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Kawamura, J.; Blundell, R.; Tong, C-Y. E.; Gol'tsman, G.; Gershenzon, E.; Voronov, B.; Cherednichenko, S. |
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Phonon-cooled NbN HEB mixers for submillimeter wavelengths |
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Conference Article |
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1997 |
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Proc. 8th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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Proc. 8th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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23-28 |
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waveguide NbN HEB mixers |
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The noise performance of receivers incorporating NbN phonon-cooled superconducting hot electron bolometric mixers is measured from 200 GHz to 900 GHz. The mixer elements are thin-film (thickness — 4 nm) NbN with —5 to 40 pm area fabricated on crystalline quartz sub- strates. The receiver noise temperature from 200 GHz to 900 GHz demonstrates no unexpected degradation with increasing frequency, being roughly TRx ,; 1-2 K The best receiver noise temperatures are 410 K (DSB) at 430 GHz, 483 K at 636 GHz, and 1150 K at 800 GHz. |
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275 |
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Meledin, D.; Tong, C. Y.-E.; Blundell, R.; Kaurova, N.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G. |
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Title |
The sensitivity and IF bandwidth of waveguide NbN hot electron bolometer mixers on MgO buffer layers over crystalline quartz |
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Conference Article |
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2002 |
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Proc. 13th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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Proc. 13th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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65-72 |
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waveguide NbN HEB mixers |
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We have developed and characterized waveguide phonon-cooled NbN Hot Electron Bolometer (FMB) mixers fabricated from a 3-4 nm thick NbN film deposited on a 200nm thick MgO buffer layer over crystalline quartz. Double side band receiver noise temperatures of 900-1050 K at 1.035 THz, and 1300-1400 K at 1.26 THz have been measured at an intermediate frequency of 1.5 GHz. The intermediate frequency bandwidth, measured at 0.8 THz LO frequency, is 3.2 GHz at the optimal bias point for low noise receiver operation. |
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Cambridge, MA, USA |
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Harvard university |
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326 |
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Tong, C. Edward; Trifonov, Andrey; Blundell, Raymond; Shurakov, Alexander; Gol’tsman, Gregory |
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A digital terahertz power meter based on an NbN thin film |
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2014 |
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Proc. 25th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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Proc. 25th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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170 |
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waveguide NbN HEB mixers |
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We have further studied the effect of subjecting a superconducting Hot Electron Bolometer (HEB) element made from an NbN thin film to microwave radiation. Since the photon energy is weak, the microwave radiation does not simply heat the film, but generates a bi-static state, switching between the superconducting and normal states, upon the application of a small voltage bias. Indeed, a relaxation oscillation of a few MHz has previously been reported in this regime [1]. Switching between the superconducting and normal states modulates the reflected microwave pump power from the device. A simple homodyne setup readily recovers the spontaneous switching waveform in the time domain. The switching frequency is a function of both the bias voltage (DC heating) and the applied microwave power. In this work, we use a 0.8 THz HEB waveguide mixer for the purpose of demonstration. The applied microwave pump, coupled through a directional coupler, is at 1 GHz. Since the pump power is of the order of a few μW, a room temperature amplifier is sufficient to amplify the reflected pump power from the HEB mixer, which beats with the microwave source in a homodyne set-up. After further amplification, the switching waveform is passed onto a frequency counter. The typical frequency of the switching pulses is 3-5 MHz. It is found that the digital frequency count increases with higher microwave pump power. When the HEB mixer is subjected to additional optical power at 0.8 THz, the frequency count also increases. When we vary the incident optical power by using a wire grid attenuator, a linear relationship is observed between the frequency count and the applied optical power, over at least an order of magnitude of power. This phenomenon can be exploited to develop a digital power meter, using a very simple electronics setup. Further experiments are under way to determine the range of linearity and the accuracy of calibration transfer from the microwave to the THz regime. References 1. Y. Zhuang, and S. Yngvesson, “Detection and interpretation of bistatic effects in NbN HEB devices,” Proc. 13 th Int. Symp. Space THz Tech., 2002, pp. 463–472. |
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1366 |
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Author |
Ryabchun, Sergey; Tong, Cheuk-yu Edward; Blundell, Raymond; Kimberk, Robert; Gol’tsman, Gregory |
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Title |
Stabilisation of a terahertz hot-electron bolometer mixer with microwave feedback control |
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Conference Article |
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2007 |
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Proc. 18th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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Proc. 18th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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193-198 |
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waveguide NbN HEB mixers, Allan variance, stability |
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We report on implementation of microwave feedback control loop to stabilise the performance of an HEB mixer receiver. It is shown that the receiver sensitivity increases by a factor of 4 over a 16-minute scan, and the corresponding Allan time increases up to 10 seconds, as opposed to an open loop value of 1 second. Our experiments also demonstrate that the receiver sensitivity is limited by the intermediate frequency chain. |
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1421 |
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Loudkov, D.; Tong, C.-Y.E.; Blundell, R.; Kaurova, N.; Grishina, E.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G. |
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An investigation of the performance of the waveguide superconducting HEB mixer at different RF embedding impedances |
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Conference Article |
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2005 |
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Proc. 16th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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Proc. 16th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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226-229 |
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waveguide NbN HEB mixers |
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We have conducted an investigation of the performance of superconducting hot-electron bolometric (HEB) mixer at 800 GHz as a function of the embedding impedance of the waveguide embedding circuit. Using a single half-height mixer block, we have developed three different mixer chip configurations, offering nominal embedding resistances of 70, 35, and 15 Ohms. Both the High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) software and scaled model impedance measurements were employed in the design process. Two batches of HEB mixers were fabricated to these designs using 3-4 nm thick NbN thin film. The mixers were characterized through receiver noise temperature measurements and Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS) scans. Briefly, a minimum receiver noise temperature of 440 K was measured at a local oscillator frequency 850 GHz for a mixer of normal state resistance 62 Ohms incorporated into a circuit offering a nominal embedding impedance of 70 Ohms. We conclude from our data that, for low noise operation, the normal state resistance of the HEB mixer element should be close to that of the embedding impedance of the mixer mount. |
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1472 |
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Author |
Tong, C.-Y. Edward; Meledin, Denis; Blundell, Raymond; Erickson, Neal; Kawamura, Jonathan; Mehdi, Imran; Gol'tsman, Gregory |
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A 1.5 THz hot-electron bolometer mixer operated by a planar diode-based local oscillator |
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2003 |
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Proc. 14th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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Proc. 14th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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286 |
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waveguide NbN HEB mixers |
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We describe a 1.5 THz heterodyne receiver based on a superconductin g hot-electron bolometer mixer, which is pumped by an all-solid-state local oscillator chain. The bolometer is fabricated from a 3.5 nm-thick niobium nitride film deposited on a quartz substrate with a 200 nm-thick magnesium oxide buffer layer. The bolometer measures 0.15 fun in width and 1.5 1..tm in length. The chip consisting of the bolometer and mixer circuitry is incorporated in a fixed-tuned waveguide mixer block with a corru g ated feed horn. The local oscillator unit comprises of a cascade of four planar doublers followin g a MMIC-based W-band power amplifier. The local oscillator is coupled to the mixer using a Martin-Puplett interferometer. The local oscillator output power needed for optimal receiver performance is approximately 1 to 2 11W, and the chain is able to provide this power at a number of frequency points between 1.45 and 1.56 THz. By terminating the rf input with room temperature and 77 K loads, a Y-factor of 1.11 (DSB) has been measured at a local oscillator frequency of 1.476 THz at 3 GHz intermediate frequency. |
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1501 |
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0kunev, 0.; Dzardanov, A.; Ekstrom, H.; Jacobsson, S.; Kollberg, E.; Gol'tsman, G.; Gershenzon, E. |
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NbN hot electron waveguide mixer for 100 GHz operation |
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Conference Article |
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1994 |
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Proc. 5th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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Proc. 5th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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214-224 |
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waveguide NbN HEB mixers |
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NbN is a promising superconducting material used to develope hot- electron superconducting mixers with an IF bandwidth over 1 GHz. In the 100 GHz frequency range, the following parameters were obtained for NbN films 50 A thick: the noise temperature of the receiver (DSB) 1000 K; the conversion losses 10 d13, the IF bandwidth 1 GHz; the local oscillator power 1 /LW. An increase of NbN film thickness up to 80-100 A and increase of working temperature up to 7-8 K, and a better mixer matching may allow to broader the IF band up to 3 Gllz, to reduce the conversion losses down to 3-5 dB and the noise tempera- ture down to 200-300 K. |
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1644 |
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Tong, C.-Y. E.; Meledin, D.; Loudkov, D.; Blundell, R.; Erickson, N.; Kawamura, J.; Mehdi, I.; Gol’tsman, G. |
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A 1.5 THz Hot-Electron Bolometer mixer operated by a planar diode based local oscillator |
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Conference Article |
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2003 |
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IEEE MTT-S Int. Microwave Symp. Digest |
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IEEE MTT-S Int. Microwave Symp. Digest |
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2 |
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751-754 |
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waveguide NbN HEB mixers |
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We have developed a 1.5 THz superconducting NbN Hot-Electron Bolometer mixer. It is operated by an all-solid-state Local Oscillator comprising of a cascade of 4 planar doublers following an MMIC based W-band power amplifier. The threshold available pump power is estimated to be 1 /spl mu/W. |
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Philadelphia, PA, USA |
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Tong, C. E.; Blundell, R.; Papa, D. C.; Smith, M.; Kawamura, J.; Gol'tsman, G.; Gershenzon, E.; Voronov, B. |
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An all solid-state superconducting heterodyne receiver at terahertz frequencies |
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1999 |
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IEEE Microw. Guid. Wave Lett. |
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IEEE Microw. Guid. Wave Lett. |
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9 |
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9 |
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366-368 |
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waveguide NbN HEB mixers |
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A superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixer-receiver operating from 1 to 1.26 THz has been developed. This heterodyne receiver employs two solid-state local oscillators each consisting of a Gunn oscillator followed by two stages of varactor frequency multiplication. The measured receiver noise temperature is 1350 K at 1.035 THz and 2700 K at 1.26 THz. This receiver demonstrates that tunable solid-state local oscillators, supplying only a few micro-watts of output power, can be used in terahertz receiver applications. |
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1051-8207 |
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1565 |
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Meledin, D.; Tong, C.-Y. E.; Blundell, R.; Goltsman, G. |
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Measurement of intermediate frequency bandwidth of hot electron bolometer mixers at terahertz frequency range |
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2003 |
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IEEE Microw. Wireless Compon. Lett. |
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IEEE Microw. Wireless Compon. Lett. |
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13 |
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11 |
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493-495 |
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waveguide NbN HEB mixers |
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We have developed a new experimental setup for measuring the IF bandwidth of superconducting hot electron bolometer mixers. In our measurement system we use a chopped hot filament as a broadband signal source, and can perform a high-speed IF scan with no loss of accuracy when compared to coherent methods. Using this technique we have measured the 3 dB IF bandwidth of hot electron bolometer mixers, designed for THz frequency operation, and made from 3-4 nm thick NbN film deposited on an MgO buffer layer over crystalline quartz. |
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1531-1309 |
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