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Zhang, W.; Miao, W.; Zhong, J. Q.; Shi, S. C.; Hayton, D. J.; Vercruyssen, N.; Gao, J. R.; Goltsman, G. N. |
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Title |
Temperature dependence of the receiver noise temperature and IF bandwidth of superconducting hot electron bolometer mixers |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2014 |
Publication |
Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
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27 |
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8 |
Pages |
085013 (1 to 5) |
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Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers |
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In this paper we study the temperature dependence of the receiver noise temperature and IF noise bandwidth of superconducting hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixers. Three superconducting NbN HEB devices of different transition temperatures (Tc) are measured at 0.85 THz and 1.4 THz at different bath temperatures (Tbath) between 4 K and 9 K. Measurement results demonstrate that the receiver noise temperature of superconducting NbN HEB devices is nearly constant for Tbath/Tc, less than 0.8, which is consistent with the simulation based on a distributed hot-spot model. In addition, the IF noise bandwidth appears independent of Tbath/Tc, indicating the dominance of phonon cooling in the investigated HEB devices. |
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0953-2048 |
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1358 |
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Baselmans, J. J. A.; Baryshev, A.; Reker, S. F.; Hajenius, M.; Gao, J. R.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G. |
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Title |
Influence of the direct response on the heterodyne sensitivity of hot electron bolometer mixers |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
J. Appl. Phys. |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Appl. Phys. |
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Volume |
100 |
Issue |
8 |
Pages |
084510 (1 to 7) |
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Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers |
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We present a detailed experimental study of the direct detection effect in a small volume (0.15μm×1μm×3.5nm) quasioptical NbN phonon cooled hot electron bolometer mixer at 673GHz. We find that the small signal noise temperature, relevant for an astronomical observation, is 20% lower than the noise temperature obtained using 300 and 77K calibration loads. In a separate set of experiments we show that the direct detection effect is caused by a combination of bias current reduction when switching from the 77 to the 300K
load in combination with the bias current dependence of the receiver gain. The bias current dependence of the receiver gain is shown to be mainly caused by the current dependence of the mixer gain. |
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0021-8979 |
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1442 |
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Hajenius, M.; Baselmans, J. J. A.; Baryshev, A.; Gao, J. R.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Kooi, J. W.; Jellema, W.; Yang, Z. Q. |
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Full characterization and analysis of a terahertz heterodyne receiver based on a NbN hot electron bolometer |
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Journal Article |
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2006 |
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J. Appl. Phys. |
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100 |
Issue |
7 |
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074507 |
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Keywords |
HEB |
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0021-8979 |
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RPLAB @ s @ |
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385 |
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Gao, J. R.; Hajenius, M.; Tichelaar, F. D.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Voronov, B.; Grishin, E.; Gol’tsman, G.; Zorman, C. A.; Mehregany, M. |
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Title |
Monocrystalline NbN nanofilms on a 3C-SiC∕Si substrate |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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Volume |
91 |
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6 |
Pages |
062504 (1 to 3) |
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NbN films, nanofilms |
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The authors have realized NbN (100) nanofilms on a 3C-SiC (100)/Si(100) substrate by dc reactive magnetron sputtering at 800°C. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) is used to characterize the films, showing a monocrystalline structure and confirming epitaxial growth on the 3C-SiC layer. A film ranging in thickness from 3.4to4.1nm shows a superconducting transition temperature of 11.8K, which is the highest reported for NbN films of comparable thickness. The NbN nano-films on 3C-SiC offer a promising alternative to improve terahertz detectors. For comparison, NbN nanofilms grown directly on Si substrates are also studied by HRTEM.
The authors acknowledge S. V. Svetchnikov at National Centre for HRTEM at Delft, who prepared the specimens for HRTEM inspections. This work was supported by the EU through RadioNet and INTAS. |
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0003-6951 |
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1425 |
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Hajenius, M.; Baselmans, J. J. A.; Gao, J. R.; Klapwijk, T. M.; de Korte, P. A. J.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G. |
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Title |
Low noise NbN superconducting hot electron bolometer mixers at 1.9 and 2.5 THz |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
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Volume |
17 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
S224-S228 |
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Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers |
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NbN phonon-cooled hot electron bolometer mixers (HEBs) have been realized with negligible contact resistance between the bolometer itself and the contact structure. Using a combination of in situ cleaning of the NbN film and the use of an additional superconducting interlayer of a 10 nm NbTiN layer between the Au of the contact structure and the NbN film superior noise temperatures have been obtained as low as 950 K at 2.5 THz and 750 K at 1.9 THz. Here we address in detail the DC characterization of these devices, the interface transparencies between the bolometers and the contacts and the consequences of these factors on the mixer performance. |
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0953-2048 |
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558 |
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Author |
Kooi, J. W.; Baselmans, J. J. A.; Hajenius, M.; Gao, J. R.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Dieleman, P.; Baryshev, A.; de Lange, G. |
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Title |
IF impedance and mixer gain of NbN hot electron bolometers |
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Journal Article |
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2007 |
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J. Appl. Phys. |
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Volume |
101 |
Issue |
4 |
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044511 |
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0021-8979 |
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RPLAB @ s @ |
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445 |
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Yang, Z. Q.; Hajenius, M.; Baselmans, J. J. A.; Gao, J. R.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G. N. |
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Title |
Reduced noise in NbN hot-electron bolometer mixers by annealing |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
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Volume |
19 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
L (9 to 12) |
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Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers |
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We find that the sensitivity of heterodyne receivers based on superconducting hot-electron bolometers (HEBs) increases by 25–30% after annealing at 85 °C in vacuum. The devices studied are twin-slot antenna coupled mixers with a small NbN bridge of 1 × 0.15 µm2. We show that annealing changes the device properties as reflected in sharper resistive transitions of the complete device, apparently reducing the device-related noise. The lowest receiver noise temperature of 700 K is measured at a local oscillator frequency of 1.63 THz and a bath temperature of 4.3 K. |
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1456 |
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Jackson, B. D.; Baryshev, A. M.; de Lange, G.; Gao, J. R.; Shitov, S. V.; Iosad, N. N.; Klapwijk, T. M. |
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Low-noise 1 THz superconductor-insulator-superconductor mixer incorporating a NbTiN/SiO2/Al tuning circuit |
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Journal Article |
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2001 |
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Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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79 |
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3 |
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436 |
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RPLAB @ s @ sis_Jackson_2001 |
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314 |
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Zhang, W.; Miao, W.; Li, S. L.; Zhou, K. M.; Shi, S. C.; Gao, J. R.; Goltsman, G. N. |
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Title |
Measurement of the spectral response of spiral-antenna coupled superconducting hot electron bolometers |
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Journal Article |
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2013 |
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IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Abbreviated Journal |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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Volume |
23 |
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3 |
Pages |
2300804-2300804 |
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Keywords |
NbN HEB detector |
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Measured spectral response of spiral-antenna coupled superconducting hot electron bolometers (HEBs) often drops dramatically at frequencies that are still within the frequency range of interest (e.g., ~ 5 THz). This is inconsistent with the implied low receiver noise temperatures from the same measurements. To understand this discrepancy, we exhaustively test and calibrate the thermal sources used in Fourier transform spectrometer measurements. We first investigate the absolute emission spectrum of high-pressure Hg arc lamp, then measure the spectral response of two spiral-antenna coupled NbN HEBs with a Martin-Puplett interferometer as spectrometer and 77 K blackbody as broadband signal source. The measured absolute emission spectrum of Hg arc lamp is proportional to frequency, corresponding to an equivalent blackbody temperature of 4000 K at 1 THz, 1500 K at 3 THz, and 800 K at 5 THz, respectively. Measured spectral response of spiral-antenna coupled NbN HEBs, corrected for air absorption, is nearly flat in the frequency range of 0.5-4 THz, consistent with simulated coupling efficiency between HEB and spiral-antenna. These results explain the discrepancy, and prove that spiral-antenna coupled superconducting NbN HEBs work well in a wide frequency range. In addition, this calibration method and these results are broadly applicable to other quasi-optical THz receivers. |
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1051-8223 |
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1371 |
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Baselmans, J. J. A.; Hajenius, M.; Gao, J. R.; Baryshev, A.; Kooi, J.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Voronov, B.; de Korte, P.; Gol'tsman, G. |
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Title |
NbN hot electron bolometer mixers: sensitivity, LO power, direct detection and stability |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2005 |
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IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Abbreviated Journal |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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Volume |
15 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
484-489 |
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HEB mixers, direct detection effect, stability, Allan variance |
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We demonstrate that the performance of NbN lattice cooled hot electron bolometer mixers depends strongly on the interface quality between the bolometer and the contact structure. Both the receiver noise temperature and the gain bandwidth can be improved by a factor of 2 by cleaning the interface and adding an additional superconducting interlayer to the contact pad. Using this we obtain a double sideband receiver noise temperature of 950 K at 2.5 THz and 4.3 K, using a 0.4/spl times/4 /spl mu/m HEB mixer with a spiral antenna. At the same bias point, we obtain an IF gain bandwidth of 6 GHz. To comply with current demands on THz mixers for use in space based receivers we reduce the device size to 0.15/spl times/1 /spl mu/m and use a twin slot antenna. We report measurements of the noise temperature, LO power requirement, stability and the direct detection effect, using a mixer with a 1.6 THz twin slot antenna and a 1.462 THz solid state LO source with calibrated output power. |
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