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Author (up) Dauler, Eric; Kerman, Andrew; Robinson, Bryan; Yang, Joel; Voronov, Boris; Goltsman, Gregory; Hamilton, Scott; Berggren, Karl url  doi
openurl 
  Title Photon-number-resolution with sub-30-ps timing using multi-element superconducting nanowire single photon detectors Type Journal Article
  Year 2009 Publication J. Modern Opt. Abbreviated Journal J. Modern Opt.  
  Volume 56 Issue 2 Pages 364-373  
  Keywords PNR SSPD; SNSPD; photon-number-resolution; superconducting nanowire single photon detector; timing jitter; system detection efficiency  
  Abstract A photon-number-resolving detector based on a four-element superconducting nanowire single photon detector is demonstrated to have sub-30-ps resolution in measuring the arrival time of individual photons. This detector can be used to characterize the photon statistics of non-pulsed light sources and to mitigate dead-time effects in high-speed photon counting applications. Furthermore, a 25% system detection efficiency at 1550 nm was demonstrated, making the detector useful for both low-flux source characterization and high-speed photon-counting and quantum communication applications. The design, fabrication and testing of this detector are described, and a comparison between the measured and theoretical performance is presented.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 700  
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Author (up) Delacour, C.; Claudon, J.; Poizat, J.-Ph.; Pannetier, B.; Bouchiat, V.; de Lamaestre, R. Espiau; Villegier, J.-C.; Tarkhov, M.; Korneev, A.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Superconducting single photon detectors made by local oxidation with an atomic force microscope Type Journal Article
  Year 2007 Publication Appl. Phys. Lett. Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.  
  Volume 90 Issue 19 Pages 191116 (1 t0 3)  
  Keywords SSPD  
  Abstract The authors present a fabrication technique of superconducting single photon detectors made by local oxidation of niobium nitride ultrathin films. Narrow superconducting meander lines are obtained by direct writing of insulating niobium oxynitride lines through the films using voltage-biased tip of an atomic force microscope. Due to the 30nm resolution of the lithographic technique, the filling factor of the meander line can be made substantially higher than detector of similar geometry made by electron beam lithography, thus leading to increased quantum efficiency. Single photon detection regime of these devices is demonstrated at 4.2K.

The authors thank J.-P. Maneval for stimulating discussions. This work has been partly supported by ACI Nanoscience from French Ministry of Research, D.G.A., by Grant No. 02.445.11.7434 of Russian Ministry of Education and Science, and by the European Commission under project “SINPHONIA,” Contract No. NMP4-CT-2005-16433.
 
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  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0003-6951 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 423  
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Author (up) de Lara, D. Perez; Ejrnaes, M.; Casaburi, A.; Lisitskiy, M.; Cristiano, R.; Pagano, S.; Gaggero, A.; Leoni, R.; Golt’sman, G.; Voronov, B. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Feasibility investigation of NbN nanowires as detector in time-of-flight mass spectrometers for macromolecules of interest in biology (proteins) Type Journal Article
  Year 2008 Publication J. Low Temp. Phys. Abbreviated Journal J. Low Temp. Phys.  
  Volume 151 Issue 3-4 Pages 771-776  
  Keywords NbN SSPD, SNSPD, nanowires  
  Abstract We are investigating the possibility of using NbN nanowires as detectors in time-of-flight mass spectrometers for investigation of macromolecules of interest in biology (proteins). NbN nanowires could overcome the two major drawbacks encountered so far by cryogenic detectors, namely the low working temperature in the mK region and the slow temporal response. In fact, NbN nanowires can work at 5 K and the response time is at least a factor 10–100 better than that of other cryogenic detectors. We present a feasibility study based on a numerical code to calculate the response of a NbN nanowire. The parameter space is investigated at different energies from IR to macromolecules (i.e. from eV to keV) in order to understand if larger value of film thickness and width can be used for the keV energy region. We also present preliminary experimental results of irradiation with X-ray photons of NbN to simulate the effect of macromolecules of the same energy.  
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  ISSN 0022-2291 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1410  
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Author (up) Divochiy, Aleksander; Marsili, Francesco; Bitauld, David; Gaggero, Alessandro; Leoni, Roberto; Mattioli, Francesco; Korneev, Alexander; Seleznev, Vitaliy; Kaurova, Nataliya; Minaeva, Olga; Gol'tsman, Gregory; Lagoudakis, Konstantinos G.; Benkhaoul, Moushab; Lévy, Francis; Fiore, Andrea url  doi
openurl 
  Title Superconducting nanowire photon-number-resolving detector at telecommunication wavelengths Type Journal Article
  Year 2008 Publication Nat. Photon. Abbreviated Journal Nat. Photon.  
  Volume 2 Issue 5 Pages 302-306  
  Keywords SSPD, photon-number-resolving  
  Abstract Optical-to-electrical conversion, which is the basis of the operation of optical detectors, can be linear or nonlinear. When high sensitivities are needed, single-photon detectors are used, which operate in a strongly nonlinear mode, their response being independent of the number of detected photons. However, photon-number-resolving detectors are needed, particularly in quantum optics, where n-photon states are routinely produced. In quantum communication and quantum information processing, the photon-number-resolving functionality is key to many protocols, such as the implementation of quantum repeaters1 and linear-optics quantum computing2. A linear detector with single-photon sensitivity can also be used for measuring a temporal waveform at extremely low light levels, such as in long-distance optical communications, fluorescence spectroscopy and optical time-domain reflectometry. We demonstrate here a photon-number-resolving detector based on parallel superconducting nanowires and capable of counting up to four photons at telecommunication wavelengths, with an ultralow dark count rate and high counting frequency.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 916  
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Author (up) Dorenbos, S. N.; Heeres, R.W.; Driessen, E.F.C; Zwiller, V. openurl 
  Title Efficient and robust fiber coupling of superconducting single photon detectors Type Journal Article
  Year 2011 Publication arXiv Abbreviated Journal arXiv  
  Volume Issue Pages 6  
  Keywords SSPD  
  Abstract We applied a recently developed fiber coupling technique to superconducting single photon detectors (SSPDs). As the detector area of SSPDs has to be kept as small as possible, coupling to an optical fiber has been either inefficient or unreliable. Etching through the silicon substrate allows fabrication of a circularly shaped chip which self aligns to the core of a ferrule terminated fiber in a fiber sleeve. In situ alignment at cryogenic temperatures is unnecessary and no thermal stress during cooldown, causing misalignment, is induced. We measured the quantum efficiency of these devices with an attenuated tunable broadband source. The combination of a lithographically defined chip and high precision standard telecommunication components yields near unity coupling efficiency and a system detection efficiency of 34% at a wavelength of 1200 nm. This quantum efficiency measurement is confirmed by an absolute efficiency measurement using correlated photon pairs (with $\lambda$ = 1064 nm) produced by spontaneous parametric down-conversion. The efficiency obtained via this method agrees well with the efficiency measured with the attenuated tunable broadband source.  
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  Publisher Place of Publication arXiv:1109.5809 Editor  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 689  
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Author (up) Driessen, E. F. C.; Braakman, F. R.; Reiger, E. M.; Dorenbos, S. N.; Zwiller, V.; de Dood, M. J. A. doi  openurl
  Title Impedance model for the polarization-dependent optical absorption of superconducting single-photon detectors Type Journal Article
  Year 2009 Publication Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys. Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 47 Issue Pages 10701  
  Keywords SSPD, SNSPD  
  Abstract We measured the single-photon detection efficiency of NbN superconducting single-photon detectors as a function of the polarization state of the incident light for different wavelengths in the range from 488 nm to 1550 nm. The polarization contrast varies from ~% at 488 nm to~0% at 1550 nm, in good agreement with numerical calculations. We use an optical-impedance model to describe the absorption for polarization parallel to the wires of the detector. For the extremely lossy NbN material, the absorption can be kept constant by keeping the product of layer thickness and filling factor constant. As a consequence, the maximum possible absorption is independent of filling factor. By illuminating the detector through the substrate, an absorption efficiency of ~0% can be reached for a detector on Si or GaAs, without the need for an optical cavity.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number RPLAB @ alex_kazakov @ Serial 1062  
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Author (up) Driessen, Eduard Frans Clemens openurl 
  Title Coupling light to periodic nanostructures Type Journal Article
  Year 2009 Publication Faculty of Science, Leiden University Abbreviated Journal Fac. Scien., Leiden Un.  
  Volume Issue Pages 144  
  Keywords SSPD  
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  Notes Issue Date: 2009-09-24 Approved no  
  Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 675  
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Author (up) Dryazgov, M.; Semenov, A.; Manova, N.; Korneeva, Y.; Korneev, A. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Modelling of normal domain evolution after single-photon absorption of a superconducting strip of micron width Type Conference Article
  Year 2020 Publication J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. Abbreviated Journal J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.  
  Volume 1695 Issue Pages 012195 (1 to 4)  
  Keywords SSPD modelling, SNSPD  
  Abstract The present paper describes a modelling of normal domain evolution in superconducting strip of micron width using solving differential equations describing the temperature and current changes. The solving results are compared with experimental data. This comparison demonstrates the high accuracy of the model. In future, it is possible to employ this model for improvement of single photon detector based on micron-scale superconducting strips.  
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  ISSN 1742-6588 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1785  
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Author (up) Ejrnaes, M.; Cristiano, R.; Quaranta, O.; Pagano, S.; Gaggero, A.; Mattioli, F.; Leoni, R.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G. url  doi
openurl 
  Title A cascade switching superconducting single photon detector Type Journal Article
  Year 2007 Publication Appl. Phys. Lett. Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.  
  Volume 91 Issue 26 Pages 262509 (1 to 3)  
  Keywords SSPD, SNSPD, parallel-wire  
  Abstract We have realized superconducting single photon detectors with reduced inductance and increased signal pulse amplitude. The detectors are based on a parallel connection of ultrathin NbN nanowires with a common bias inductance. When properly biased, an absorbed photon induces a cascade switch of all the parallel wires generating a signal pulse amplitude of 2mV. The parallel wire configuration lowers the detector inductance and reduces the response time well below 1ns.

This work was performed in the framework of the EU project “SINPHONIA” NMP4-CT-2005-016433.
 
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  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0003-6951 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1418  
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Author (up) Elezov, M. S.; Ozhegov, R. V.; Goltsman, G. N.; Makarov, V.; Vinogradov, E. A.; Naumov, A. V.; Gladush, M. G.; Karimullin, K. R. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Development of the experimental setup for investigation of latching of superconducting single-photon detector caused by blinding attack on the quantum key distribution system Type Conference Article
  Year 2017 Publication EPJ Web Conf. Abbreviated Journal EPJ Web Conf.  
  Volume 132 Issue Pages 01004 (1 to 2)  
  Keywords QKD, SSPD, SNSPD  
  Abstract Recently bright-light control of the SSPD has been demonstrated. This attack employed a “backdoor” in the detector biasing scheme. Under bright-light illumination, SSPD becomes resistive and remains “latched” in the resistive state even when the light is switched off. While the SSPD is latched, Eve can simulate SSPD single-photon response by sending strong light pulses, thus deceiving Bob. We developed the experimental setup for investigation of a dependence on latching threshold of SSPD on optical pulse length and peak power. By knowing latching threshold it is possible to understand essential requirements for development countermeasures against blinding attack on quantum key distribution system with SSPDs.  
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  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 2100-014X ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1327  
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