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Author Siddiqi, I.; Prober, D. E.
Title Nb–Au bilayer hot-electron bolometers for low-noise THz heterodyne detection Type Journal Article
Year 2004 Publication Applied Physics Letters Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.
Volume 84 Issue 8 Pages 1404
Keywords HEB, mixers, dynamic range, saturation, LO power, local oscillator power, Nb
Abstract The sensitivity of present Nb diffusion-cooled hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers is not quantum limited, and can be improved by reducing the superconducting transition temperature TC. Lowering TC reduces thermal fluctuations, resulting in a decrease of the mixer noise temperature TM. However, lower TC mixers have reduced dynamic range and saturate more easily due to background noise. We present 30 GHz microwave measurements on a bilayer HEB system, Nb–Au, in which TC can be tuned with Au layer thickness to obtain the maximum sensitivity for a given noise background. These measurements are intended as a guide for the optimization of THz mixers. Using a Nb–Au mixer with TC = 1.6 K, we obtain TM = 50 K with 2 nW of local oscillator (LO) power. Good mixer performance is observed over a wide range of LO power and bias voltage and such a device should not exhibit saturation in a THz receiver.
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Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
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ISSN 0003-6951 ISBN Medium
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 571
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Author Floet, D. Wilms; Baselmans, J. J. A.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Gao, J. R.
Title Resistive transition of niobium superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixers Type Journal Article
Year 1998 Publication Applied Physics Letters Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.
Volume 73 Issue 19 Pages 2826
Keywords HEB
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ISSN 0003-6951 ISBN Medium
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 543
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Author Karasik, B. S.; Elantiev, A. I.
Title Noise temperature limit of a superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixer Type Journal Article
Year 1996 Publication Applied Physics Letters Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.
Volume 68 Issue 6 Pages 853-855
Keywords HEB mixer noise temperature, Johnson noise, thermal fluctuation noise, noise bandwidth
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ISSN 0003-6951 ISBN Medium
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 260
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Author Karasik, B. S.; Il'in, K. S.; Pechen, E. V.; Krasnosvobodtsev, S. I.
Title Diffusion cooling mechanism in a hot-electron NbC microbolometer mixer Type Journal Article
Year 1996 Publication Applied Physics Letters Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.
Volume 68 Issue 16 Pages 2285-2287
Keywords HEB mixer, diffusion cooling channel, diffusion channel
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ISSN 0003-6951 ISBN Medium
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 262
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Author Vystavkin, A. N.
Title Estimation of noise equivalent power and design analysis of an andreev reflection hot-electron microbolometer for submillimeter radioastronomy Type Journal Article
Year 1999 Publication Rus. J. Radio Electron. Abbreviated Journal Rus. J. Radio Electron.
Volume Issue 10 Pages
Keywords HEB, detector, bolometer
Abstract Results of theoretical estimations and measurements of characteristics of an Andreev reflection hot-electron microbolometer for submillimeter radioastronomy made by different researchers are reviewed and analysed. Peculiarities and characteristics of the microbolometers using two types of microthermometer for measurement of the electron temperature increment under influence of the radiation: the SIN-junction and the transition-edge sensor (TES) with electrothermal feedback – are compared. Advantages of the microbolometer with the second type of the microthermometer when the TES is used simultaneously as the absorber of radiation are shown. Methods of achievement of the best noise equivalent power of the microbolometer in such version as well as methods of the matching the microbolometer with the incident radiation flow using planar antennas and with the channel of output signal measurement using a SQUID-picoammeter are considered.
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Call Number Serial 496
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Author Pentin, Ivan; Finkel, Matvey; Maslennikov, Sergey; Vakhtomin, Yuri; Smirnov, Konstantin; Kaurova, Nataliya; Goltsman, Gregory
Title Superconducting hot-electron-bolometer mixers for the mid-IR Type Journal Article
Year 2017 Publication Rus. J. Radio Electron. Abbreviated Journal Rus. J. Radio Electron.
Volume Issue 10 Pages
Keywords IR NbN HEB mixers
Abstract The work presents the result of development of the NbN superconducting hot-electron-bolometer (HEB) mixer. The sensitive element of the mixer is directly coupled to mid-IR radiation, and doesn’t have planar metallic antenna. Investigations of noise characteristics of NbN HEB mixer were performed at the frequency 28.4 THz (λ = 10.6 µm) by using gas-discharge CW CO2-laser without consideration of optical and electrical losses in the heterodyne receiver. The noise temperature of NbN HEB mixer with the size of the sensitive element 10 µm × 10 µm was 2320 K (~ 1.5hν/kB) at the heterodyne frequency of 28.4 THz. The noise temperature was determined by measuring the Y-factor taking into account the term which describes fluctuations of zero-point oscillations in accordance with the fluctuation-dissipation theorem of Calle-Welton. Isothermal method was used to estimate the absorbed heterodyne radiation power which was 9 µW at the optimal operating point for the minimum noise temperature of NbN HEB mixer.
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Language Russian Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
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ISSN 1684-1719 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes http://jre.cplire.ru/jre/oct17/9/abstract.html (Russian) Гетеродинный приемник со сверхпроводниковым смесителем на эффекте электронного разогрева для среднего инфракрасного диапазона Approved no
Call Number Serial 1747
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Author Gershenzon, E. M.; Gershenzon, M. E.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Semenov, A. D.; Sergeev, A. V.
Title Nonselective effect of electromagnetic radiation on a superconducting film in the resistive state Type Journal Article
Year 1982 Publication JETP Lett. Abbreviated Journal JETP Lett.
Volume 36 Issue 7 Pages 296-299
Keywords HEB
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Notes Неселективное воздействие электромагнитного излучения на сверхпроводящую пленку в резистивном состоянии Approved no
Call Number Serial 1717
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Author Gershenzon, E. M.; Gershenzon, M. E.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Karasik, B. S.; Semenov, A. D.; Sergeev, A. V.
Title Light-induced heating of electrons and the time of the inelastic electron-phonon scattering in the YBaCuO compound Type Journal Article
Year 1987 Publication JETP Lett. Abbreviated Journal JETP Lett.
Volume 46 Issue 6 Pages 285-287
Keywords YBCO HTS HEB
Abstract For the first time, measurements have been made on the electron energy relaxation time due to the electron--phonon interaction in films of the YBaCuO superconductor. The results indicate a significant intensification of the electron--phonon interaction in this compound as compared with normal superconducting metals.
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Call Number Serial 1706
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Author Kawamura, J.; Blundell, R.; Tong, C.-Y. E.; Papa, D. C.; Hunter, T. R.; Paine, S. N.; Patt, F.; Gol'tsman, G.; Cherednichenko, S.; Voronov, B.; Gershenzon, E.
Title Superconductive hot-electron-bolometer mixer receiver for 800-GHz operation Type Journal Article
Year 2000 Publication IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn. Abbreviated Journal IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn.
Volume 48 Issue 4 Pages 683-689
Keywords NbN HEB mixers, LO power, local oscillator power, saturation, linearity, dynamic range
Abstract In this paper, we describe a superconductive hot-electron-bolometer mixer receiver designed to operate in the partially transmissive 350-μm atmospheric window. The receiver employs an NbN thin-film microbridge as the mixer element, in which the main cooling mechanism of the hot electrons is through electron-phonon interaction. At a local-oscillator frequency of 808 GHz, the measured double-sideband receiver noise temperature is TRX=970 K, across a 1-GHz intermediate-frequency bandwidth centered at 1.8 GHz. We have measured the linearity of the receiver and the amount of local-oscillator power incident on the mixer for optimal operation, which is PLO&ap;1 μW. This receiver was used in making observations as a facility instrument at the Heinrich Hertz Telescope, Mt. Graham, AZ, during the 1998-1999 winter observing season.
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ISSN 0018-9480 ISBN Medium
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Notes Approved no
Call Number RPLAB @ lobanovyury @ Serial 573
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Author Meledin, Denis; Pavolotsky, Alexey; Desmaris, Vincent.; Lapkin, Igor; Risacher, Christophe; Perez, Victor; Henke, Douglas; Nystrom, Olle; Sundin, Erik; Dochev, Dimitar; Pantaleev, Miroslav; Fredrixon, Mathias; Strandberg, Magnus; Voronov, Boris; Goltsman, Gregory; Belitsky, Victor
Title A 1.3-THz balanced waveguide HEB mixer for the APEX telescope Type Journal Article
Year 2009 Publication IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn. Abbreviated Journal
Volume 57 Issue 1 Pages 89-98
Keywords HEB, mixer, waveguide, balanced, NbN
Abstract In this paper, we report about the development, fabrication, and characterization of a balanced waveguide hot electron bolometer (HEB) receiver for the Atacama Pathfinder EXperiment telescope covering the frequency band of 1.25–1.39 THz. The receiver uses a quadrature balanced scheme and two HEB mixers, fabricated from 4- to 5-nm-thick NbN film deposited on crystalline quartz substrate with an MgO buffer layer in between. We employed a novel micromachining method to produce all-metal waveguide parts at submicrometer accuracy (the main-mode waveguide dimensions are 90×180 μm). We present details on the mixer design and measurement results, including receiver noise performance, stability and “first-light” at the telescope site. The receiver yields a double-sideband noise temperature averaged over the RF band below 1200 K, and outstanding stability with a spectroscopic Allan time more than 200 s.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number RPLAB @ lobanovyury @ Serial 554
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Author Ryabchun, Sergey; Tong, Cheuk-Yu Edward; Blundell, Raymond; Gol'tsman, Gregory
Title Stabilization scheme for hot-electron bolometer receivers using microwave radiation Type Journal Article
Year 2009 Publication IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. Abbreviated Journal IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
Volume 19 Issue 1 Pages 14-19
Keywords HEB, mixer, Allan variance, stabilization, radiometer equation
Abstract We present the results of a stabilization scheme for terahertz receivers based on NbN hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers that uses microwave radiation with a frequency much lower than the gap frequency of NbN to compensate for mixer current fluctuations. A feedback control loop, which actively controls the power level of the injected microwave radiation, has successfully been implemented to stabilize the operating point of the HEB mixer. This allows us to increase the receiver Allan time to 10 s and also improve the temperature resolution of the receiver by about 30% in the total power mode of operation.
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ISSN 1051-8223 ISBN Medium
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Notes Approved no
Call Number RPLAB @ lobanovyury @ Serial 559
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Author Gao, J. R.; Hajenius, M.; Yang, Z. Q.; Baselmans, J. J. A.; Khosropanah, P.; Barends, R.; Klapwijk, T. M.
Title Terahertz superconducting hot electron bolometer heterodyne receivers Type Journal Article
Year 2007 Publication IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. Abbreviated Journal
Volume 17 Issue 2 Pages 252-258
Keywords HEB, mixer, direct detection effect
Abstract We highlight the progress on NbN hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixers achieved through fruitful collaboration between SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research and Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands. This includes the best receiver noise temperatures of 700 K at 1.63 THz using a twin-slot antenna mixer and 1050 K at 2.84 THz using a spiral antenna coupled HEB mixer. The mixers are based on thin NbN films on Si and fabricated with a new contact-process and-structure. By reducing their areas HEB mixers have shown an LO power requirement as low as 30 nW. Those small HEB mixers have demonstrated equivalent sensitivity as those with large areas provided the direct detection effect due to broadband radiation is removed. To manifest that a HEB based heterodyne receiver can in practice be used at arbitrary frequencies above 2 THz, we demonstrate a 2.8 THz receiver using a THz quantum cascade laser (QCL) as local oscillator.
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Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1051-8223 ISBN Medium
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Notes Approved no
Call Number RPLAB @ asmirn @ Serial 557
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Author Cherednichenko, Sergey; Drakinskiy, Vladimir; Berg, Therese; Kollberg, Erik L.; Angelov, Iltcho
Title The direct detection effect in the hot-electron bolometer mixer sensitivity calibration Type Journal Article
Year 2007 Publication IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn. Abbreviated Journal
Volume 55 Issue 3 Pages 504-510
Keywords HEB, mixer, direct detection effect
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ISSN 0018-9480 ISBN Medium
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Notes Approved no
Call Number RPLAB @ lobanovyury @ Serial 555
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Author Semenov, Alexei D.; Richter, Heiko; Hubers, Heinz-Wilhelm; Gunther, Burghardt.; Smirnov, Andrey; Il'in, Konstantin S.; Siegel, Michael; Karamarkovic, Jugoslav P.
Title Terahertz performance of integrated lens antennas with a hot-electron bolometer Type Journal Article
Year 2007 Publication IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn. Abbreviated Journal
Volume 55 Issue 2 Pages 239-247
Keywords HEB, lens antenna
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ISSN 0018-9480 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 538
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Author Tong, C.-Y.E.; Meledin, D.V.; Marrone, D.P.; Paine, S.N.; Gibson, H.; Blundell, R.
Title Near field vector beam measurements at 1 THz Type Journal Article
Year 2003 Publication IEEE Microw. Compon. Lett. Abbreviated Journal
Volume 13 Issue 6 Pages 235-237
Keywords HEB, mixer, waveguide, LO power, local oscillator power, saturation effect, dynamic range
Abstract We have performed near-field vector beam measurements at 1.03 THz to characterize and align the receiver optics of a superconducting receiver. The signal source is a harmonic generator mounted on an X-Y translation stage. We model the measured two-dimensional complex beam pattern by a fundamental Gaussian mode, from which we derive the position of the beam center, the beam radius and the direction of propagation. By performing scans in the planes separated by 400 mm, we have confirmed that our beam pattern measurements are highly reliable.
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Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1531-1309 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number RPLAB @ lobanovyury @ Serial 574
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