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Decin, L.; Justtanont, K.; De Beck, E.; Lombaert, R.; de Koter, A.; Waters, L. B. F. M.; Marston, A. P.; Teyssier, D.; Schöier, F. L.; Bujarrabal, V.; Alcolea, J.; Cernicharo, J.; Dominik, C.; Melnick, G.; Menten, K.; Neufeld, D. A.; Olofsson, H.; Planesas, P.; Schmidt, M.; Szczerba, R.; de Graauw, T.; Helmich, F.; Roelfsema, P.; Dieleman, P.; Morris, P.; Gallego, J. D.; Díez-González, M. C.; Caux, E. |
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Water content and wind acceleration in the envelope around the oxygen-rich AGB star IK Tauri as seen by Herschel/HIFI |
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2010 |
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Astron. Astrophys. |
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521 |
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L4 |
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HEB mixer applications, HIFI, Herschel, line: profiles / radiative transfer / instrumentation: spectrographs / stars: AGB and post-AGB / circumstellar matter / submillimeter: stars |
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During their asymptotic giant branch evolution, low-mass stars lose a significant fraction of their mass through an intense wind, enriching the interstellar medium with products of nucleosynthesis. We observed the nearby oxygen-rich asymptotic giant branch star IK Tau using the high-resolution HIFI spectrometer onboard Herschel. We report on the first detection of H216O and the rarer isotopologues H217O and H218O in both the ortho and para states. We deduce a total water content (relative to molecular hydrogen) of $6.6 \times 10^{-5}$, and an ortho-to-para ratio of 3:1. These results are consistent with the formation of H2O in thermodynamical chemical equilibrium at photospheric temperatures, and does not require pulsationally induced non-equilibrium chemistry, vaporization of icy bodies or grain surface reactions. High-excitation lines of 12CO, 13CO, 28SiO, 29SiO, 30SiO, HCN, and SO have also been detected. From the observed line widths, the acceleration region in the inner wind zone can be characterized, and we show that the wind acceleration is slower than hitherto anticipated. |
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1090 |
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Bujarrabal, V.; Alcolea, J.; Soria-Ruiz, R.; Planesas, P.; Teyssier, D.; Marston, A. P.; Cernicharo, J.; Decin, L.; Dominik, C.; Justtanont, K.; de Koter, A.; Melnick, G.; Menten, K. M.; Neufeld, D. A.; Olofsson, H.; Schmidt, M.; Schöier, F. L.; Szczerba, R.; Waters, L. B. F. M.; Quintana-Lacaci, G.; Güsten, R.; Gallego, J. D.; Díez-González, M. C.; Barcia, A.; López-Fernández, I.; Wildeman, K.; Tielens, A. G. G. M.; Jacobs, K. |
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Herschel/HIFI observations of high-J CO transitions in the protoplanetary nebula CRL 618 |
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Journal Article |
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2010 |
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Astron. Astrophys. |
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521 |
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L3 (1 to 5) |
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HEB mixer applications, HIFI, Herschel |
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Aims. We aim to study the physical conditions, particularly the excitation state, of the intermediate-temperature gas components in the protoplanetary nebula CRL 618. These components are particularly important for understanding the evolution of the nebula.
Methods. We performed Herschel/HIFI observations of several CO lines in the far-infrared/sub-mm in the protoplanetary nebula CRL 618. The high spectral resolution provided by HIFI allows measurement of the line profiles. Since the dynamics and structure of the nebula is well known from mm-wave interferometric maps, it is possible to identify the contributions of the different nebular components (fast bipolar outflows, double shells, compact slow shell) to the line profiles. The observation of these relatively high-energy transitions allows an accurate study of the excitation conditions in these components, particularly in the warm ones, which cannot be properly studied from the low-energy lines.
Results. The 12CO J = 16–15, 10–9, and 6–5 lines are easily detected in this source. Both 13CO J = 10–9 and 6–5 are also detected. Wide profiles showing spectacular line wings have been found, particularly in 12CO J = 16–15. Other lines observed simultaneously with CO are also shown. Our analysis of the CO high-J transitions, when compared with the existing models, confirms the very low expansion velocity of the central, dense component, which probably indicates that the shells ejected during the last AGB phases were driven by radiation pressure under a regime of maximum transfer of momentum. No contribution of the diffuse halo found from mm-wave data is identified in our spectra, because of its low temperature. We find that the fast bipolar outflow is quite hot, much hotter than previously estimated; for instance, gas flowing at 100 km s-1 must have a temperature higher than ~200 K. Probably, this very fast outflow, with a kinematic age <100 yr, has been accelerated by a shock and has not yet cooled down. The double empty shell found from mm-wave mapping must also be relatively hot, in agreement with the previous estimate. |
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1084 |
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Hartogh, P.; Crovisier, J.; de Val-Borro, M.; Bockelée-Morvan, D.; Biver, N.; Lis, D. C.; Moreno, R.; Jarchow, C.; Rengel, M.; Emprechtinger, M.; Szutowicz, S.; Banaszkiewicz, M.; Bensch, F.; Blecka, M. I.; Cavalié, T.; Encrenaz, T.; Jehin, E.; Küppers, M.; Lara, L.-M.; Lellouch, E.; Swinyard, B. M.; Vandenbussche, B.; Bergin, E. A.; Blake, G. A.; Blommaert, J. A. D. L.; Cernicharo, J.; Decin, L.; Encrenaz, P.; de Graauw, T.; Hutsemekers, D.; Kidger, M.; Manfroid, J.; Medvedev, A. S.; Naylor, D. A.; Schieder, R.; Thomas, N.; Waelkens, C.; Roelfsema, P. R.; Dieleman, P.; Güsten, R.; Klein, T.; Kasemann, C.; Caris, M.; Olberg, M.; Benz, A. O. |
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HIFI observations of water in the atmosphere of comet C/2008 Q3 (Garradd) |
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Journal Article |
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2010 |
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Astron. Astrophys. |
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518 |
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L150 (1 to 5) |
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HEB mixer applications, HIFI, Herschel, comets: individual: C/2008 Q3 / radio lines: general / submillimeter: general / techniques: spectroscopic |
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High-resolution far-infrared and sub-millimetre spectroscopy of water lines is an important tool to understand the physical and chemical properties of cometary atmospheres. We present observations of several rotational ortho- and para-water transitions in comet C/2008 Q3 (Garradd) performed with HIFI on Herschel. These observations have provided the first detection of the 212–101 (1669 GHz) ortho and 111–000 (1113 GHz) para transitions of water in a cometary spectrum. In addition, the ground-state transition 110–101 at 557 GHz is detected and mapped. By detecting several water lines quasi-simultaneously and mapping their emission we can constrain the excitation parameters in the coma. Synthetic line profiles are computed using excitation models which include excitation by collisions, solar infrared radiation, and radiation trapping. We obtain the gas kinetic temperature, constrain the electron density profile, and estimate the coma expansion velocity by analyzing the map and line shapes. We derive water production rates of 1.7–2.8 × 1028 s-1 over the range rh = 1.83–1.85 AU. |
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1088 |
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Heeres, R.W.; Dorenbos, S.N.; Koene, B.; Solomon, G.S.; Kouwenhoven, L.P.; Zwiller, V. |
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On-Chip Single Plasmon Detection |
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Journal Article |
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2010 |
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Nano Letters |
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Nano Lett. |
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10 |
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661-664 |
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optical antennas; SSPD; Single surface plasmons; superconducting detectors; semiconductor quantum dots; nanophotonics |
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Surface plasmon polaritons (plasmons) have the potential to interface electronic and optical devices. They could prove extremely useful for integrated quantum information processing. Here we demonstrate on-chip electrical detection of single plasmons propagating along gold waveguides. The plasmons are excited using the single-photon emission of an optically emitting quantum dot. After propagating for several micrometers, the plasmons are coupled to a superconducting detector in the near-field. Correlation measurements prove that single plasmons are being detected. |
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RPLAB @ akorneev @ |
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620 |
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Seki, T.; Shibata, H.; Takesue, H.; Tokura, Y.; Imoto, N. |
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Comparison of timing jitter between NbN superconducting single-photon detector and avalanche photodiode |
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Journal Article |
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2010 |
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Phys. C |
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Phys. C |
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470 |
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20 |
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1534-1537 |
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SSPD; APD; jitter |
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We report the pulse-to-pulse timing jitter measurement of a niobium nitride (NbN) superconducting single-photon detector (SSPD) and an InGaAs avalanche photodiode (APD) at 1550-nm wavelength. A direct comparison of their timing jitter was performed by using the same experimental configuration to measure both detectors. The measured jitter of the SSPD and the APD are 75 and 84 ps at full-width at half-maximum (FWHM), and 138 and 384 ps at full-width at tenth-maximum (FWTM), respectively. The jitter of the SSPD remains small at FWTM while that of APD is wide. We also estimated the transmission distances and secure key generation rates for fiber-based quantum key distribution (QKD) which uses these detectors. The estimated transmission distances of the APD are 86 km and 107 km with respect to 1 ns and 100 ps time windows, respectively, and those of the SSPD are 125 km and 172 km with respect to 1 ns and 100 ps time windows, respectively. This estimation indicates the SSPDЃfs advantages for QKD compared to the APD. |
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Santavicca,D.F.; Reulet,B.; Karasik,B.S.; Pereverzev,S.V.; Olaya, D.; Gershenson, M.E.; Frunzio, L.; Prober, D.E. |
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Energy resolution of terahertz single-photon-sensitive bolometric detectors |
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2010 |
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Applied Physics Letters |
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Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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96 |
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8 |
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083505 - 083505-3 |
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We report measurements of the energy resolution of ultrasensitive superconducting bolometric detectors. The device is a superconducting titanium nanobridge with niobium contacts. A fast microwave pulse is used to simulate a single higher-frequency photon, where the absorbed energy of the pulse is equal to the photon energy. This technique allows precise calibration of the input coupling and avoids problems with unwanted background photons. Present devices have an intrinsic full-width at half-maximum energy resolution of approximately 23 THz, near the predicted value due to intrinsic thermal fluctuation noise. |
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Жорес Алферов |
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Лекции на телеканале Культура. Полупроводниковая революция. Наука и общество. |
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2010 |
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Телеканал Культура |
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Zhang, W.; Khosropanah, P.; Gao, J. R.; Kollberg, E. L.; Yngvesson, K. S.; Bansal, T.; Barends, R.; Klapwijk, T. M. |
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Quantum noise in a terahertz hot electron bolometer mixer |
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2010 |
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Applied Physics Letters |
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Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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96 |
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11 |
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111113-(1-3) |
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HEB mixer, quantum limit, quantum noise, vacuum box, THz, Terahertz |
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We have measured the noise temperature of a single, sensitive superconducting NbN hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixer in a frequency range from 1.6 to 5.3 THz, using a setup with all the key components in vacuum. By analyzing the measured receiver noise temperature using a quantum noise (QN) model for HEB mixers, we confirm the effect of QN. The QN is found to be responsible for about half of the receiver noise at the highest frequency in our measurements. The beta-factor (the quantum efficiency of the HEB) obtained experimentally agrees reasonably well with the calculated value. |
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Шангина, Е. Л.; Смирнов, К. В.; Морозов, Д. В.; Ковалюк, В. В.; Гольцман, Г. Н.; Веревкин, А. А.; Торопов, А. И. |
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Концентрационная зависимость полосы преобразования смесителей субмиллиметрового диапазона на основе наноструктур AlGaAs/GaAs |
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2010 |
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Изв. РАН Сер. Физ. |
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Изв. РАН Сер. Физ. |
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74 |
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110-112 |
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2DEG AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructures, THz heterodyne detectors, IF bandwidth |
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Методом субмиллиметровой спектроскопии с высоким временным разрешением при Т = 4.2 К измерена концентрационная зависимость полосы преобразования гетеродинного детектирования гетероструктур AlGaAs/GaAs с двумерным электронным газом. С увеличением концентрации двумерных электронов ns = (1.6–6.6) · 1011см-2 ширина полосы преобразования f3dB уменьшается от 245 до 145 МГц. В исследованной области концентраций наблюдается зависимость f3dB , обусловленная рассеянием электронов на деформационном потенциале акустических фононов и пьезоэлектрическим рассеянием. |
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Duplicated as 1217 |
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RPLAB @ gujma @ |
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Annunziata, Anthony J.; Quaranta, Orlando; Santavicca, Daniel F.; Casaburi, Alessandro; Frunzio, Luigi; Ejrnaes, Mikkel; Rooks, Michael J.; Cristiano, Roberto; Pagano, Sergio; Frydman, Aviad; Prober, Daniel E. |
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Reset dynamics and latching in niobium superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors |
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2010 |
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J. Appl. Phys. |
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108 |
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7 |
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SNSPD |
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We study the reset dynamics of niobium (Nb) superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) using experimental measurements and numerical simulations. The numerical simulations of the detection dynamics agree well with experimental measurements, using independently determined parameters in the simulations. We find that if the photon-induced hotspot cools too slowly, the device will latch into a dc resistive state. To avoid latching, the time for the hotspot to cool must be short compared to the inductive time constant that governs the resetting of the current in the device after hotspot formation. From simulations of the energy relaxation process, we find that the hotspot cooling time is determined primarily by the temperature-dependent electron-phonon inelastic time. Latching prevents reset and precludes subsequent photon detection. Fast resetting to the superconducting state is, therefore, essential, and we demonstrate experimentally how this is achieved. We compare our results to studies of reset and latching in niobium nitride SNSPDs. |
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Terai, Hirotaka; Miki, Shigehito; Yamashita, Taro; Makise, Kazumasa; Wang, Zhen |
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Demonstration of single-flux-quantum readout operation for superconducting single-photon detectors |
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2010 |
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Applied Physics Letters |
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Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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97 |
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3 |
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SSPD |
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A readout circuit using superconducting single-flux-quantum (SFQ) circuits has been developed to realize an independently addressable array of superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs). We tested the SFQ readout circuits by connecting with SSPDs. The error rates of readout circuits were below 10–5 for input signal amplitude of greater than 18.2 μA. Detection efficiencies (DEs) for single-photon incidents were measured both with and without the connection of a readout circuit. The observed DEs traced almost the same curves regardless of the connection of the readout circuit, except that the SSPD is likely to latch by connecting the readout circuit. |
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RPLAB @ gujma @ |
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654 |
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Tanner, M. G.; Natarajan, C. M.; Pottapenjara, V. K.; O'Connor, J. A.; Warburton, R. J.; Hadfield, R. H.; Baek, B.; Nam, S.; Dorenbos, S. N.; Bermúdez Ureña, E.; Zijlstra, T.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Zwiller, V. |
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Enhanced telecom wavelength single-photon detection with NbTiN superconducting nanowires on oxidized silicon |
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2010 |
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Applied Physics Letters |
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Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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96 |
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22 |
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3 |
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SNSPD |
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Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) have emerged as a highly promising infrared single-photon detector technology. Next-generation devices are being developed with enhanced detection efficiency (DE) at key technological wavelengths via the use of optical cavities. Furthermore, new materials and substrates are being explored for improved fabrication versatility, higher DE, and lower dark counts. We report on the practical performance of packaged NbTiN SNSPDs fabricated on oxidized silicon substrates in the wavelength range from 830 to 1700 nm. We exploit constructive interference from the SiO2/Si interface in order to achieve enhanced front-side fiber-coupled DE of 23.2 % at 1310 nm, at 1 kHz dark count rate, with 60 ps full width half maximum timing jitter. |
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655 |
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Yamashita, Taro; Miki, Shigehito; Qiu, Wei; Fujiwara, Mikio; Sasaki, Masahide; Wang, Zhen |
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Temperature dependent performances of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors in an ultralow-temperature region |
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2010 |
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IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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21 |
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3 |
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336 - 339 |
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SNSPD |
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We report on the performance of a fiber-coupled superconducting nanowire single-photon detector (SNSPD) from 4 K down to the ultralow temperature of 16 mK for a 1550 nm wave length. The system detection efficiency (DE) increased with de creasing the temperature and reached the considerably high value of 15% with a dark count rate less than 100 cps below 1.5 K, even without an optical cavity structure. We also observed saturation of the system DE in its bias current dependency at 16 mK, which indicates that the device DE of our SNSPD nearly reached intrinsic DE despite the device having a large active area of 20 μm × 20 μm. The dark count was finite even at 16 mK and the black body radiation becomes its dominant origin in the low temperatures for fiber-coupled devices. |
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656 |
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Lydersen, Lars; Wiechers, Carlos; Wittmann, Christoffer; Elser, Dominique; Skaar, Johannes; Makarov, Vadim |
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Hacking commercial quantum cryptography systems by tailored bright illumination |
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2010 |
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Nature Photonics |
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Nat. Photon. |
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4 |
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10 |
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686 - 689 |
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quantum cryptography, hacking, QKD, APD |
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The peculiar properties of quantum mechanics allow two remote parties to communicate a private, secret key, which is protected from eavesdropping by the laws of physics. So-called quantum key distribution (QKD) implementations always rely on detectors to measure the relevant quantum property of single photons. Here we demonstrate experimentally that the detectors in two commercially available QKD systems can be fully remote-controlled using specially tailored bright illumination. This makes it possible to tracelessly acquire the full secret key; we propose an eavesdropping apparatus built of off-the-shelf components. The loophole is likely to be present in most QKD systems using avalanche photodiodes to detect single photons. We believe that our findings are crucial for strengthening the security of practical QKD, by identifying and patching technological deficiencies. |
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657 |
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Братман, В.Л.; Литвак, А.Г.; Суворов, Е.В. |
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Освоение терагерцевого диапазона: источники и приложения |
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2010 |
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Успехи физических наук |
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Успехи физ. наук |
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181 |
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8 |
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867–874 |
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HEB |
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674 |
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