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Author Gao, J. R.; Hajenius, M.; Tichelaar, F. D.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Voronov, B.; Grishin, E.; Gol’tsman, G.; Zorman, C. A.; Mehregany, M. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Monocrystalline NbN nanofilms on a 3C-SiC∕Si substrate Type Journal Article
  Year 2007 Publication Appl. Phys. Lett. Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.  
  Volume 91 Issue 6 Pages 062504 (1 to 3)  
  Keywords NbN films, nanofilms  
  Abstract The authors have realized NbN (100) nanofilms on a 3C-SiC (100)/Si(100) substrate by dc reactive magnetron sputtering at 800°C. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) is used to characterize the films, showing a monocrystalline structure and confirming epitaxial growth on the 3C-SiC layer. A film ranging in thickness from 3.4to4.1nm shows a superconducting transition temperature of 11.8K, which is the highest reported for NbN films of comparable thickness. The NbN nano-films on 3C-SiC offer a promising alternative to improve terahertz detectors. For comparison, NbN nanofilms grown directly on Si substrates are also studied by HRTEM.

The authors acknowledge S. V. Svetchnikov at National Centre for HRTEM at Delft, who prepared the specimens for HRTEM inspections. This work was supported by the EU through RadioNet and INTAS.		  
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  ISSN (down) 0003-6951 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1425  
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Author Kerman, A. J.; Dauler, E. A.; Keicher, W. E.; Yang, J. K. W.; Berggren, K. K.; Gol’tsman, G.; Voronov, B. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Kinetic-inductance-limited reset time of superconducting nanowire photon counters Type Journal Article
  Year 2006 Publication Appl. Phys. Lett. Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.  
  Volume 88 Issue 11 Pages 111116 (1 to 3)  
  Keywords NbN SSPD, SNSPD  
  Abstract We investigate the recovery of superconducting NbN-nanowire photon counters after detection of an optical pulse at a wavelength of 1550nm, and present a model that quantitatively accounts for our observations. The reset time is found to be limited by the large kinetic inductance of these nanowires, which forces a tradeoff between counting rate and either detection efficiency or active area. Devices of usable size and high detection efficiency are found to have reset times orders of magnitude longer than their intrinsic photoresponse time.

The authors acknowledge D. Oates and W. Oliver (MIT Lincoln Laboratory), S.W. Nam, A. Miller, and R. Hadfield (NIST) and R. Sobolewski, A. Pearlman, and A. Verevkin (University of Rochester) for helpful discussions and technical assistance. This work made use of MIT’s shared scanning-electron-beam-lithography facility in the Research Laboratory of Electronics. This work is sponsored by the United States Air Force under Air Force Contract No. FA8721-05-C-0002. Opinions, interpretations, recommendations and conclusions are those of the authors and are not necessarily endorsed by the United States Government.		  
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  ISSN (down) 0003-6951 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1453  
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Author Hübers, H.-W.; Semenov, A.; Holldack, K.; Schade, U.; Wüstefeld, G.; Gol’tsman, G. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Time domain analysis of coherent terahertz synchrotron radiation Type Journal Article
  Year 2005 Publication Appl. Phys. Lett. Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.  
  Volume 87 Issue 18 Pages 184103 (1 to 3)  
  Keywords NbN HEB mixers, applications  
  Abstract The time structure of coherent terahertz synchrotron radiation at the electron storage ring of the Berliner Elektronensynchrotron und Speicherring Gesellschaft has been analyzed with a fast superconducting hot-electron bolometer. The emission from a single bunch of electrons was found to last ∼1500ps at frequencies around 0.4THz, which is much longer than the length of an electron bunch in the time domain (∼5ps). It is suggested that this is caused by multiple reflections at the walls of the beam line. The quadratic increase of the power with the number of electrons in the bunch as predicted for coherent synchrotron radiation and the transition from stable to bursting radiation were determined from a single storage ring fill pattern of bunches with different populations.  
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  ISSN (down) 0003-6951 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1457  
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Author Gol’tsman, G. N.; Okunev, O.; Chulkova, G.; Lipatov, A.; Semenov, A.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, B.; Dzardanov, A.; Williams, C.; Sobolewski, R. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Picosecond superconducting single-photon optical detector Type Journal Article
  Year 2001 Publication Appl. Phys. Lett. Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.  
  Volume 79 Issue 6 Pages 705-707  
  Keywords NbN SSPD, SNSPD  
  Abstract We experimentally demonstrate a supercurrent-assisted, hotspot-formation mechanism for ultrafast detection and counting of visible and infrared photons. A photon-induced hotspot leads to a temporary formation of a resistive barrier across the superconducting sensor strip and results in an easily measurable voltage pulse. Subsequent hotspot healing in ∼30 ps time frame, restores the superconductivity (zero-voltage state), and the detector is ready to register another photon. Our device consists of an ultrathin, very narrow NbN strip, maintained at 4.2 K and current-biased close to the critical current. It exhibits an experimentally measured quantum efficiency of ∼20% for 0.81 μm wavelength photons and negligible dark counts.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1543  
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Author Kawamura, J.; Blundell, R.; Tong, C.-yu E.; Gol’tsman, G.; Gershenzon, E.; Voronov, B.; Cherednichenko, S. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Low noise NbN lattice-cooled superconducting hot-electron bolometric mixers at submillimeter wavelengths Type Journal Article
  Year 1997 Publication Appl. Phys. Lett. Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.  
  Volume 70 Issue 12 Pages 1619-1621  
  Keywords NbN HEB mixers  
  Abstract Lattice-cooled superconducting hot-electron bolometric mixers are used in a submillimeter-wave waveguide heterodyne receiver. The mixer elements are niobium nitride film with 3.5 nm thickness and ∼10 μm2 area. The local oscillator power for optimal performance is estimated to be 0.5 μW, and the instantaneous bandwidth is 2.2 GHz. At an intermediate frequency centered at 1.4 GHz with 200 MHz bandwidth, the double sideband receiver noise temperature is 410 K at 430 GHz. The receiver has been used to detect molecular line emission in a laboratory gas cell.  
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  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
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  ISSN (down) 0003-6951 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1599  
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Author Semenov, A. D.; Gousev, Y. P.; Nebosis, R. S.; Renk, K. F.; Yagoubov, P.; Voronov, B. M.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Syomash, V. D.; Gershenzon, E. M. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Heterodyne detection of THz radiation with a superconducting hot‐electron bolometer mixer Type Journal Article
  Year 1996 Publication Appl. Phys. Lett. Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.  
  Volume 69 Issue 2 Pages 260-262  
  Keywords NbN HEB mixers  
  Abstract We report on the use of a superconducting hot‐electron bolometer mixer for heterodyne detection of terahertz radiation. Radiation with a wavelength of 119 μm was coupled to the mixer, a NbN microbridge, by a hybrid quasioptical antenna consisting of an extended hyperhemispherical lens and a planar logarithmic spiral antenna. We found, at an intermediate frequency of 1.5 GHz, a system double side band noise temperature of ≊40 000 K and conversion losses of 25 dB. We also discuss the possibilities of further improvement of the mixer performance.  
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  ISSN (down) 0003-6951 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1610  
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Author Shcherbatenko, M.; Elezov, M.; Manova, N.; Sedykh, K.; Korneev, A.; Korneeva, Y.; Dryazgov, M.; Simonov, N.; Feimov, A.; Goltsman, G.; Sych, D. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Single-pixel camera with a large-area microstrip superconducting single photon detector on a multimode fiber Type Journal Article
  Year 2021 Publication Appl. Phys. Lett. Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.  
  Volume 118 Issue 18 Pages 181103  
  Keywords NbN SSPD, SNSPD  
  Abstract High sensitivity imaging at the level of single photons is an invaluable tool in many areas, ranging from microscopy to astronomy. However, development of single-photon sensitive detectors with high spatial resolution is very non-trivial. Here we employ the single-pixel imaging approach and demonstrate a proof-of-principle single-pixel single-photon imaging setup. We overcome the problem of low light gathering efficiency by developing a large-area microstrip superconducting single photon detector coupled to a multi-mode optical fiber interface. We show that the setup operates well in the visible and near infrared spectrum, and is able to capture images at the single-photon level.

We thank Philipp Zolotov and Pavel Morozov for NbN film fabrication, ARC coating, and fiber coupling of the detector. We also thank Swabian Instruments GmbH and Dr. Helmut Fedder personally for the kindly provided experimental equipment (Time Tagger Ultra 8). The work in the part of SNSPD research and development was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research Project No. 18-29-20100. The work in the part of the optical setup and imaging was supported by Russian Foundation for Basic Research Project No. 20-32-51004.		  
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  ISSN (down) 0003-6951 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1770  
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Author Ryabchun, S. A.; Tretyakov, I. V.; Finkel, M. I.; Maslennikov, S. N.; Kaurova, N. S.; Seleznev, V. A.; Voronov, B. M.; Goltsman, G. N. url  openurl
  Title Fabrication and characterisation of NbN HEB mixers with in situ gold contacts Type Conference Article
  Year 2008 Publication Proc. 19th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. Abbreviated Journal Proc. 19th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.  
  Volume Issue Pages 62-67  
  Keywords HEB, mixer, NbN, in-situ contacts  
  Abstract We present our recent results of the fabrication and testing of NbN hot-electron bolometer mixers with in situ gold contacts. An intermediate frequency bandwidth of about 6 GHz has been measured for the mixers made of a 3.5-nm NbN film on a plane Si substrate with in situ gold contacts, compared to 3.5 GHz for devices made of the same film with ex situ gold contacts. The increase in the intermediate frequency bandwidth is attributed to additional diffusion cooling through the improved contacts, which is further supported by the its dependence on the bridge length: intermediate frequency bandwidths of 3.5 GHz and 6 GHz have been measured for devices with lengths of 0.35 μm and 0.16 μm respectively at a local oscillator frequency of 300 GHz near the superconducting transition. At a local oscillator frequency of 2.5 THz the receiver has offered a DSB noise temperature of 950 K. When compared to the previous result of 1300 K obtained at the same local oscillator frequency for devices fabricated with an ex situ route, such a low value of the noise temperature may also be attributed to the improved gold contacts.  
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  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Groningen, Netherlands Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
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  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 412  
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Author Baselmans, J.; Kooi, J.; Baryshev, A.; Yang, Z. Q.; Hajenius, M.; Gao, J. R.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G. url  openurl
  Title Full characterization of small volume NbN HEB mixers for space applications Type Conference Article
  Year 2005 Publication Proc. 16th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. Abbreviated Journal Proc. 16th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.  
  Volume Issue Pages 457-462  
  Keywords NbN HEB mixers  
  Abstract NbN phonon cooled HEB’s are one of the most promising bolometer mixer technologies for (near) future (space) applications. Their performance is usually quantified by mea- suring the receiver noise temperature at a given IF frequency, usually around 1 – 2 GHz. However, for any real applications it is vital that one fully knows all the relevant properties of the mixer, including LO power, stability, direct detection, gain bandwidth and noise bandwidth, not only the noise temperature at low IF frequencies. To this aim we have measured all these parameters at the optimal operating point of one single, small volume quasioptical NbN HEB mixer. We find a minimum noise temperature of 900 K at 1.46 THz. We observe a direct detection effect indicated by a change in bias current when changing from a 300 K hot load to a 77 K cold load. Due to this effect we overestimate the noise temperature by about 22% using a 300 K hot load and a 77 K cold load. The LO power needed to reach the optimal operating point is 80 nW at the receiver lens front, 59 nW inside the NbN bridge. However, using the isothermal technique we find a power absorbed in the NbN bridge of 25 nW, a difference of about a factor 2. We obtain a gain bandwidth of 2.3 GHz and a noise bandwidth of 4 GHz. The system Allan time is about 1 sec. in a 50 MHz spectral bandwidth and a deviation from white noise integration (governed by the radiometer equation) occurs at 0.2 sec., which implies a maximum integration time of a few seconds in a 1 MHz bandwidth spectrometer.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Göteborg, Sweden Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
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  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 363  
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Author Finkel, M. I.; Maslennikov, S. N.; Vachtomin, Yu. B.; Svechnikov, S. I.; Smirnov, K. V.; Seleznev, V. A.; Korotetskaya, Yu. P.; Kaurova, N. S.; Voronov, B. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N. url  openurl
  Title Hot electron bolometer mixer for 20 – 40 THz frequency range Type Conference Article
  Year 2005 Publication Proc. 16th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. Abbreviated Journal Proc. 16th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.  
  Volume Issue Pages 393-397  
  Keywords IR NbN HEB mixers  
  Abstract The developed HEB mixer was based on a 5 nm thick NbN film deposited on a GaAs substrate. The active area of the film was patterned as a 30×20 μm 2 strip and coupled with a 50 Ohm coplanar line deposited in situ. An extended hemispherical germanium lens was used to focus the LO radiation on the mixer. The responsivity of the mixer was measured in a direct detection mode in the 25÷64 THz frequency range. The noise performance of the mixer and the directivity of the receiver were investigated in a heterodyne mode. A 10.6 μm wavelength CW CO 2 laser was utilized as a local oscillator.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Göteborg, Sweden Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN (down) ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 369  
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