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Callen, H. B., & Welton, T. A. (1951). Irreversibility and generalized noise. Phys. Rev., 83(1), 34–40.
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Matthias, B. T. (1953). Transition temperatures of superconductors. Phys. Rev., 92(4), 874–876.
Abstract: Superconductivity has been found in a number of new compounds between the non-superconducting transition elements and nonmetals such as Si, Ge, and Te. These findings have suggested possible criteria for superconductivity in both elements and compounds.
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Cooper, L. N. (1956). Bound electron pairs in a degenerate fermi gas. Phys. Rev., 104(4), 1189–1190.
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Bardeen, J., Cooper, L. N., & Schrieffer, J. R. (1957). Microscopic theory of superconductivity. Phys. Rev., 106, 162–164.
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Bardeen, J., Cooper, L. N., & Schrieffer, J. R. (1957). Theory of superconductivity. Phys. Rev., 108(5), 1175–1204.
Abstract: A theory of superconductivity is presented, based on the fact that the interaction between electrons resulting from virtual exchange of phonons is attractive when the energy difference between the electrons states involved is less than the phonon energy, â„<8f>ω. It is favorable to form a superconducting phase when this attractive interaction dominates the repulsive screened Coulomb interaction. The normal phase is described by the Bloch individual-particle model. The ground state of a superconductor, formed from a linear combination of normal state configurations in which electrons are virtually excited in pairs of opposite spin and momentum, is lower in energy than the normal state by amount proportional to an average (â„<8f>ω)2, consistent with the isotope effect. A mutually orthogonal set of excited states in one-to-one correspondence with those of the normal phase is obtained by specifying occupation of certain Bloch states and by using the rest to form a linear combination of virtual pair configurations. The theory yields a second-order phase transition and a Meissner effect in the form suggested by Pippard. Calculated values of specific heats and penetration depths and their temperature variation are in good agreement with experiment. There is an energy gap for individual-particle excitations which decreases from about 3.5kTc at T=0°K to zero at Tc. Tables of matrix elements of single-particle operators between the excited-state superconducting wave functions, useful for perturbation expansions and calculations of transition probabilities, are given.
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Bremer, J. W., & Newhouse, V. L. (1958). Phys. Rev. Lett., 1, 282.
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Bardeen, J., & Mattis, D. C. (1958). Theory of the anomalous skin effect in normal and superconducting metals. Phys. Rev., 111(2), 412–417.
Abstract: Chambers' expression for the current density in a normal metal in which the electric field varies over a mean free path is derived from a quantum approach in which use is made of the density matrix in the presence of scattering centers but in the absence of the field. An approximate expression used for the latter is shown to reduce to one derived by Kohn and Luttinger for the case of weak scattering. A general space-and time-varying electromagnetic interaction is treated by first-order perturbation theory. The method is applied to superconductors, and a general expression derived for the kernel of the Pippard integral for fields of arbitrary frequency. The expressions derived can also be used to discuss absorption of electromagnetic radiation in thin superconducting films.
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Rothwarf, A., & Taylor, B. N. (1967). Measurement of recombination lifetimes in superconductors. Phys. Rev. Lett., 19(1), 27–30.
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Pfleegor, R. L., & Mandel, L. (1967). Interference of independent photon beams. Phys. Rev., 159(5), 1084–1088.
Abstract: Interference effects produced by the superposition of the light beams from two independent single-mode lasers have been investigated experimentally. It is found that interference takes place even under conditions in which the light intensities are so low that, with high probability, one photon is absorbed before the next one is emitted by one or the other source. Since the average number of registered photons per trial was only about 10, photon correlation techniques were required to demonstrate the interference. The interpretation of the experiment, and the question whether it demonstrates interference between two photons, are discussed.
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Broglie, L. de, & Silva, J. A. e. (1968). Interpretation of a recent experiment on interference of photon beams. Phys. Rev., 172(5), 1284–1285.
Abstract: The interpretation of an important recent experiment by Pfleegor and Mandel according to the causal formulation of the wave-particle dualism is developed. This interpretation is simpler and seems more satisfactory than that provided by the current ideas on the nature of light.
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