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Baselmans JJA, Hajenius M, Gao JR, Baryshev A, Kooi J, Klapwijk TM, et al. Hot electron bolometer mixers with improved interfaces: sensitivity, LO power and stability. In: Proc. 15th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.; 2004. p. 17–24.
Abstract: We study twin slot antenna coupled NbN hot electron bolometer mixers with an improved contact structure and a small volume, ranging from 1 µm × 0.1 µm to 2 × 0.3 µm. We obtain a DSB receiver noise temperature of 900 K at 1.6 THz and 940 K at 1.9 THz. To explore the practical usability of such small HEB mixers we evaluate the LO power requirement, the sensitivity and the stability. We find that the LO power requirement of the smallest mixers is reduced to about 240 nW at the Si lens of the mixer. This value is larger than expected from the isothermal technique and the known losses in the lens by a factor of 3-3.5. The stability of these receivers is characterized using a measurement of the Allan Variance. We find an Allan time of 0.5 sec. in an 80 MHz bandwidth. A small increase in stability can be reached by using a higher bias at the expense of a significant amount of sensitivity. The stability is sufficient for spectroscopic applications in a 1 MHz bandwidth at a 1 Hz chopping frequency.
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Gao JR, Hajenius M, Baselmans JJA, Klapwijk TM, de Korte PAJ, Voronov B, et al. NbN hot electron bolometer mixers with superior performance for space applications. In: Armandillo E, Leone B, editors. Proc. Int. workshop on low temp. electronics. Noordwijk; 2004. p. 11–7.
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Baselmans JJA, Hajenius M, Gao JR, Klapwijk TM, de Korte PAJ, Voronov B, et al. Noise performance of NbN hot electron bolometer mixers at 2.5 THz and its dependence on the contact resistance. In: Proc. 14th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.; 2003. p. 11–9.
Abstract: NbN hot electron bolometer mixers (HEBM) are at this moment the best heterodyne receivers for frequencies above 1 Thz. However, the fabrication procedure of these devices is such that the quality of the interface between the NbN superconducting film and the contact structure is not under good control. The result is a low transparency interface between the bolometer itself and the contact/antenna structure. In this paper we report a detailed experimental study on a novel idea to increase the transparency of this interface. This leads to a record sensitivity and more reproducible performance. We compare identical bolometers, coupled with a spiral antenna, with different NbN bolometer-contact pad interfaces. We find that cleaning the NbN interface alone results in an increase in the noise temperature. However, cleaning the NbN interface and adding a thin additional superconductor prior to the gold contact deposition improves the noise temperature of the HEBm with more than a factor of 2. A device with a contact pad on top of an in-situ cleaned NbN film consisting of 10 nm of NbTiN and 40 nm of gold has a DSB noise temperature of 1050 K at 2.5 THz.
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Yang ZQ, Hajenius M, Baselmans JJA, Gao JR, Voronov B, Gol’tsman GN. Reduced noise in NbN hot-electron bolometer mixers by annealing. Supercond Sci Technol. 2006;19(4):L (9 to 12).
Abstract: We find that the sensitivity of heterodyne receivers based on superconducting hot-electron bolometers (HEBs) increases by 25–30% after annealing at 85 °C in vacuum. The devices studied are twin-slot antenna coupled mixers with a small NbN bridge of 1 × 0.15 µm2. We show that annealing changes the device properties as reflected in sharper resistive transitions of the complete device, apparently reducing the device-related noise. The lowest receiver noise temperature of 700 K is measured at a local oscillator frequency of 1.63 THz and a bath temperature of 4.3 K.
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Wild W, de Graauw T, Baryshev A, Bos A, Gao JR, Gunst A, et al. Terahertz technology for ESPRIT – a far-infrared space interferometer. In: Proc. 16th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. Göteborg, Sweden; 2005.
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Zhang W, Miao W, Zhong JQ, Shi SC, Hayton DJ, Vercruyssen N, et al. Temperature dependence of superconducting hot electron bolometers. In: Not published results: 24th international symposium on space terahertz technology.; 2013.
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