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Author |
Teich, M. C. |
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Title |
Infrared heterodyne detection |
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Conference Article |
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1968 |
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Proc. IEEE |
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56 |
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1 |
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37-46 |
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minimum detectable power, quantum limit, infrared, IR mixer |
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Abstract |
Heterodyne experiments have been performed in the middle infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum using the CO2laser as a radiation source. Theoretically optimum operation has been achieved at kHz heterodyne frequencies using photoconductive Ge:Cu detectors operated at 4°K, and at kHz and MHz frequencies using Pb1-xSnxSe photovoltaic detectors at 77°K. In accordance with the theory, the minimum detectable power observed is a factor of 2/η greater than the theoretically perfect quantum counter, hvΔf. The coefficient 2/η varies from 5 to 25 for the detectors investigated in this study. A comparison is made between photoconductive and photodiode detectors for heterodyne use in the infrared, and it is concluded that both are useful. Heterodyne detection at 10.6 µm is expected to be useful for communications applications, infrared radar, and heterodyne spectroscopy. It has particular significance because of the high radiation power available from the CO2laser, and because of the 8 to 14 µm atmospheric window. |
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IEEE |
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0018-9219 |
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1060 |
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Johnson, M. A.; Betz, A. L.; McLaren, R. A.; Townes, C. H.; Sutton, E. C. |
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Title |
Nonthermal 10 micron CO2 emission lines in the atmospheres of Mars and Venus |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1976 |
Publication |
Astron. Astrophys. |
Abbreviated Journal |
A&A |
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Volume |
208 |
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145 |
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carbon dioxide, emission spectra, infrared spectra, mars atmosphere, nonthermal radiation, optical heterodyning, planetary radiation, venus atmosphere, absorption spectra, energy transfer, line spectra, molecular absorption, molecular collisions, near infrared radiation, solar flux |
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ref1976ApJ...208L.145J |
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451 |
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Author |
Betz, A. L.; Johnson, M. A.; McLaren, R. A.; Sutton, E. C. |
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Title |
Heterodyne detection of CO2 emission lines and wind velocities in the atmosphere of Venus |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1976 |
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Astrophys. J. |
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208 |
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Pages |
L141-L144 |
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carbon dioxide, emission spectra, optical heterodyning, planetary radiation, venus atmosphere, wind velocity, doppler effect, infrared radiation, ultraviolet radiation, venus clouds |
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455 |
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Soifer, B. T.; Pipher, J. L. |
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Title |
Instrumentation for infrared astronomy |
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Journal Article |
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1978 |
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Annual Rev. Astron. Astrophys. |
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16 |
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1 |
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335-369 |
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infrared applications |
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0066-4146 |
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492 |
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Rothermel, H.; Käufl, H. U.; Yu, Y. |
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Title |
A heterodyne spectrometer for astronomical measurements at 10 micrometers |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1983 |
Publication |
Astron. Astrophys. |
Abbreviated Journal |
A&A |
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126 |
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387-392 |
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astronomical spectroscopy, infrared astronomy, infrared spectrometers, optical heterodyning, infrared telescopes, laser spectrometers, mars (planet), venus (planet) |
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453 |
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Käufl, H. U.; Rothermal, H.; Drapatz, S. |
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Title |
Investigation of the Martian atmosphere by 10 micron heterodyne spectroscopy |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1984 |
Publication |
Astron. Astrophys. |
Abbreviated Journal |
A&A |
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Volume |
136 |
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319-325 |
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Keywords |
astronomical spectroscopy, atmospheric composition, infrared astronomy, mars atmosphere, spectral line width, carbon dioxide concentration, nonequilibrium thermodynamics, optical heterodyning, planetary radiation, mars, atmosphere, spectroscopy, atmosphere, carbon dioxide, altitude, kinetics, rotation, thermal properties, temperature, emissions, intensity, models, data, spectra |
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449 |
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Rothermel, H.; Käufl, H. U.; Schrey, U.; Drapatz, S. |
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Title |
Thermal structure of the Martian mesosphere |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1988 |
Publication |
Astron. Astrophys. |
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A&A |
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Volume |
196 |
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296-300 |
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Keywords |
atmospheric temperature, carbon dioxide, infrared spectroscopy, mars atmosphere, mesosphere, emission spectra, line spectra, spatial resolution, mars, atmosphere, mesosphere, structure, thermal properties, spectra, spectroscopy, earth-based observations, temperature, patterns, infrared, polar regions, wavelengths, equipment, procedure, carbon dioxide, emissions |
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Rothermel1988 |
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450 |
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Thiébeau, C.; Courtois, D.; Delahaigue, A.; Corre, H.; Mouanda, J. C.; Fayt, A. |
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Dual-beam laser heterodyne spectrometer: Ethylene absorption spectrum in the 10 μm range |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1988 |
Publication |
Applied Physics B: Photophysics and Laser Chemistry |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Phys. B |
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Volume |
47 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
313-318 |
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infrared applications |
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0721-7269 |
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493 |
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Gershenson, M. E.; Gong, D.; Sato, T.; Karasik, B. S.; Sergeev, A. V. |
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Millisecond electron-phonon relaxation in ultrathin disordered metal films at millikelvin temperatures |
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Journal Article |
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2001 |
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Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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79 |
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2049-2051 |
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HEB detector, FIR, far infrared |
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RPLAB @ s @ heb_eph_interaction_Gershenzon |
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315 |
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Verevkin, A.; Slysz, W.; Pearlman, A.; Zhang, J.; Sobolewski, R.; Okunev, O.; Korneev, A.; Kouminov, P.; Smirnov, K.; Chulkova, G.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Currie, M. |
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Real-time GHz-rate counting of infrared photons using nanostructured NbN superconducting detectors |
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Conference Article |
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2003 |
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CLEO/QELS |
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CLEO/QELS |
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CThM8 |
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NbN SSPD; SNSPD; Infrared; Quantum detectors; Detectors; Photon counting; Quantum communications; Quantum cryptography; Single photon detectors; Superconductors |
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We demonstrate that our ultrathin, nanometer-width NbN superconducting single-photon detectors are capable of above 1-GHz-frequency, real-time counting of near-infrared photons. The measured system jitter of the detector is below 15 ps. |
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Optical Society of America |
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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference |
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1517 |
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Zhang, J.; Pearlman, A.; Slysz, W.; Verevkin, A.; Sobolewski, R.; Okunev, O.; Korneev, A.; Kouminov, P.; Smirnov, K.; Chulkova, G.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Lo, W.; Wilsher, K. |
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Infrared picosecond superconducting single-photon detectors for CMOS circuit testing |
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2003 |
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CLEO/QELS |
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CLEO/QELS |
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Cmv4 |
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NbN SSPD; SNSPD; Infrared; Quantum detectors; Electron beam lithography; Infrared detectors; Infrared radiation; Quantum efficiency; Single photon detectors; Superconductors |
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Novel, NbN superconducting single-photon detectors have been developed for ultrafast, high quantum efficiency detection of single quanta of infrared radiation. Our devices have been successfully implemented in a commercial VLSI CMOS circuit testing system. |
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Optical Society of America |
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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference |
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1518 |
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Krasnopolsky, Vladimir A.; Maillard, Jean Pierre; C. Owen, Tobias |
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Detection of methane in the martian atmosphere: evidence for life? |
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2004 |
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Icarus |
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Icarus |
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172 |
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2 |
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537-547 |
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FTS, Mars atmosphere, methane absorption lines, IR spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, landfill gas |
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Using the Fourier Transform Spectrometer at the Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope, we observed a spectrum of Mars at the P-branch of the strongest CH4 band at 3.3 μm with resolving power of 180,000 for the apodized spectrum. Summing up the spectral intervals at the expected positions of the 15 strongest Doppler-shifted martian lines, we detected the absorption by martian methane at a 3.7 sigma level which is exactly centered in the summed spectrum. The observed CH4 mixing ratio is 10±3 ppb. Total photochemical loss of CH4 in the martian atmosphere is equal to View the MathML source, the CH4 lifetime is 340 years and methane should be uniformly mixed in the atmosphere. Heterogeneous loss of atmospheric methane is probably negligible, while the sink of CH4 during its diffusion through the regolith may be significant. There are no processes of CH4 formation in the atmosphere, so the photochemical loss must therefore be balanced by abiogenic and biogenic sources. Outgassing from Mars is weak, the latest volcanism is at least 10 million years old, and thermal emission imaging from the Mars Odyssey orbiter does not reveal any hot spots on Mars. Hydrothermal systems can hardly be warmer than the room temperature at which production of methane is very low in terrestrial waters. Therefore a significant production of hydrothermal and magmatic methane is not very likely on Mars. The calculated average production of CH4 by cometary impacts is 2% of the methane loss. Production of methane by meteorites and interplanetary dust does not exceed 4% of the methane loss. Methane cannot originate from an extinct biosphere, as in the case of “natural gas†on Earth, given the exceedingly low limits on organic matter set by the Viking landers and the dry recent history which has been extremely hostile to the macroscopic life needed to generate the gas. Therefore, methanogenesis by living subterranean organisms is a plausible explanation for this discovery. Our estimates of the biomass and its production using the measured CH4 abundance show that the martian biota may be extremely scarce and Mars may be generally sterile except for some oases. |
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González, F. J.; Boreman, G. D. |
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Comparison of dipole, bowtie, spiral and log-periodic IR antennas |
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2005 |
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Infrared Physics & Technology |
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Inf Phys & Technol |
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46 |
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5 |
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418-428 |
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optical antennas; Microbolometer; Infrared antennas; Antenna efficiency; Antenna-coupled detectors |
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Antenna-coupled microbolometers use planar lithographic antennas to couple infrared radiation into a bolometer with sub-micron dimensions. In this paper four different types of infrared antennas were fabricated on thin grounded-substrates and coupled to microbolometers. Dipole, bowtie, spiral and log-periodic IR antenna-coupled detectors were measured at 10.6 μm and their performance compared. A new method to calculate the radiation efficiency based on the spatial and angular response of infrared antennas is presented and used to evaluate their performance. The calculated radiation efficiency for the dipole, bowtie, spiral and log-periodic IR antennas was 20%, 37%, 25% and 46% respectively. A dipole-length study was performed and shows that the quasistatic value of the effective permittivity accurately describes the incident wavelength in the substrate at infrared frequencies for antennas on a thin substrate. |
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RPLAB @ gujma @ |
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739 |
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Slysz, W.; Wegrzecki, M.; Bar, J.; Grabiec, P.; Górska, M.; Latta, C.; Zwiller, V.; Pearlman, A.; Cross, A.; Korneev, A.; Kouminov, P.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G.; Verevkin, A.; Currie, M.; Sobolewski, R. |
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Fiber-coupled quantum-communications receiver based on two NbN superconducting single-photon detectors |
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Conference Article |
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2005 |
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Proc. SPIE |
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Proc. SPIE |
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5957 |
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59571K (1 to 10) |
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SSPD, SNSPD, single-photon detectors, quantum communication, quantum cryptography, superconductors, infrared optical detectors |
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We present the design and performance of a novel, two-channel single-photon receiver, based on two fiber-coupled NbN superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs). The SSPDs are nanostructured superconducting meanders covering an area of 100 μm2 and are known for ultrafast and efficient counting of single, visible-to-infrared photons. Their operation has been explained within a phenomenological hot-electron photoresponse model. Our receiver is intended for fiber-based quantum cryptography and communication systems, operational at near-infrared (NIR) telecommunication wavelengths, λ = 1.3 μm and λ = 1.55 μm. Coupling between the NbN detector and a single-mode optical fiber was achieved using a specially designed, micromechanical photoresist ring, positioned directly over the SSPD active area. The positioning accuracy of the ring was below 1 μm. The receiver with SSPDs was placed (immersed) in a standard liquid-helium transport Dewar and kept without interruption for over two months at 4.2 K. At the same time, the optical fiber inputs and electrical outputs were kept at room temperature. Our best system reached a system quantum efficiency of up to 0.3 % in the NIR radiation range, with the detector coupling efficiency of about 30 %. The response time was measured to be about 250 ps and was limited by our read-out electronics. The measured jitter was close to 35 ps. The presented performance parameters show that our NIR single photon detectors are suitable for practical quantum cryptography and for applications in quantum-correlation experiments. |
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SPIE |
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Rogalski, A.; Dereniak, E.L.; Sizov, F.F. |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
Infrared Photoelectronics |
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Notes |
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Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
1459 |
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Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Финкель, М. И. |
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Title |
Терагерцовые смесители на эффекте электронного разогрева в ультратонких плёнках NbN и NbTiN |
Type |
Manuscript |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
М. МПГУ |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
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Keywords |
HEB, detector, mixer, terahertz, THz, infrared, IR, direct detection effect, conversion bandwidth, conversion loss |
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Abstract |
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Address |
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Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
Ph.D. thesis |
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Publisher |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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Language |
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Summary Language |
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Original Title |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
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ISBN |
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Medium |
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Area |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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Notes |
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Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
597 |
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Permanent link to this record |