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Klapwijk, T. M.; Barends, R.; Gao, J. R.; Hajenius, M.; Baselmans, J. J. A. |
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Improved superconducting hot-electron bolometer devices for the THz range |
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2004 |
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Proc. SPIE |
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Proc. SPIE |
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5498 |
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129-139 |
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Keywords |
HEB mixer distributed model, numerical model |
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Improved and reproducible heterodyne mixing (noise temperatures of 950 K at 2.5 THz) has been realized with NbN based hot-electron superconducting devices with low contact resistances. A distributed temperature numerical model of the NbN bridge, based on a local electron and a phonon temperature, has been used to understand the physical conditions during the mixing process. We find that the mixing is predominantly due to the exponential rise of the local resistivity as a function of electron temperature. |
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Invited talk, Recommended by Klapwijk |
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912 |
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Baselmans, J. J. A.; Hajenius, M.; Gao, J.; de Korte, P.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G. |
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Title |
Doubling of sensitivity and bandwidth in phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometer mixers |
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Conference Article |
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2004 |
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Proc. SPIE |
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Proc. SPIE |
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Volume |
5498 |
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168-176 |
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Keywords |
Hot electron bolometers, bandwidth, noise temperature, experimental |
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NbN hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixers are at this moment the best heterodyne detectors for frequencies above 1 THz. However, the fabrication procedure of these devices is such that the quality of the interface between the NbN superconducting film and the contact structure is not under good control. This results in a contact resistance between the NbN bolometer and the contact pad. We compare identical bolometers, with different NbN – contact pad interfaces, coupled with a spiral antenna. We find that cleaning the NbN interface and adding a thin additional superconductor prior to the gold contact deposition improves the noise temperature and the bandwidth of the HEB mixers with more than a factor of 2. We obtain a DSB noise temperature of 950 K at 2.5 THz and a Gain bandwidth of 5-6 GHz. For use in real receiver systems we design small volume (0.15x1 micron) HEB mixers with a twin slot antenna. We find that these mixers combine good sensitivity (900 K at 1.6 THz) with low LO power requirement, which is 160 – 240 nW at the Si lens of the mixer. This value is larger than expected from the isothermal technique and the known losses in the lens by a factor of 3-3.5. |
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SPIE |
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Zmuidzinas, J.; Holland, W.S.; Withington, S. |
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Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors for Astronomy II |
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1744 |
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Korneeva, Y.; Vodolazov, D.; Florya, I.; Manova, N.; Smirnov, E.; Korneev, A.; Mikhailov, M.; Goltsman, G.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Naumov, A. V.; Gladush, M. G.; Karimullin, K. R. |
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Title |
Single photon detection in micron scale NbN and α-MoSi superconducting strips |
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Conference Article |
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2018 |
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EPJ Web Conf. |
Abbreviated Journal |
EPJ Web Conf. |
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190 |
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04010 (1 to 2) |
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SSPD |
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We experimentally demonstrate the single photon detection in straight micrometer-wide NbN and α-MoSi bridges. Width of the bridges is 2 µm, while the wavelength of the photon changes from 408 to 1550 nm and critical current exceeds 50% of the depairing current. Obtained results offer the alternative route for design of detectors without resonator and meander structure and indirectly confirm vortex assisted mechanism of single photon detection. |
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2100-014X |
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1319 |
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Shcherbatenko, M.; Tretyakov, I.; Lobanov, Yu.; Maslennikov, S. N.; Kaurova, N.; Finkel, M.; Voronov, B.; Goltsman, G.; Klapwijk, T. M. |
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Title |
Nonequilibrium interpretation of DC properties of NbN superconducting hot electron bolometers |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2016 |
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Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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109 |
Issue |
13 |
Pages |
132602 |
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Keywords |
HEB mixer, contacts |
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We present a physically consistent interpretation of the dc electrical properties of niobiumnitride (NbN)-based superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixers, using concepts of nonequilibrium superconductivity. Through this, we clarify what physical information can be extracted from the resistive transition and the dc current-voltage characteristics, measured at suitably chosen temperatures, and relevant for device characterization and optimization. We point out that the intrinsic spatial variation of the electronic properties of disordered superconductors, such as NbN, leads to a variation from device to device. |
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1107 |
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Bueno, J.; Coumou, P. C. J. J.; Zheng, G.; de Visser, P. J.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Driessen, E. F. C.; Doyle, S.; Baselmans, J. J. A |
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Title |
Anomalous response of superconducting titanium nitride resonators to terahertz radiation |
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Journal Article |
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2014 |
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Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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105 |
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192601 (1 to 5) |
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KID, TiN, NEP, disordered superconductors, inhomogeneous state |
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We present an experimental study of kinetic inductance detectors (KIDs) fabricated of atomic layer deposited TiN films and characterized at radiation frequencies of 350 GHz. The responsivity to radiation is measured and found to increase with the increase in radiation powers, opposite to what is expected from theory and observed for hybrid niobium titanium nitride/aluminium (NbTiN/Al) and all-aluminium (all-Al) KIDs. The noise is found to be independent of the level of the radiation power. The noise equivalent power improves with higher radiation powers, also opposite to what is observed and well understood for hybrid NbTiN/Al and all-Al KIDs. We suggest that an inhomogeneous state of these disordered superconductors should be used to explain these observations. |
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1068 |
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Kardakova, A.; Finkel, M.; Morozov, D.; Kovalyuk, V.; An, P.; Dunscombe, C.; Tarkhov, M.; Mauskopf, P.; Klapwijk, T.M.; Goltsman, G. |
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Title |
The electron-phonon relaxation time in thin superconducting titanium nitride films |
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Journal Article |
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2013 |
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Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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103 |
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25 |
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252602 (1 to 4) |
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disordered TiN films, electron-phonon relaxation time |
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We report on the direct measurement of the electron-phonon relaxation time, τeph, in disordered TiN films. Measured values of τeph are from 5.5 ns to 88 ns in the 4.2 to 1.7 K temperature range and consistent with a T−3 temperature dependence. The electronic density of states at the Fermi level N0 is estimated from measured material parameters. The presented results confirm that thin TiN films are promising candidate-materials for ultrasensitive superconducting detectors.
The work was supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, Contract No. 14.B25.31.0007 and by the RFBR Grant No. 13-02-91159. |
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RPLAB @ kovalyuk @ |
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941 |
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Fedorov, G.; Kardakova, A.; Gayduchenko, I.; Charayev, I.; Voronov, B.M.; Finkel, M.; Klapwijk, T.M.; Morozov, S.; Presniakov, M.; Bobrinetskiy, I.; Ibragimov, R.; Goltsman, G. |
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Photothermoelectric response in asymmetric carbon nanotube devices exposed to sub-terahertz radiation |
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Journal Article |
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2013 |
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Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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103 |
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18 |
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181121 (1 to 5) |
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carbon nanotubes, CNT, THz radiation, SiO2 substrate |
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We report on the voltage response of carbon nanotube devices to sub-terahertz (THz) radiation. The devices contain carbon nanotubes (CNTs), which are over their length partially suspended and partially Van der Waals bonded to a SiO2 substrate, causing a difference in thermal contact. We observe a DC voltage upon exposure to 140 GHz radiation. Based on the observed gate voltage and power dependence, at different temperatures, we argue that the observed signal is both thermal and photovoltaic. The room temperature responsivity in the microwave to THz range exceeds that of CNT based devices reported before. Authors thank Professor P. Barbara for providing the catalyst for CNT growth and Dr. N. Chumakov and V. Rylkov for stimulating discussions. The work was supported by the RFBR (Grant No. 12-02-01291-a) and by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (Contract No. 14.B25.31.0007). G.F. acknowledges support of the RFBR grant 12-02-01005-a. |
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0003-6951 |
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1171 |
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Kooi, J. W.; Baselmans, J. J. A.; Hajenius, M.; Gao, J. R.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Dieleman, P.; Baryshev, A.; de Lange, G. |
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IF impedance and mixer gain of NbN hot electron bolometers |
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2007 |
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J. Appl. Phys. |
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101 |
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4 |
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044511 |
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0021-8979 |
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RPLAB @ s @ |
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445 |
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Hajenius, M.; Baselmans, J. J. A.; Baryshev, A.; Gao, J. R.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Kooi, J. W.; Jellema, W.; Yang, Z. Q. |
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Full characterization and analysis of a terahertz heterodyne receiver based on a NbN hot electron bolometer |
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2006 |
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J. Appl. Phys. |
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100 |
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7 |
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074507 |
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HEB |
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0021-8979 |
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RPLAB @ s @ |
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385 |
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Baselmans, J. J. A.; Baryshev, A.; Reker, S. F.; Hajenius, M.; Gao, J. R.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G. |
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Title |
Influence of the direct response on the heterodyne sensitivity of hot electron bolometer mixers |
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Journal Article |
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2006 |
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J. Appl. Phys. |
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J. Appl. Phys. |
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100 |
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8 |
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084510 (1 to 7) |
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NbN HEB mixers |
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We present a detailed experimental study of the direct detection effect in a small volume (0.15μm×1μm×3.5nm) quasioptical NbN phonon cooled hot electron bolometer mixer at 673GHz. We find that the small signal noise temperature, relevant for an astronomical observation, is 20% lower than the noise temperature obtained using 300 and 77K calibration loads. In a separate set of experiments we show that the direct detection effect is caused by a combination of bias current reduction when switching from the 77 to the 300K
load in combination with the bias current dependence of the receiver gain. The bias current dependence of the receiver gain is shown to be mainly caused by the current dependence of the mixer gain. |
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0021-8979 |
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