| Records |
| Author |
Korneeva, Y. P.; Manova, N. N.; Dryazgov, M. A.; Simonov, N. O.; Zolotov, P. I.; Korneev, A. A. |
| Title |
Influence of sheet resistance and strip width on the detection efficiency saturation in micron-wide superconducting strips and large-area meanders |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year  |
2021 |
Publication |
Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
| Volume |
34 |
Issue |
8 |
Pages |
084001 |
| Keywords |
NbN SSPD, SMSPD |
| Abstract |
We report our study of detection efficiency (DE) saturation in wavelength range 400 – 1550 nm for the NbN Superconducting Microstrip Single-Photon Detectors (SMSPD) featuring the strip width up to 3 μm. We observe an expected decrease of the $DE$ saturation plateau with the increase of photon wavelength and decrease of film sheet resistance. At 1.7 K temperature DE saturation can be clearly observed at 1550 nm wavelength in strip with the width up to 2 μm when sheet resistance of the film is above 630Ω/sq. In such strips the length of the saturation plateau almost does not depend on the strip width. We used these films to make meander-shaped detectors with the light sensitive area from 20×20μm2 to a circle 50 μm in diameter. In the latter case, the detector with the strip width of 0.49 μm demonstrates saturation of DE up to 1064 nm wavelength. Although DE at 1310 and 1550 nm is not saturated, it is as high as 60%. The response time is limited by the kinetic inductance and equals to 20 ns(by 1/e decay), timing jitter is 44 ps. When coupled to multi-mode fibre large-area meanders demonstrate significantly higher dark count rate which we attribute to thermal background photons, thus advanced filtering technique would be required for practical applications. |
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| ISSN |
0953-2048 |
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no |
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Serial |
1793 |
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| Author |
Morozov, P.; Lukina, M.; Shirmanova, M.; Divochiy, A.; Dudenkova, V.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Becker, W.; Shcheslavskiy, V. I. |
| Title |
Singlet oxygen phosphorescence imaging by superconducting single-photon detector and time-correlated single-photon counting |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Opt. Lett. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Opt. Lett. |
| Volume |
46 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
1217-1220 |
| Keywords |
SSPD, SNSPD, applications |
| Abstract |
This Letter presents, to the best of our knowledge, a novel optical configuration for direct time-resolved measurements of luminescence from singlet oxygen, both in solutions and from cultured cells on photodynamic therapy. The system is based on the superconducting single-photon detector, coupled to the confocal scanner that is modified for the near-infrared measurements. The recording of a phosphorescence signal from singlet oxygen at 1270 nm has been done using time-correlated single-photon counting. The performance of the system is verified by measuring phosphorescence from singlet oxygen generated by the photosensitizers commonly used in photodynamic therapy: methylene blue and chlorin e6. The described system can be easily upgraded to the configuration when both phosphorescence from singlet oxygen and fluorescence from the cells can be detected in the imaging mode. Thus, co-localization of the signal from singlet oxygen with the areas inside the cells can be done. |
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English |
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0146-9592 |
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PMID:33720151 |
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no |
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Serial |
1221 |
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| Author |
Zolotov, P. I.; Semenov, A. V.; Divochiy, A. V.; Goltsman, G. N.; Romanov, N. R.; Klapwijk, T. M. |
| Title |
Dependence of photon detection efficiency on normal-state sheet resistance in marginally superconducting films of NbN |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2021 |
Publication |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Abbreviated Journal |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
| Volume |
31 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
1-5 |
| Keywords |
NbN SSPD, SNSPD |
| Abstract |
We present an extensive set of data on nanowire-type superconducting single-photon detectors based on niobium-nitride (NbN) to establish the empirical correlation between performance and the normal-state resistance per square. We focus, in particular, on the bias current, compared to the expected depairing current, needed to achieve a near-unity detection efficiency for photon detection. The data are discussed within the context of a model in which the photon energy triggers the movement of vortices i.e. superconducting dissipation, followed by thermal runaway. Since the model is based on the non-equilibrium theory for conventional superconductors deviations may occur, because the efficient regime is found when NbN acts as a marginal superconductor in which long-range phase coherence is frustrated. |
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1051-8223 |
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no |
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1222 |
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| Author |
Zolotov, P.; Semenov, A.; Divochiy, A.; Goltsman, G. |
| Title |
A comparison of VN and NbN thin films towards optimal SNSPD efficiency |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2021 |
Publication |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Abbreviated Journal |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
| Volume |
31 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
1-4 |
| Keywords |
NbN SSPD, SNSPD, WSi |
| Abstract |
Based on early phenomenological ideas about the operation of superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPD or SNSPD), it was expected that materials with a lower superconducting gap should perform better in the IR range. The plausibility of this concept could be checked using two popular SSPD materials – NbN and WSi films. However, these materials differ strongly in crystallographic structure (polycrystalline B1 versus amorphous), which makes their dependence on disorder different. In our work we present a study of the single-photon response of SSPDs made from two disordered B1 structure superconductors – vanadium nitride and niobium nitride thin films. We compare the intrinsic efficiency of devices made from films with different sheet resistance values. While both materials have a polycrystalline structure and comparable diffusion coefficient values, VN films show metallic behavior over a wide range of sheet resistance, in contrast to NbN films with an insulator-like temperature dependence of resistivity, which may be partially due to enhanced Coulomb interaction, leading to different starting points for the normal electron density of states. The results show that even though VN devices are more promising in terms of theoretical predictions, their optimal performance was not reached due to lower values of sheet resistance. |
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1051-8223 |
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no |
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1223 |
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Shcherbatenko, M.; Elezov, M.; Manova, N.; Sedykh, K.; Korneev, A.; Korneeva, Y.; Dryazgov, M.; Simonov, N.; Feimov, A.; Goltsman, G.; Sych, D. |
| Title |
Single-pixel camera with a large-area microstrip superconducting single photon detector on a multimode fiber |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
| Volume |
118 |
Issue |
18 |
Pages |
181103 |
| Keywords |
NbN SSPD, SNSPD |
| Abstract |
High sensitivity imaging at the level of single photons is an invaluable tool in many areas, ranging from microscopy to astronomy. However, development of single-photon sensitive detectors with high spatial resolution is very non-trivial. Here we employ the single-pixel imaging approach and demonstrate a proof-of-principle single-pixel single-photon imaging setup. We overcome the problem of low light gathering efficiency by developing a large-area microstrip superconducting single photon detector coupled to a multi-mode optical fiber interface. We show that the setup operates well in the visible and near infrared spectrum, and is able to capture images at the single-photon level.
We thank Philipp Zolotov and Pavel Morozov for NbN film fabrication, ARC coating, and fiber coupling of the detector. We also thank Swabian Instruments GmbH and Dr. Helmut Fedder personally for the kindly provided experimental equipment (Time Tagger Ultra 8). The work in the part of SNSPD research and development was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research Project No. 18-29-20100. The work in the part of the optical setup and imaging was supported by Russian Foundation for Basic Research Project No. 20-32-51004. |
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0003-6951 |
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no |
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1770 |
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| Author |
Korneev, A. A. |
| Title |
Superconducting NbN microstrip single-photon detectors |
Type |
Abstract |
| Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Proc. Quantum Optics and Photon Counting |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. Quantum Optics and Photon Counting |
| Volume |
11771 |
Issue |
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Pages |
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| Keywords |
NbN SSPD, SNSPD |
| Abstract |
Superconducting Single-Photon Detectors (SSPD) invented two decades ago have evolved to a mature technology and have become devices of choice in the advanced applications of quantum optics, such as quantum cryptography and optical quantum computing. In these applications SSPDs are coupled to single-mode fibers and feature almost unity detection efficiency, negligible dark counts, picosecond timing jitter and MHz photon count rate. Meanwhile, there are great many applications requiring coupling to multi-mode fibers or free space. ‘Classical’ SSPDs with 100-nm-wide superconducting strip and covering area of about 100 µm2 are not suitable for further scaling due to degradation of performance and low fabrication yield. Recently we have demonstrated single-photon counting in micron-wide superconducting bridges and strips. Here we present our approach to the realization of practical photon-counting detectors of large enough area to be efficiently coupled to multi-mode fibers or free space. The detector is either a meander or a spiral of 1-µm-wide strip covering an area of 50x50 µm2. Being operated at 1.7K temperature it demonstrates the saturated detection efficiency (i.e. limited by the absorption in the detector) up to 1550 nm wavelength, about 10 ns dead time and timing jitter in range 50-100 ps. |
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SPIE |
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Editor |
Prochazka, I.; Štefaňák, M.; Sobolewski, R.; Gábris, A. |
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Quantum Optics and Photon Counting; SPIE Optics + Optoelectronics, 2021, Online Only |
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no |
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Serial |
1784 |
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| Author |
Moshkova, M. A.; Morozov, P. V.; Antipov, A. V.; Vakhtomin, Y. B.; Smirnov, K. V. |
| Title |
High-efficiency multi-element superconducting single-photon detector |
Type |
Conference Article |
| Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Proc. SPIE |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. SPIE |
| Volume |
11771 |
Issue |
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Pages |
2-8 |
| Keywords |
PNR SSPD, large active area, detection efficiency |
| Abstract |
We present the result of the creation and investigation of the multi-element superconducting single photon detectors, which can recognize the number of photons (up to six) in a short pulse of the radiation at telecommunication wavelengths range. The best receivers coupled with single-mode fiber have the system quantum efficiency of ⁓85%. The receivers have a 100 ps time resolution and a few nanoseconds dead time that allows them to operate at megahertz counting rate. Implementation of the multi-element architecture for creation of the superconducting single photon detectors with increased sensitive area allows to create the high efficiency receivers coupled with multi-mode fibers and with preserving of the all advantages of superconducting photon counters. |
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SPIE |
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Prochazka, I.; Štefaňák, M.; Sobolewski, R.; Gábris, A. |
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Quantum Optics and Photon Counting |
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no |
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Serial |
1795 |
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Smirnov, K.; Moshkova, M.; Antipov, A.; Morozov, P.; Vakhtomin, Y. |
| Title |
The cascade switching of the photon number resolving superconducting single-photon detectors |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2021 |
Publication |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Abbreviated Journal |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
| Volume |
31 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
1-4 |
| Keywords |
PNR SSPD, SNSPD |
| Abstract |
In this article, present the first detailed study of cascade switching in superconducting photon number resolving detectors. The detectors were made in the form of four parallel nanowires, coupled with the single-mode optical fiber and mounted into a closed-cycle refrigerator with a temperature of 2.1 K. We found out the value of additional false pulses (N cas.sw. ) appearing due to cascade switching and showed that it is possible to set up the detector bias current that corresponds to a high level of the detection efficiency and a low level of N cas.sw. simultaneously. We reached the detection efficiency of 60% and N cas.sw. = 0.3%. |
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1051-8223 |
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no |
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1796 |
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Simonov, N. O.; Korneeva, Y. P.; Korneev, A. A.; Goltsman, G. N. |
| Title |
Enhance of the superconducting properties of the NbN/Au bilayer bridges |
Type |
Conference Article |
| Year |
2020 |
Publication |
J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. |
| Volume |
1695 |
Issue |
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Pages |
012132 (1 to 4) |
| Keywords |
SSPD, SNSPD |
| Abstract |
We experimentally demonstrate strong temperature dependence of the critical current of the superconducting 600-nm-wide and 5-μm-long bridge made of NbN/Au bilayer. The result is achieved due to the proximity effect realized between the highly disordered superconducting NbN layer and low resistive normal-metal Au layer. |
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1742-6588 |
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no |
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1263 |
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Elezov, M. S.; Shcherbatenko, M. L.; Sych, D. V.; Goltsman, G. N. |
| Title |
Development of control method for an optimal quantum receiver |
Type |
Conference Article |
| Year |
2020 |
Publication |
J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. |
| Volume |
1695 |
Issue |
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Pages |
012126 |
| Keywords |
Helstrom bound, SPD, single photon detector, below quantum limit |
| Abstract |
We propose a method for optimal displacement controlling of an optimal quantum receiver for registrations a binary coherent signal. An optimal receiver is able to distinguish between two phase-modulated states of a coherent signal. The optimal receiver controlling method can be used later in practice in various physical implementations of the optimal receiver. |
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1742-6588 |
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1264 |
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