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Semenov AD, Gol'tsman GN, Sobolewski R. Hot-electron effect in superconductors and its applications for radiation sensors. Supercond Sci Technol. 2002;15(4):R1–R16.
Abstract: The paper reviews the main aspects of nonequilibrium hot-electron phenomena in superconductors and various theoretical models developed to describe the hot-electron effect. We discuss implementation of the hot-electron avalanche mechanism in superconducting radiation sensors and present the most successful practical devices, such as terahertz mixers and direct intensity detectors, for far-infrared radiation. Our presentation also includes the novel approach to hot-electron quantum detection implemented in superconducting x-ray to optical photon counters.
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Delacour C, Claudon J, Poizat J-P, Pannetier B, Bouchiat V, de Lamaestre RE, et al. Superconducting single photon detectors made by local oxidation with an atomic force microscope. Appl Phys Lett. 2007;90(19):191116 (1 t0 3).
Abstract: The authors present a fabrication technique of superconducting single photon detectors made by local oxidation of niobium nitride ultrathin films. Narrow superconducting meander lines are obtained by direct writing of insulating niobium oxynitride lines through the films using voltage-biased tip of an atomic force microscope. Due to the 30nm resolution of the lithographic technique, the filling factor of the meander line can be made substantially higher than detector of similar geometry made by electron beam lithography, thus leading to increased quantum efficiency. Single photon detection regime of these devices is demonstrated at 4.2K.
The authors thank J.-P. Maneval for stimulating discussions. This work has been partly supported by ACI Nanoscience from French Ministry of Research, D.G.A., by Grant No. 02.445.11.7434 of Russian Ministry of Education and Science, and by the European Commission under project “SINPHONIA,” Contract No. NMP4-CT-2005-16433.
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Kawamura J, Blundell R, Tong C-YE, Papa DC, Hunter TR, Paine St. N, et al. Superconductive hot-electron bolometer mixer receiver for 800 GHz operation. Vol 48.; 2000.
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Tarkhov M, Claudon J, Poizat JP, Korneev A, Divochiy A, Minaeva O, et al. Ultrafast reset time of superconducting single photon detectors. Appl Phys Lett. 2008;92(24):241112 (1 to 3).
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Korneev A, Vachtomin Y, Minaeva O, Divochiy A, Smirnov K, Okunev O, et al. Single-photon detection system for quantum optics applications. IEEE J Select Topics Quantum Electron. 2007;13(4):944–51.
Abstract: We describe the design and characterization of a fiber-coupled double-channel single-photon detection system based on superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPD), and its application for quantum optics experiments on semiconductor nanostructures. When operated at 2-K temperature, the system shows 10% quantum efficiency at 1.3-¿m wavelength with dark count rate below 10 counts per second and timing resolution <100 ps. The short recovery time and absence of afterpulsing leads to counting frequencies as high as 40 MHz. Moreover, the low dark count rate allows operation in continuous mode (without gating). These characteristics are very attractive-as compared to InGaAs avalanche photodiodes-for quantum optics experiments at telecommunication wavelengths. We demonstrate the use of the system in time-correlated fluorescence spectroscopy of quantum wells and in the measurement of the intensity correlation function of light emitted by semiconductor quantum dots at 1300 nm.
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Gol'tsman G, Minaeva O, Korneev A, Tarkhov M, Rubtsova I, Divochiy A, et al. Middle-infrared to visible-light ultrafast superconducting single-photon detectors. IEEE Trans Appl Supercond. 2007;17(2):246–51.
Abstract: We present an overview of the state-of-the-art of NbN superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs). Our devices exhibit quantum efficiency (QE) of up to 30% in near-infrared wavelength and 0.4% at 5 mum, with a dark-count rate that can be as low as 10 -4 s -1 . The SSPD structures integrated with lambda/4 microcavities achieve a QE of 60% at telecommunication, 1550-nm wavelength. We have also developed a new generation of SSPDs that possess the QE of large-active-area devices, but, simultaneously, are characterized by low kinetic inductance that allows achieving short response times and the GHz-counting rate with picosecond timing jitter. The improvements presented in the SSPD development, such as fiber-coupled SSPDs, make our detectors most attractive for high-speed quantum communications and quantum computing.
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Gol'tsman GN, Loudkov DN. Terahertz superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixers and their application in radio astronomy. Radiophys. Quant. Electron.. 2003;46(8/9):604–17.
Abstract: We review the latest developments, research, and radioastronomy applications of hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers operated in the terahertz waveband. The physical principles of operation of terahertz HEB mixers are presented, their manufacturing from ultrathin NbN films, the main HEB-mixer parameters and their measurement techniques are discussed, and practical terahertz radioastronomy projects based on heterodyne receivers with HEB mixers are considered.
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Гольцман ГН, Лудков ДН. Сверхпроводниковые смесители на горячих электронах терагерцового диапазона и их применение в радиоастрономии. Изв. высших учебных заведений. Радиофизика. 2003;46(8/9).
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Корнеев АА. Квантовая эффективность и темновой счет NbN сверхпроводникового инфракрасного однофотонного детектора [Ph.D. thesis].; 2006.
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Масленников СН. Смесители на эффекте электронного разогрева для терагерцового и инфракрасного диапазонов [Ph.D. thesis].; 2007.
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