver for atmospheric research [2]. Both are currently under development at DLR.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher NASA Place of Publication Editor Wolf, U.; Farhoomand, J.; McCreight, C.R.  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title NASA CP Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Volume: 211408 Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1537  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Semenov, A.; Richter, H.; Hübers, H.-W.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G. url  isbn
openurl 
  Title Development of terahertz superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixers Type Conference Article
  Year 2003 Publication Proc. 6th European Conf. Appl. Supercond. Abbreviated Journal Proc. 6th European Conf. Appl. Supercond.  
  Volume 181 Issue Pages 2960-2965  
  Keywords NbN HEB mixers  
  Abstract We present recent results of the development of phonon cooled hot-electron bolometric (HEB) mixers for airborne and balloon borne terahertz heterodyne receivers. Three iomportant issues have been addresses: the quality of NbN films the HEB mixers were made from, the spectral properties of the HEB mixers and the local oscillator power required for optical operation. Studies with an atomic force microscope indicate, that the performance of the HEB mixer might have been effected by the microstructure of the NbN film. Antenna gain and noise temperature were investigated at terahertz frequencies for a HEB embedded in either log-spiral or twin-slot feed antenna. Comparison suggests that at frequencies above 3 THz the spiral feed provides better overall performance. At 1.6 THz, a power of 2.5 µW was required from the local oscillator for optimal operation of the HEB mixer.  
  Address Sorrento, Italy  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN 0750309814, 978-0750309813 Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1505  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Hubers, H.-W.; Semenov, A.; Richter, H.; Schwarz, M.; Gunther, B.; Smirnov, K.; Gol’tsman, G.; Voronov, B. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Heterodyne receiver for 3-5 THz with hot-electron bolometer mixer Type Conference Article
  Year 2004 Publication Proc. SPIE Abbreviated Journal Proc. SPIE  
  Volume 5498 Issue Pages 579-586  
  Keywords NbN HEB mixers  
  Abstract Heterodyne receivers for applications in astronomy and planetary research need quantum limited sensitivity. In instruments which are currently build for SOFIA and Herschel superconducting hot electron bolometers (HEB) will be used to achieve this goal at frequencies above 1.4 THz. The local oscillator and the mixer are the most critical components for a heterodyne receiver operating at 3-5 THz. The design and performance of an optically pumped THz gas laser optimized for this frequency band will be presented. In order to optimize the performance for this frequency hot electron bolometer mixers with different in-plane dimensions and logarithmic-spiral feed antennas have been investigated. Their noise temperatures and beam patterns were measured. Above 3 THz the best performance was achieved with a superconducting bridge of 2.0 x 0.2 μm2 incorporated in a logarithmic spiral antenna. The DSB noise temperatures were 2700 K, 4700 K and 6400 K at 3.1 THz, 4.3 THz and 5.2 THz, respectively. The results demonstrate that the NbN HEB is very well suited as a mixer for THz heterodyne receivers up to at least 5 THz.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher SPIE Place of Publication Editor Zmuidzinas, J.; Holland, W.S.; Withington, S.  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors for Astronomy II  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1483  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Hoogeveen, R. W. M.; Yagoubov, P. A.; Maurellis, A.; Koshelets, V. P.; Shitov, S. V.; Mair, U.; Krocka, M.; Wagner, G.; Birk, M.; Huebers, H.-W.; Richter, H.; Semenov, A.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Voronov, B. M.; Ellison, B.N.; Kerridge, B.J.; Matheson, D. N.; Alderman, B.; Harman, M.; Siddans, R.; Reburn, J. url  doi
openurl 
  Title New cryogenic heterodyne techniques applied in TELIS: the balloonborne THz and submillimeter limb sounder for atmospheric research Type Conference Article
  Year 2003 Publication Proc. SPIE Abbreviated Journal Proc. SPIE  
  Volume 5152 Issue Pages 347-355  
  Keywords TELIS, limb sounder, heterodyne detection, terahertz, sub millimeter, cryogenic, limb sounding, balloon borne, atmospheric research  
  Abstract We present a design concept for a new state-of-the-art balloon borne atmospheric monitor that will allow enhanced limb sounding of the Earth’s atmosphere within the submillimeter and far-infrared wavelength spectral range: TELIS, TErahertz and submm LImb Sounder. The instrument is being developed by a consortium of major European institutes that includes the Space Research Organization of the Netherlands (SRON), the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL) will utilize state-of-the-art superconducting heterodyne technology and is designed to be a compact, lightweight instrument cpaable of providing broad spectral coverage, high spectral resolution and long flight duration ( 24 hours duration during a single flight campaign). The combination of high sensitivity and extensive flight duration will allow evaluation of the diurnal variation of key atmospheric constitutenets sucyh as OH, HO2, ClO, BrO togehter will onger lived constituents such as O3, HCL and N2O. Furthermore, TELIS will share a common balloon platform to that of the MIPAS-B Fourier Transform Spectrometer, developed by the Institute of Meteorology and Climate research of the over an extended spectral range. The combination of the TELIS and MIPAS instruments will provide atmospheric scientists with a very powerful observational tool. TELIS will serve as a testbed for new cryogenic heterodyne detection techniques, and as such it will act as a prelude to future spaceborne instruments planned by the European Space Agency (ESA).  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher SPIE Place of Publication Editor Strojnik, M.  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference Infrared Spaceborne Remote Sensing XI  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1508  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Cherednichenko, S.; Khosropanah, P.; Adam, A.; Merkel, H. F.; Kollberg, E. L.; Loudkov, D.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Voronov, B. M.; Richter, H.; Huebers, H.-W. url  doi
openurl 
  Title 1.4- to 1.7-THz NbN hot-electron bolometer mixer for the Herschel space observatory Type Conference Article
  Year 2003 Publication Proc. SPIE Abbreviated Journal Proc. SPIE  
  Volume 4855 Issue Pages 361-370  
  Keywords NbN HEB mixers  
  Abstract NbN hot- electron bolometer mixers have reached the level of 10hv/k in terms of the input noise temperature with the noise bandwidth of 4-6 GHz from subMM band up to 2.5 THz. In this paper we discuss the major characteristics of this kind of receiver, i.e. the gain and the noise bandwidth, the noise temperature in a wide RF band, bias regimes and optimisation of RF coupling to the quasioptical mixer. We present the status of the development of the mixer for Band 6 Low for Herschel Telescope.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher SPIE Place of Publication Editor Phillips, T.G.; Zmuidzinas, J.  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors for Astronomy  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1521  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Huebers, H.-W.; Semenov, A.; Richter, H.; Birk, M.; Krocka, M.; Mair, U.; Smirnov, K.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Voronov, B. M. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Superconducting hot electron bolometer as mixer for far-infrared heterodyne receivers Type Conference Article
  Year 2003 Publication Proc. SPIE Abbreviated Journal Proc. SPIE  
  Volume 4855 Issue Pages 395-401  
  Keywords NbN HEB mixers  
  Abstract Heterodyne receivers for applications in astronomy need quantum limited sensitivity. In instruments which are currently under development for SOFIA or Herschel superconducting hot electron bolometers (HEB) will be used to achieve this goal at frequencies above 1.4 THz. We present results of the development of a phonon-cooled NbN HEB mixer for GREAT, the German Receiver for Astronomy at Terahertz Frequencies, which will be flown aboard SOFIA. The mixer is a small superconducting bridge incorporated in a planar feed antenna and a hyperhemispherical lens. Mixers with logarithmic-spiral and double-slot feed antennas have been investigated with respect to their noise temperature, conversion loss, linearity and beam pattern. At 2.5 THz a double sideband noise temperature of 2200 K was achieved. The conversion loss was 17 dB. The response of the mixer was linear up to 400 K load temperature. The performance was verified by measuring an emission line of methanol at 2.5 THz. The measured linewidth is in good agreement with the linewidth deduced from pressure broadening measurements at millimeter wavelength. The results demonstrate that the NbN HEB is very well suited as a mixer for far-infrared heterodyne receivers.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher SPIE Place of Publication Tucson, USA Editor Phillips, T. G.; Zmuidzinas, J.  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Presented at the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume 4855 Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors for Astronomy  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 335  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Richter, H.; Semenov, A.; Hubers, H.-W.; Smirnov, K.; Gol’tsman, G.; Voronov, B. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Phonon cooled hot-electron bolometric mixer for 1-5 THz Type Conference Article
  Year 2004 Publication Proc. 29th IRMMW / 12th THz Abbreviated Journal Proc. 29th IRMMW / 12th THz  
  Volume Issue Pages 241-242  
  Keywords NbN HEB mixers  
  Abstract Heterodyne receivers for applications in astronomy and planetary research need quantum limited sensitivity. In instruments which are currently built for SOFIA and Herschel, superconducting hot electron bolometers (HEB) are used to achieve this goal at frequencies above 1.4 THz. In order to optimize the performance for this frequency of hot electron bolometer mixers with different in-plane dimensions and logarithmic-spiral feed antennas have been investigated. Their noise temperatures and beam patterns were measured. Above 3 THz the best performance was achieved with a superconducting bridge of 2.0/spl times/0.2 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ incorporated in a logarithmic spiral antenna. The DSB noise temperatures were 2700 K, 4700 and 6400 K at 3.1 THz, 4.3 THz and 5.2 THz, respectively. The results demonstrate that the NbN HEB is very well suited as a mixer for THz heterodyne receivers up to at least 5 THz.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1506  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Semenov, A. D.; Il'in, K.; Siegel, M.; Smirnov, A.; Pavlov, S.; Richter, H.; Hübers, H.-W. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Evidence of non-bolometric mixing in the bandwidth of a hot-electron bolometer Type Journal Article
  Year 2006 Publication Superconductor Science and Technology Abbreviated Journal Supercond. Sci. Technol.  
  Volume 19 Issue 10 Pages 1051-1056  
  Keywords HEB  
  Abstract  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0953-2048 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 536  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Semenov, A. D.; Hübers, Heinz-Wilhelm; Richter, H.; Birk, M.; Krocka, M.; Mair, U.; Vachtomin, Yu. B.; Finkel, M. I.; Antipov, S. V.; Voronov, B. M.; Smirnov, K. V.; Kaurova, N. S.; Drakinski, V. N.; Gol'tsman, G. N. doi  openurl
  Title Superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixer for terahertz heterodyne receivers Type Journal Article
  Year 2003 Publication IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 13 Issue 2 Pages 168-171  
  Keywords NbN HEB mixers  
  Abstract We present recent results showing the development of superconducting NbN hot-electron bolometer mixer for German receiver for astronomy at terahertz frequencies and terahertz limb sounder. The mixer is incorporated into a planar feed antenna, which has either logarithmic spiral or double-slot configuration, and backed on a silicon lens. The hybrid antenna had almost frequency independent and symmetric radiation pattern slightly broader than expected for a diffraction limited antenna. At 2.5 THz the best 2200 K double side-band receiver noise temperature was achieved across a 1 GHz intermediate frequency bandwidth centred at 1.5 GHz. For this operation regime, a receiver conversion efficiency of -17 dB was directly measured and the loss budget was evaluated. The mixer response was linear at load temperatures smaller than 400 K. Implementation of the MgO buffer layer on Si resulted in an increased 5.2 GHz gain bandwidth. The receiver was tested in the laboratory environment by measuring a methanol emission line at 2.5 THz.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 343  
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