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Author Engel, Andreas; Aeschbacher, Adrian; Inderbitzin, Kevin; Schilling, Andreas; Il'in, Konstantin; Hofherr, Matthias; Siegel, Michael; Semenov, Alexei; Hübers, Heinz-Wilhelm openurl 
  Title Tantalum nitride superconducting single-photon detectors with low cut-off energy Type Journal Article
  Year 2011 Publication arXiv Abbreviated Journal arXiv  
  Volume Issue Pages 9  
  Keywords SSPD  
  Abstract Materials with a small superconducting energy gap favor a high detection efficiency of low-energy photons in superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors. We developed a TaN detector with smaller gap and lower density of states at the Fermi energy than in comparable NbN devices, while other relevant parameters remain essentially unchanged. This results in a reduction of the minimum photon energy required for direct detection to $\approx1/3$ as compared to NbN.  
  Address  
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  Publisher Place of Publication arXiv:1110.4576 Editor  
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  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 687  
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Author Dorenbos, S. N.; Heeres, R.W.; Driessen, E.F.C; Zwiller, V. openurl 
  Title Efficient and robust fiber coupling of superconducting single photon detectors Type Journal Article
  Year 2011 Publication arXiv Abbreviated Journal arXiv  
  Volume Issue Pages 6  
  Keywords SSPD  
  Abstract We applied a recently developed fiber coupling technique to superconducting single photon detectors (SSPDs). As the detector area of SSPDs has to be kept as small as possible, coupling to an optical fiber has been either inefficient or unreliable. Etching through the silicon substrate allows fabrication of a circularly shaped chip which self aligns to the core of a ferrule terminated fiber in a fiber sleeve. In situ alignment at cryogenic temperatures is unnecessary and no thermal stress during cooldown, causing misalignment, is induced. We measured the quantum efficiency of these devices with an attenuated tunable broadband source. The combination of a lithographically defined chip and high precision standard telecommunication components yields near unity coupling efficiency and a system detection efficiency of 34% at a wavelength of 1200 nm. This quantum efficiency measurement is confirmed by an absolute efficiency measurement using correlated photon pairs (with $\lambda$ = 1064 nm) produced by spontaneous parametric down-conversion. The efficiency obtained via this method agrees well with the efficiency measured with the attenuated tunable broadband source.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication arXiv:1109.5809 Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
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  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 689  
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Author Dauler, Eric; Kerman, Andrew; Robinson, Bryan; Yang, Joel; Voronov, Boris; Goltsman, Gregory; Hamilton, Scott; Berggren, Karl url  doi
openurl 
  Title Photon-number-resolution with sub-30-ps timing using multi-element superconducting nanowire single photon detectors Type Journal Article
  Year 2009 Publication J. Modern Opt. Abbreviated Journal J. Modern Opt.  
  Volume 56 Issue 2 Pages 364-373  
  Keywords PNR SSPD; SNSPD; photon-number-resolution; superconducting nanowire single photon detector; timing jitter; system detection efficiency  
  Abstract A photon-number-resolving detector based on a four-element superconducting nanowire single photon detector is demonstrated to have sub-30-ps resolution in measuring the arrival time of individual photons. This detector can be used to characterize the photon statistics of non-pulsed light sources and to mitigate dead-time effects in high-speed photon counting applications. Furthermore, a 25% system detection efficiency at 1550 nm was demonstrated, making the detector useful for both low-flux source characterization and high-speed photon-counting and quantum communication applications. The design, fabrication and testing of this detector are described, and a comparison between the measured and theoretical performance is presented.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 700  
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Author Флоря, И.Н.; Корнеева, Ю.П.; Корнеев, А.А.; Гольцман, Г.Н. openurl 
  Title Сверхпроводниковый однофотонный детектор для среднего инфракрасного диапазона на основе узких параллельных полосок Type Journal Article
  Year 2011 Publication Труды Московского физико-технического института Abbreviated Journal Труды МФТИ  
  Volume 3 Issue 2 Pages 14-17  
  Keywords SSPD  
  Abstract Мы рассматриваем ультрабыстрый сверхпроводниковый однофотонный детектор (SSPD). SSPD представляет собой тонкопленочную наноструктуру — очень узкую и длинную полоску сверхпроводника, изогнутую в виде меандра, изготовленную из пленки NbN толщиной 4 нм, нанесенной на сапфировую подложку. SSPD хорошо сопрягается с оптоволокном и легко может быть интегрирован в полностью готовую для работы приемную систему. В стремлении продвинуться в средний ИК диапозон нам удалось разработать SSPD в виде параллельно соединенных полосок с шириной полоски всего 50 нм и сохранить при этом сверхпроводящие свойства. Эти детекторы показывают более чем на порядок большую чувствительность на длине волны 3;5 мкм, чем SSPD в виде меандра. Полученные результаты открывают путь к эффективным детекторам среднего ИК-диапазона, обладающим скоростью счета свыше 1 ГГц.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 706  
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Author Пентин, И. В.; Смирнов, К. В.; Вахтомин, Ю. Б.; Смирнов, А. В.; Ожегов, Р. В.; Дивочий, А. В.; Гольцман, Г. Н. url  openurl
  Title Быстродействующий терагерцевый приемник и инфракрасный счетчик одиночных фотонов на эффекте разогрева электронов в сверхпроводниковых тонкопленочных наноструктурах Type Journal Article
  Year 2011 Publication Труды МФТИ Abbreviated Journal Труды МФТИ  
  Volume 3 Issue 2 Pages 38-42  
  Keywords SSPD, SNSPD, HEB  
  Abstract Представлены результаты создания приемных систем терагерцевого диапазона (0.3-70 ТГц), обладающих рекордным быстродействием (50 пс) и высокой чувствительностью (до 5x 10^(-14) Вт/Гц^(1/2)), а также однофотонных приемных систем ближнего инфракрасного диапазона с квантовой эффективностью 25 %, уровнем темнового счета 10-1c., максимальной скоростью счета ~ 100 МГц и временным разрешением до 50 пс.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 707  
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Author Lydersen, Lars; Wiechers, Carlos; Wittmann, Christoffer; Elser, Dominique; Skaar, Johannes; Makarov, Vadim openurl 
  Title Thermal blinding of gated detectors in quantum cryptography Type Journal Article
  Year 2010 Publication Optics Express Abbreviated Journal Opt. Express  
  Volume 18 Issue 26 Pages 27938-27954  
  Keywords quantum cryptography; QKD; hacking; SPD; APD  
  Abstract It has previously been shown that the gated detectors of two commercially available quantum key distribution (QKD) systems are blindable and controllable by an eavesdropper using continuous-wave illumination and short bright trigger pulses, manipulating voltages in the circuit [L. Lydersen et al., Nat. Photonics DOI:10.1038/nphoton.2010.214]. This allows for an attack eavesdropping the full raw and secret key without increasing the quantum bit error rate (QBER). Here we show how thermal effects in detectors under bright illumination can lead to the same outcome. We demonstrate that the detectors in a commercial QKD system Clavis2 can be blinded by heating the avalanche photo diodes (APDs) using bright illumination, so-called thermal blinding. Further, the detectors can be triggered using short bright pulses once they are blind. For systems with pauses between packet transmission such as the plug-and-play systems, thermal inertia enables Eve to apply the bright blinding illumination before eavesdropping, making her more difficult to catch.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 729  
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Author Wiechers, C.; Lydersen, L.; Wittmann, C.; Elser, D.; Skaar, J.; Marquardt, Ch; Makarov, V.; Leuchs, G. openurl 
  Title After-gate attack on a quantum cryptosystem Type Journal Article
  Year 2011 Publication New J. Phys. Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 13 Issue 1 Pages 14  
  Keywords quantum cryptography; hacking; interception; attack; SPD; APD; QKD  
  Abstract We present a method to control the detection events in quantum key distribution systems that use gated single-photon detectors. We employ bright pulses as faked states, timed to arrive at the avalanche photodiodes outside the activation time. The attack can remain unnoticed, since the faked states do not increase the error rate per se. This allows for an intercept-resend attack, where an eavesdropper transfers her detection events to the legitimate receiver without causing any errors. As a side effect, afterpulses, originating from accumulated charge carriers in the detectors, increase the error rate. We have experimentally tested detectors of the system id3110 (Clavis2) from ID Quantique. We identify the parameter regime in which the attack is feasible despite the side effect. Furthermore, we outline how simple modifications in the implementation can make the device immune to this attack.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 730  
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Author Rath, P.; Vetter, A.; Kovalyuk, V.; Ferrari, S.; Kahl, O.; Nebel, C.; Goltsman, G. N.; Korneev, A.; Pernice, W. H. P. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Travelling-wave single-photon detectors integrated with diamond photonic circuits: operation at visible and telecom wavelengths with a timing jitter down to 23 ps Type Conference Article
  Year 2016 Publication Integrated Optics: Devices, Mat. Technol. XX Abbreviated Journal Integrated Optics: Devices, Mat. Technol. XX  
  Volume 9750 Issue Pages 135-142  
  Keywords SSPD, Superconducting Nanowire Single-Photon Detector, SNSPD, Single Photon Detector, Diamond Photonics, Diamond Integrated Optics, Diamond Waveguides, Integrated Optics, Low Timing Jitter  
  Abstract We report on the design, fabrication and measurement of travelling-wave superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) integrated with polycrystalline diamond photonic circuits. We analyze their performance both in the near-infrared wavelength regime around 1600 nm and at 765 nm. Near-IR detection is important for compatibility with the telecommunication infrastructure, while operation in the visible wavelength range is relevant for compatibility with the emission line of silicon vacancy centers in diamond which can be used as efficient single-photon sources. Our detectors feature high critical currents (up to 31 μA) and high performance in terms of efficiency (up to 74% at 765 nm), noise-equivalent power (down to 4.4×10-19 W/Hz1/2 at 765 nm) and timing jitter (down to 23 ps).  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Spie Place of Publication Editor Broquin, J.-E.; Conti, G.N.  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1210  
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Author Bulaevskii, L. N.; Graf, Matthias J.; Kogan, V. G. openurl 
  Title Vortex-assisted photon counts and their magnetic field dependence in single-photon superconducting detectors Type Journal Article
  Year 2012 Publication Phys. Rev. B Abbreviated Journal Phys. Rev. B  
  Volume 85 Issue 1 Pages 9  
  Keywords SSPD; SNSPD; single-vortex crossing; normal-state belt  
  Abstract We argue that photon counts in a superconducting nanowire single-photon detector (SNSPD) are caused by the transition from a current-biased metastable superconducting state to the normal state. Such a transition is triggered by vortices crossing the thin and narrow superconducting strip from one edge to another due to the Lorentz force. Detector counts in SNSPDs may be caused by three processes: (a) a single incident photon with sufficient energy to break enough Cooper pairs to create a normal-state belt across the entire width of the strip (direct photon count), (b) thermally induced single-vortex crossing in the absence of photons (dark count), which at high-bias currents releases the energy sufficient to trigger the transition to the normal state in a belt across the whole width of the strip, and (c) a single incident photon of insufficient energy to create a normal-state belt but initiating a subsequent single-vortex crossing, which provides the rest of the energy needed to create the normal-state belt (vortex-assisted single-photon count). We derive the current dependence of the rate of vortex-assisted photon counts. The resulting photon count rate has a plateau at high currents close to the critical current and drops as a power law with high exponent at lower currents. While the magnetic field perpendicular to the film plane does not affect the formation of hot spots by photons, it causes the rate of vortex crossings (with or without photons) to increase. We show that by applying a magnetic field one may characterize the energy barrier for vortex crossings and identify the origin of dark counts and vortex-assisted photon counts.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 733  
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Author Чулкова, Г. М.; Семенов, А. В.; Корнеев, А. А.; Кардакова, А. И.; Аверьев, Н. В.; Ан, П. П.; Казаков, А. Ю.; Трифонов, А. В. openurl 
  Title Спектральная чувствительность сверхпроводникового однофотонного детектора Type Journal Article
  Year 2011 Publication Журнал радиоэлектроники Abbreviated Journal Ж. радиоэлектрон.  
  Volume 11 Issue Pages 5  
  Keywords SSPD; quantum efficiency; spectral sensitivity  
  Abstract We consider quantum efficiency dependence on photons' energy from hot spot model. Direction of quasiparticles diffusion drive across superconductive film. The maximal quantum efficiency is proportional to a probability of photon absorption. The spectral sensitivity of superconductive single photon detector does not have clearly expressed red limit. Changing regimes of work depends on a wavelength we can get high values of quantum efficiency in visible and infrared range which will be specified by the quality of fabrication of detectors and their consistency with the radiation.

Key words: superconducting single-photon detector, SSPD, quantum efficiency, spectral sensitivity.

В статье представлена зависимость квантовой эффективности от энергии фотона в рамках модели горячего пятна. Диффузия квазичастиц происходит в основном перпендикулярно направлению тока в областях с максимальной плотностью тока. Максимальная квантовая эффективность детектора пропорциональна вероятности поглощения фотона. Несмотря на квантовый характер работы сверхпроводникового однофотонного детектора, он не имеет четко выраженной красной границы. Изменяя режим работы в зависимости от длины волны можно в видимом и инфракрасном диапазонах получать высокие значения квантовой эффективности, которые будут определяться лишь качеством изготовления детекторов и степенью их согласования с излучением.		  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 844  
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