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Korneev A, Divochiy A, Tarkhov M, Minaeva O, Seleznev V, Kaurova N, et al. Superconducting NbN-nanowire single-photon detectors capable of photon number resolving. In: Supercond. News Forum.; 2008.
Abstract: We present our latest generation of ultra-fast superconducting NbN single-photon detectors (SSPD) capable of photon-number resolving (PNR). The novel SSPDs combine 10 μm x 10 μm active area with low kinetic inductance and PNR capability. That resulted in significantly reduced photoresponse pulse duration, allowing for GHz counting rates. The detector’s response magnitude is directly proportional to the number of incident photons, which makes this feature easy to use. We present experimental data on the performance of the PNR SSPDs. These detectors are perfectly suited for fibreless free-space telecommunications, as well as for ultra-fast quantum cryptography and quantum computing.
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Ozhegov R, Elezov M, Kurochkin Y, Kurochkin V, Divochiy A, Kovalyuk V, et al. Quantum key distribution over 300. In: Orlikovsky AA, editor. Proc. SPIE. Vol 9440. SPIE; 2014. 1F (1 to 9).
Abstract: We discuss the possibility of polarization state reconstruction and measurement over 302 km by Superconducting Single- Photon Detectors (SSPDs). Because of the excellent characteristics and the possibility to be effectively coupled to singlemode optical fiber many applications of the SSPD have already been reported. The most impressive one is the quantum key distribution (QKD) over 250 km distance. This demonstration shows further possibilities for the improvement of the characteristics of quantum-cryptographic systems such as increasing the bit rate and the quantum channel length, and decreasing the quantum bit error rate (QBER). This improvement is possible because SSPDs have the best characteristics in comparison with other single-photon detectors. We have demonstrated the possibility of polarization state reconstruction and measurement over 302.5 km with superconducting single-photon detectors. The advantage of an autocompensating optical scheme, also known as “plugandplay” for quantum key distribution, is high stability in the presence of distortions along the line. To increase the distance of quantum key distribution with this optical scheme we implement the superconducting single photon detectors (SSPD). At the 5 MHz pulse repetition frequency and the average photon number equal to 0.4 we measured a 33 bit/s quantum key generation for a 101.7 km single mode ber quantum channel. The extremely low SSPD dark count rate allowed us to keep QBER at 1.6% level.
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Smirnov KV, Vakhtomin YB, Divochiy AV, Ozhegov RV, Pentin IV, Slivinskaya EV, et al. Single-photon detectors for the visible and infrared parts of the spectrum based on NbN nanostructures [abstract]. In: Proc. Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symp. Moscow, Russia; 2009. p. 863–4.
Abstract: The research by the group of Moscow State Pedagogical University into the hot-electron phenomena in thin superconducting films has led to the development of new types ofdetectors [1, 2] and their use both in fundamental and applied studies [3–6]. In this paper, wepresent the results of the development and fabrication of receiving systems for the visible andinfrared parts of the spectrum optimised for use in telecommunication systems and quantumcryptography.
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Sidorova MV, Divochiy A, Vakhtomin YB, Smirnov KV. Ultrafast superconducting single-photon detector with reduced-size active area coupled to a tapered lensed single-mode fiber. In: International Society for Optics and Photonics, editor. Proc. SPIE. Vol 9504.; 2015. 950408 (1 to 9).
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Kitaygorsky J, Zhang J, Verevkin A, Sergeev A, Korneev A, Matvienko V, et al. Origin of dark counts in nanostructured NbN single-photon detectors. IEEE Trans Appl Supercond. 2005;15(2):545–8.
Abstract: We present our study of dark counts in ultrathin (3.5 to 10 nm thick), narrow (120 to 170 nm wide) NbN superconducting stripes of different lengths. In experiments, where the stripe was completely isolated from the outside world and kept at temperature below the critical temperature Tc, we detected subnanosecond electrical pulses associated with the spontaneous appearance of the temporal resistive state. The resistive state manifested itself as generation of phase-slip centers (PSCs) in our two-dimensional superconducting stripes. Our analysis shows that not far from Tc, PSCs have a thermally activated nature. At lowest temperatures, far below Tc, they are created by quantum fluctuations.
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Shcheslavskiy V, Morozov P, Divochiy A, Vakhtomin Y, Smirnov K, Becker W. Ultrafast time measurements by time-correlated single photon counting coupled with superconducting single photon detector. Rev. Sci. Instrum.. 2016;87:053117 (1 to 5).
Abstract: Time resolution is one of the main characteristics of the single photon detectors besides quantum efficiency and dark count rate. We demonstrate here an ultrafast time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) setup consisting of a newly developed single photon counting board SPC-150NX and a superconducting NbN single photon detector with a sensitive area of 7 × 7 μm. The combination delivers a record instrument response function with a full width at half maximum of 17.8 ps and system quantum efficiency ~5% at wavelength of 1560 nm. A calculation of the root mean square value of the timing jitter for channels with counts more than 1% of the peak value yielded about 7.6 ps. The setup has also good timing stability of the detector–TCSPC board.
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Zolotov P, Divochiy A, Vakhtomin Y, Seleznev V, Morozov P, Smirnov K. Superconducting single-photon detectors made of ultra-thin VN films. In: KnE Energy. Vol 3.; 2018. p. 83–9.
Abstract: We optimized technology of thin VN films deposition in order to study VN-based superconducting single-photon detectors. Investigation of the main VN film parameters showed that this material has lower resistivity compared to commonly used NbN. Fabricated from obtained films devices showed 100% intrinsic detection efficiency at 900 nm, at the temperature of 1.7 K starting with the bias current of 0.7·I
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Zolotov P, Divochiy A, Vakhtomin Y, Moshkova M, Morozov P, Seleznev V, et al. Photon-number-resolving SSPDs with system detection efficiency over 50% at telecom range. In: Proc. AIP Conf. Vol 1936.; 2018. 020019.
Abstract: We used technology of making high-efficiency superconducting single-photon detectors as a basis for improvement of photon-number-resolving devices. By adding optical cavity and using an improved NbN superconducting film, we enhanced previously reported system detection efficiency at telecom range for such detectors. Our results show that implementation of optical cavity helps to develop four-section device with quantum efficiency over 50% at 1.55 µm. Performed experimental studies of detecting multi-photon optical pulses showed irregularities over defining multi-photon through single-photon quantum efficiency.
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Zolotov P, Divochiy A, Korneeva Y, Vakhtomin Y, Seleznev V, Smirnov K. Capability investigation of superconducting single-photon detectors, optimized for 800–1200 nm spectrum range.; 2015.
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Zolotov P, Vakhtomin Y, Divochiy A, Seleznev V, Morozov P, Smirnov K. High-efficiency single-photon detectors based on NbN films.; 2013.
Abstract: We present our resent results in development and testing of Superconducting Single-Photon Detectors (SSPD) with detection efficiencies greater than 85%. High values of obtained results are assigned to proposed design of the detector with integrated resonator structure, including two-layer optical cavity and anti-reflective coating (ARC).
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