Records |
Author |
Yngvesson, K. S.; Gerecht, E.; Musante, C. F.; Zhuang, Y.; Ji, M.; Goyette, T. M.; Dickinson, J. C.; Waldman, J.; Yagoubov, P. A.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Voronov, B. M.; Gershenzon, E. M. |
Title |
Low-noise HEB heterodyne receivers and focal plane arrays for the THz regime using NbN |
Type |
Conference Article |
Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Proc. SPIE |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. SPIE |
Volume |
3795 |
Issue |
|
Pages |
357-368 |
Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers |
Abstract |
We have developed prototype HEB receivers using thin film superconducting NbN devices deposited on silicon substrates. The devices are quasi-optically coupled through a silicon lens and a self-complementary log-specific toothed antenna. We measured DSB receiver noise temperatures of 500 K (13 X hf/2k) at 1.56 THz and 1,100 K (20 X hf/2k) at 2.24 THz. Noise temperatures are expected to fall further as devices and quasi-optical coupling methods are being optimized. The measured 3 dB IF conversion gain bandwidth for one device was 3 GHz, and it is estimated that the bandwidth over which the receiver noise temperature is within 3 dB of its minimum value is 6.5 GHz which is sufficient for a number of practical applications. We will discuss our latest results and give a detailed description of our prototype setup and experiments. We will also discuss our plans for developing focal plane arrays with tens of Hot Electron Bolometric mixer elements on a single silicon substrate which will make real time imaging systems in the THz region feasible. |
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Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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Publisher |
SPIE |
Place of Publication |
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Editor |
Hwu, R.J.; Wu, K. |
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Conference |
Terahertz and Gigahertz Photonics |
Notes |
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Approved |
no |
Call Number |
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Serial |
1561 |
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Author |
Huebers, H.-W.; Semenov, A.; Schubert, J.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Voronov, B. M.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Krabbe, A.; Roeser, H.-P. |
Title |
NbN hot-electron bolometer as THz mixer for SOFIA |
Type |
Conference Article |
Year |
2000 |
Publication |
Proc. SPIE |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. SPIE |
Volume |
4014 |
Issue |
|
Pages |
195-202 |
Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers, airborne, stratospheric observatory, SOFIA |
Abstract |
Heterodyne receivers for applications in astronomy need quantum limited sensitivity. We have investigated phonon- cooled NbN hot electron bolometric mixers in the frequency range from 0.7 THz to 5.2 THz. The devices were 3.5 nm thin films with an in-plane dimension of 1.7 X 0.2 micrometers 2 integrated in a complementary logarithmic spiral antenna. The best measured DSB receiver noise temperatures are 1300 K (0.7 THz), 2000 K (1.4 THz), 2100 K (1.6 THz), 2600 K (2.5 THz), 4000 K (3.1 THz), 5600 K (4.3 THz), and 8800 K (5.2 THz). The sensitivity fluctuation, the long term stability, and the antenna pattern were measured. The results demonstrate that this mixer is very well suited for GREAT, the German heterodyne receiver for SOFIA. |
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Thesis |
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Publisher |
SPIE |
Place of Publication |
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Editor |
Melugin, R.K.; Roeser, H.-P. |
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Conference |
Airborne Telescope Systems |
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Approved |
no |
Call Number |
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Serial |
1554 |
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Author |
Huebers, H.-W.; Semenov, A.; Richter, H.; Birk, M.; Krocka, M.; Mair, U.; Smirnov, K.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Voronov, B. M. |
Title |
Superconducting hot electron bolometer as mixer for far-infrared heterodyne receivers |
Type |
Conference Article |
Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Proc. SPIE |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. SPIE |
Volume |
4855 |
Issue |
|
Pages |
395-401 |
Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers |
Abstract |
Heterodyne receivers for applications in astronomy need quantum limited sensitivity. In instruments which are currently under development for SOFIA or Herschel superconducting hot electron bolometers (HEB) will be used to achieve this goal at frequencies above 1.4 THz. We present results of the development of a phonon-cooled NbN HEB mixer for GREAT, the German Receiver for Astronomy at Terahertz Frequencies, which will be flown aboard SOFIA. The mixer is a small superconducting bridge incorporated in a planar feed antenna and a hyperhemispherical lens. Mixers with logarithmic-spiral and double-slot feed antennas have been investigated with respect to their noise temperature, conversion loss, linearity and beam pattern. At 2.5 THz a double sideband noise temperature of 2200 K was achieved. The conversion loss was 17 dB. The response of the mixer was linear up to 400 K load temperature. The performance was verified by measuring an emission line of methanol at 2.5 THz. The measured linewidth is in good agreement with the linewidth deduced from pressure broadening measurements at millimeter wavelength. The results demonstrate that the NbN HEB is very well suited as a mixer for far-infrared heterodyne receivers. |
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Publisher |
SPIE |
Place of Publication |
Tucson, USA |
Editor |
Phillips, T. G.; Zmuidzinas, J. |
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Original Title |
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Series Title |
Presented at the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference |
Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
4855 |
Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
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ISBN |
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Medium |
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Area |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors for Astronomy |
Notes |
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Approved |
no |
Call Number |
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Serial |
335 |
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Author |
Cherednichenko, S.; Khosropanah, P.; Adam, A.; Merkel, H. F.; Kollberg, E. L.; Loudkov, D.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Voronov, B. M.; Richter, H.; Huebers, H.-W. |
Title |
1.4- to 1.7-THz NbN hot-electron bolometer mixer for the Herschel space observatory |
Type |
Conference Article |
Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Proc. SPIE |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. SPIE |
Volume |
4855 |
Issue |
|
Pages |
361-370 |
Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers |
Abstract |
NbN hot- electron bolometer mixers have reached the level of 10hv/k in terms of the input noise temperature with the noise bandwidth of 4-6 GHz from subMM band up to 2.5 THz. In this paper we discuss the major characteristics of this kind of receiver, i.e. the gain and the noise bandwidth, the noise temperature in a wide RF band, bias regimes and optimisation of RF coupling to the quasioptical mixer. We present the status of the development of the mixer for Band 6 Low for Herschel Telescope. |
Address |
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Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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Publisher |
SPIE |
Place of Publication |
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Editor |
Phillips, T.G.; Zmuidzinas, J. |
Language |
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Summary Language |
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Original Title |
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Series Editor |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISBN |
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Medium |
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Area |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors for Astronomy |
Notes |
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Approved |
no |
Call Number |
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Serial |
1521 |
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Author |
Baubert, J.; Salez, M.; Delorme, Y.; Pons, P.; Goltsman, G.; Merkel, H.; Leconte, B. |
Title |
Membrane-based HEB mixer for THz applications |
Type |
Conference Article |
Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Proc. SPIE |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. SPIE |
Volume |
5116 |
Issue |
|
Pages |
551-562 |
Keywords |
membrane NbN HEB mixers, heterodyne receiver, stress-less membrane, coupling efficiency, submillimeter-waves frequency, low-cost space applications |
Abstract |
We report in this paper a new concept for 2.7 THz superconducting Niobium nitride (NbN) Hot-Electron Bolometer mixer (HEB). The membrane process was developped for space telecommnunication applications a few years ago and the HEB mixer concept is now considered as the best choice for low-noise submillimeter-wave frequency heterodyne receivers. The idea is then to join these two technologies. The novel fabrication scheme is to fabricate a NbN HEB mixer on a 1 μm thick stress-less Si3N4/SiO2 membrane. This seems to present numerous improvements concerning : use at higher RF frequencies, power coupling efficiency, HEB mixer sensitivity, noise temperature, and space applications. This work is to be continued within the framework of an ESA TRP project, a 2.7 THz heterodyne camera with numerous applications including a SOFIA airborne receiver. This paper presents the whole fabrication process, the validation tests and preliminary results. Membrane-based HEB mixer theory is currently being investigated and further tests such as heterodyne and Fourier transform spectrometry measurement are planed shortly. |
Address |
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Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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Publisher |
SPIE |
Place of Publication |
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Editor |
Chiao, J.-C.; Varadan, V.K.; Cané, C. |
Language |
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Summary Language |
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Original Title |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
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ISBN |
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Medium |
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Area |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
Smart Sensors, Actuators, and MEMS |
Notes |
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Approved |
no |
Call Number |
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Serial |
1520 |
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Author |
Hubers, H.-W.; Semenov, A.; Richter, H.; Schwarz, M.; Gunther, B.; Smirnov, K.; Gol’tsman, G.; Voronov, B. |
Title |
Heterodyne receiver for 3-5 THz with hot-electron bolometer mixer |
Type |
Conference Article |
Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Proc. SPIE |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. SPIE |
Volume |
5498 |
Issue |
|
Pages |
579-586 |
Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers |
Abstract |
Heterodyne receivers for applications in astronomy and planetary research need quantum limited sensitivity. In instruments which are currently build for SOFIA and Herschel superconducting hot electron bolometers (HEB) will be used to achieve this goal at frequencies above 1.4 THz. The local oscillator and the mixer are the most critical components for a heterodyne receiver operating at 3-5 THz. The design and performance of an optically pumped THz gas laser optimized for this frequency band will be presented. In order to optimize the performance for this frequency hot electron bolometer mixers with different in-plane dimensions and logarithmic-spiral feed antennas have been investigated. Their noise temperatures and beam patterns were measured. Above 3 THz the best performance was achieved with a superconducting bridge of 2.0 x 0.2 μm2 incorporated in a logarithmic spiral antenna. The DSB noise temperatures were 2700 K, 4700 K and 6400 K at 3.1 THz, 4.3 THz and 5.2 THz, respectively. The results demonstrate that the NbN HEB is very well suited as a mixer for THz heterodyne receivers up to at least 5 THz. |
Address |
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Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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Publisher |
SPIE |
Place of Publication |
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Editor |
Zmuidzinas, J.; Holland, W.S.; Withington, S. |
Language |
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Summary Language |
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Original Title |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
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ISBN |
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Medium |
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Area |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors for Astronomy II |
Notes |
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Approved |
no |
Call Number |
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Serial |
1483 |
Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Ryabchun, S.; Tong, C.-yu E.; Blundell, R.; Kimberk, R.; Gol’tsman, G. |
Title |
Effect of microwave radiation on the stability of terahertz hot-electron bolometer mixers |
Type |
Conference Article |
Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Proc. SPIE |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. SPIE |
Volume |
6373 |
Issue |
|
Pages |
63730J (1 to 5) |
Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers, hot-electron bolometer mixers, stability, Allan variance, LO power fluctuations |
Abstract |
We report our studies of the effect of microwave radiation, with a frequency much lower than that corresponding to the energy gap of the superconductor, on the performance of the NbN hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixer incorporated into a THz heterodyne receiver. It is shown that exposing the HEB mixer to microwave radiation does not result in a significant rise of the receiver noise temperature and degradation of the mixer conversion gain so long as the level of microwave power is small compared to the local oscillator drive. Hence the injection of a small, but controlled amount of microwave radiation enables active compensation of local oscillator power and coupling fluctuations which can significantly degrade the stability of HEB mixer receivers. |
Address |
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Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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Publisher |
SPIE |
Place of Publication |
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Editor |
Anwar, M.; DeMaria, A.J.; Shur, M.S. |
Language |
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Summary Language |
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Original Title |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
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ISBN |
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Medium |
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Area |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
Terahertz Physics, Devices, and Systems |
Notes |
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Approved |
no |
Call Number |
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Serial |
1441 |
Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Zhang, W.; Li, N.; Jiang, L.; Ren, Y.; Yao, Q.-J.; Lin, Z.-H.; Shi, S.-C.; Voronov, B. M.; Gol’tsman, G. N. |
Title |
Dependence of noise temperature of quasi-optical superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixers on bath temperature and optical-axis displacement |
Type |
Conference Article |
Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Proc. SPIE |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. SPIE |
Volume |
6840 |
Issue |
|
Pages |
684007 (1 to 8) |
Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers, noise temperature, LO power |
Abstract |
It is known that the increase of bath temperature results in the decrease of critical current of superconducting hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers owing to the depression of superconductivity, thus leading to the degradation of the mixer’s sensitivity. Here we report our study on the effect of bath temperature on the heterodyne mixing performance of quasi-optical superconducting NbN HEB mixers incorporated with a two-arm log-spiral antenna. The correlation between the bath temperature, critical current, LO power requirement and noise temperature is investigated at 0.5 THz. Furthermore, the heterodyne mixing performance of quasi-optical superconducting NbN HEB mixers is examined while there is an optical-axis displacement between the center of the extended hemispherical silicon lens and the superconducting NbN HEB device, which is placed on the back of the lens. Detailed experimental results and analysis are presented. |
Address |
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Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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Publisher |
Spie |
Place of Publication |
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Editor |
Zhang, C.; Zhang, X.-C. |
Language |
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Summary Language |
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Original Title |
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Series Editor |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
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ISBN |
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Medium |
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Area |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
Terahertz Photonics |
Notes |
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Approved |
no |
Call Number |
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Serial |
1415 |
Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Semenov, A.; Richter, H.; Hübers, H.-W.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G. |
Title |
Development of terahertz superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixers |
Type |
Conference Article |
Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Proc. 6th European Conf. Appl. Supercond. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 6th European Conf. Appl. Supercond. |
Volume |
181 |
Issue |
|
Pages |
2960-2965 |
Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers |
Abstract |
We present recent results of the development of phonon cooled hot-electron bolometric (HEB) mixers for airborne and balloon borne terahertz heterodyne receivers. Three iomportant issues have been addresses: the quality of NbN films the HEB mixers were made from, the spectral properties of the HEB mixers and the local oscillator power required for optical operation. Studies with an atomic force microscope indicate, that the performance of the HEB mixer might have been effected by the microstructure of the NbN film. Antenna gain and noise temperature were investigated at terahertz frequencies for a HEB embedded in either log-spiral or twin-slot feed antenna. Comparison suggests that at frequencies above 3 THz the spiral feed provides better overall performance. At 1.6 THz, a power of 2.5 µW was required from the local oscillator for optimal operation of the HEB mixer. |
Address |
Sorrento, Italy |
Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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Publisher |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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Language |
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Original Title |
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Edition |
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ISBN |
0750309814, 978-0750309813 |
Medium |
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Conference |
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Notes |
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Approved |
no |
Call Number |
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Serial |
1505 |
Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Schubert, J.; Semenov, A.; Hübers, H.-W.; Gol'tsman, G.; Schwaab, G.; Voronov, B.; Gershenzon, E. |
Title |
Broad-band terahertz NbN hot-electron bolometric mixer |
Type |
Conference Article |
Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Inst. Phys. Conf. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Inst. Phys. Conf. |
Volume |
167 |
Issue |
|
Pages |
663-666 |
Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers |
Abstract |
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Address |
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Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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Publisher |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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Language |
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Original Title |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Edition |
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Conference |
4th Europ. Conf. on Appl. Superconductivity, Barcelona, Spain, 14-17 September 1999 |
Notes |
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Approved |
no |
Call Number |
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Serial |
1578 |
Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Yagoubov, P.; Hübers, H.-W.; Gol’tsman, G.; Semenov, A.; Gao, J.; Hoogeveen, R.; de Graauw, T.; Birk, M.; Selig, A.; de Korte, P. |
Title |
Hot-electron bolometer mixers – technology for far-infrared heterodyne instruments in future atmospheric chemistry missions |
Type |
Conference Article |
Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Proc. 3rd Int. Symp. Submillimeter Wave Earth Observation From Space |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 3rd Int. Symp. Submillimeter Wave Earth Observation From Space |
Volume |
|
Issue |
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Pages |
57-69 |
Keywords |
HEB mixers |
Abstract |
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Address |
Delmenhorst |
Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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Publisher |
Logos-Verlag |
Place of Publication |
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Editor |
Buehler, S.; Berlin |
Language |
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Summary Language |
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Original Title |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
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ISBN |
3-89722-700-2 |
Medium |
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Area |
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Conference |
International Symposium on Submillimeter Wave Earth Observation from Space, ISSMWEOS01 |
Notes |
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Approved |
no |
Call Number |
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Serial |
1549 |
Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Hübers, H.-W.; Semenov, A.; Richter, H.; Birk, M.; Krocka, M.; Mair, U.; Smirnov, K.; Gol’tsman, G.; Voronov, B. |
Title |
Terahertz Heterodyn Receiver with a hot-electron bolometer mixer |
Type |
Conference Article |
Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Far-IR, Sub-mm & MM Detector Technology Workshop |
Abbreviated Journal |
Far-IR, Sub-mm & MM Detector Technology Workshop |
Volume |
|
Issue |
|
Pages |
3-24 |
Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers |
Abstract |
During the past decade major advances have been made regarding low noise mixers for terahertz (THz) heterodyne receivers. State of the art hot-electron-bolometer (HEB) mixers have noise temperatures close to the quantum limit and require less than a µW power from the local oscillator (LO). The technology is now at a point where the performance of a practical receiver employing such mixer, rather than the figures of merit of the mixer itself, are of major concern. We have incorporated a phonon-cooled NbN HEB mixer in a 2.5 THz heterodyne receiver and investigated the performance of the receiver. This yields important information for the development of heterodyne receivers such as GREAT (German receiver for astronomy at THz frequencies aboard SOFIA) [1] and TELIS (Terahertz limb sounder), a balloon borne heterodyne receiver for atmospheric research [2]. Both are currently under development at DLR. |
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Thesis |
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Publisher |
NASA |
Place of Publication |
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Editor |
Wolf, U.; Farhoomand, J.; McCreight, C.R. |
Language |
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Summary Language |
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Original Title |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
NASA CP |
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ISBN |
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Notes |
Volume: 211408 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
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Serial |
1537 |
Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Elantiev, A. I.; Karasik, B. S.; Potoskuev, S. E. |
Title |
Intense electromagnetic radiation heating of electrons of a superconductor in the resistive state |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1988 |
Publication |
Sov. J. Low Temp. Phys. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Sov. J. Low Temp. Phys. |
Volume |
14 |
Issue |
7 |
Pages |
414-420 |
Keywords |
HEB |
Abstract |
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Address |
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Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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Publisher |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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Language |
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Original Title |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
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ISBN |
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Area |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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Notes |
Duplicated as 1697 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
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Serial |
236 |
Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Гершензон, Е. М.; Гольцман, Г. Н.; Елантьев, А. И.; Карасик, Б. С.; Потоскуев, С. Э. |
Title |
Разогрев электронов в резистивном состоянии сверхпроводника электромагнитным излучением значительной интенсивности |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1988 |
Publication |
Физика низких температур |
Abbreviated Journal |
Физика низких температур |
Volume |
14 |
Issue |
7 |
Pages |
753-763 |
Keywords |
HEB |
Abstract |
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Address |
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Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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Publisher |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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Language |
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Summary Language |
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Original Title |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
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ISBN |
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Medium |
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Area |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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Notes |
Duplicated as 1697 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
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Serial |
883 |
Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Elant'ev, A. I.; Karasik, B. S.; Potoskuev, S. E. |
Title |
Intense electromagnetic radiation heating of superconductor electrons in resistive state |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1988 |
Publication |
Fizika Nizkikh Temperatur |
Abbreviated Journal |
Fizika Nizkikh Temperatur |
Volume |
14 |
Issue |
7 |
Pages |
753-763 |
Keywords |
Nb HEB |
Abstract |
An experimental study is made of the effect of intense radiation in the millimeter and submillimeter ranges on thin and narrow Nb films in the resistive state. It is found that the excess resistance resulting from radiation and the dependence of its relaxation time on radiation intensity and transport current can be explained in terms of the effect of electron heating. Quantitative agreement is obtained between the experimental data and a homogeneous electron heating model. |
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1697 |
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