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Vakhtomin YB, Finkel MI, Antipov SV, Smirnov KV, Kaurova NS, Drakinskii VN, et al. The gain bandwidth of mixers based on the electron heating effect in an ultrathin NbN film on a Si substrate with a buffer MgO layer. J of communications technol & electronics. 2003;48(6):671–5.
Abstract: Measurements of the intermediate frequency band 900 GHz of mixers based on the electron heating effect (EHE) in 2-nm- and 3.5-nm-thick superconducting NbN films sputtered on MgO and Si substrates with buffer MgO layers are presented. A 2-nm-thick superconducting NbN film with a critical temperature of 9.2 K has been obtained for the first time using a buffer MgO layer.
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Semenov AD, Hübers H-W, Richter H, Birk M, Krocka M, Mair U, et al. 2.5 THz heterodyne receiver with NbN hot-electron-bolometer mixer. Phys C: Supercond. 2002;372-376:448–53.
Abstract: We describe a 2.5 THz heterodyne receiver for applications in astronomy and atmospheric research. The receiver employs a superconducting NbN phonon-cooled hot-electron-bolometer mixer and an optically pumped far-infrared gas laser as local oscillator. 2200 K double sideband mixer noise temperature was measured at 2.5 THz across a 1 GHz intermediate frequency bandwidth centred at 1.5 GHz. The total conversion losses were 17 dB. The mixer response was linear at load temperatures smaller than 400 K. The receiver was tested in the laboratory environment by measuring the methanol line in emission. Observed pressure broadening confirms the true heterodyne detection regime of the mixer.
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Peltonen JT, Astafiev OV, Korneeva YP, Voronov BM, Korneev AA, Charaev IM, et al. Coherent flux tunneling through NbN nanowires. Phys Rev B. 2013;88(22):220506 (1 to 5).
Abstract: We demonstrate evidence of coherent magnetic flux tunneling through superconducting nanowires patterned in a thin highly disordered NbN film. The phenomenon is revealed as a superposition of flux states in a fully metallic superconducting loop with the nanowire acting as an effective tunnel barrier for the magnetic flux, and reproducibly observed in different wires. The flux superposition achieved in the fully metallic NbN rings proves the universality of the phenomenon previously reported for InOx. We perform microwave spectroscopy and study the tunneling amplitude as a function of the wire width, compare the experimental results with theories, and estimate the parameters for existing theoretical models.
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Gayduchenko IA, Fedorov GE, Stepanova TS, Titova N, Voronov BM, But D, et al. Asymmetric devices based on carbon nanotubes as detectors of sub-THz radiation. In: J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. Vol 741.; 2016. 012143 (1 to 6).
Abstract: Demand for efficient terahertz (THz) radiation detectors resulted in intensive study of the asymmetric carbon nanostructures as a possible solution for that problem. In this work, we systematically investigate the response of asymmetric carbon nanodevices to sub-terahertz radiation using different sensing elements: from dense carbon nanotube (CNT) network to individual CNT. We conclude that the detectors based on individual CNTs both semiconducting and quasi-metallic demonstrate much stronger response in sub-THz region than detectors based on disordered CNT networks at room temperature. We also demonstrate the possibility of using asymmetric detectors based on CNT for imaging in the THz range at room temperature. Further optimization of the device configuration may result in appearance of novel terahertz radiation detectors.
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Moskotin MV, Gayduchenko IA, Goltsman GN, Titova N, Voronov BM, Fedorov GF, et al. Bolometric effect for detection of sub-THz radiation with devices based on carbon nanotubes. In: J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. Vol 1124.; 2018. 051050 (1 to 5).
Abstract: In this work we investigate the response on THz radiation of a FET device based on an individual carbon nanotube conductance channel. It was already shown, that the response of such devices can be either of diode rectification origin or of thermoelectric effect origin or of their combination. In this work we demonstrate that at 77K and 8K temperatures strong bolometric effect also makes a significant contribution to the response.
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Zhang W, Li N, Jiang L, Miao W, Lin Z-H, Yao Q-J, et al. Noise behaviour of a THz superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixer. Chinese Phys Lett. 2007;24(6):1778–81.
Abstract: A quasi-optical superconducting NbN hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixer is measured in the frequency range of 0.5–2.5 THz for understanding of the frequency dependence of noise temperature of THz coherent detectors. It has been found that noise temperature increasing with frequency is mainly due to the coupling loss between the quasi-optical planar antenna and the superconducting HEB bridge when taking account of non-uniform distribution of high-frequency current. With the coupling loss corrected, the superconducting HEB mixer demonstrates a noise temperature nearly independent of frequency.
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Voronov BM, Gershenzon EM, Gol'tsman GN, Gubkina TO, Semash VD. Superconductive properties of ultrathin NbN films on different substrates. Sverkhprovodimost': Fizika, Khimiya, Tekhnika. 1994;7(6):1097–102.
Abstract: A study was made on dependence of surface resistance, critical temperature and width of superconducting transition on application temperature and thickness of NbN films, which varied within the range of 3-10 nm. Plates of sapphire, fused and monocrystalline quartz, MgO, as well as Si and silicon oxide were used as substrates. NbN films with 160 μθ·cm specific resistance and 16.5 K (Tc) critical temperature were obtained on sapphire substrates. Intensive growth of ΔTc was noted for films, applied on fused quartz, with increase of precipitation temperature. This is explained by occurrence of high tensile stresses in NbN films, caused by sufficient difference of thermal coefficients of expansion of NbN and quartz.
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Budyanskij MY, Sejdman LA, Voronov BM, Gubkina TO. Increase of reproducibility in production of superconducting thin films of niobium nitride. Sverkhprovodimost': Fizika, Khimiya, Tekhnika. 1992;5(10):1950–4.
Abstract: Technique to control the composition of gas medium in the reactive magnetron discharge and the composition of the deposited films of niobium nitride using electrical parameters of discharge only, in particular, by δU = Up – Uar value at contant stabilized discharge current is described. Technique to select optimal condition for deposition of niobium nitride films when the films have composition meeting chemical formula, is suggested. Thin films of niobium nitride with up to 7 nm thickness and with rather high temperature of transition into superconducting state Tk > 10 K) and with low width of transition (δ < 0.6 K), are obtained. It is determined, that substrate material and dielectric sublayer do not affect. Tk value, while difference in coefficients of thermal expansion of substrate and of film affects δTk value.
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Voronov BM, Gershenzon EM, Gol'tsman GN, Gogidze IG, Gusev YP, Zorin MA, et al. Picosecond range detector base on superconducting niobium nitride film sensitive to radiation in spectral range from millimeter waves up to visible light. Sverkhprovodimost': Fizika, Khimiya, Tekhnika. 1992;5(5):955–60.
Abstract: Fast-operating picosecond detector of electromagnetical radiation is developed on the basis of fine superconducting film of niobium nitride with high sensitivity within spectral range from millimetric waves up to visible light. Detector sensitive element represents structure covering narrow parallel strips with micron sizes included in the rupture of microstrip line. Detecting ability of the detector and time constant measured using amplitude-simulated radiation of reverse wave tubes and pulse radiation of picosecond gas and solid-body lasers, constitute D*≅1010 W-1·cm·Hz-1/2 and τ≤5 ps respectively, at 10 K temperature. The expected value of time constant of the detector at 10 K obtained via extrapolation of directly measured dependence that is, τ ∝ τ-1, constitutes 20 ps. Experimental data demonstrate that detection mechanism is linked with electron heating effect.
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Jiang L, Antipov SV, Voronov BM, Gol'tsman GN, Zhang W, Li N, et al. Characterization of the performance of a quasi-optical NbN superconducting HEB mixer. IEEE Trans Appl Supercond. 2007;17(2):395–8.
Abstract: In this paper we focus mainly on the investigation of the performance of a quasi-optical (planar log-spiral antenna) phonon-cooled NbN superconducting hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixer, which is cryogenically cooled by a close-cycled 4-K cryocooler, at 500 and 850 GHz frequency bands. The mixer's noise performance, stability of IF output power, and local oscillator (LO) power requirement are characterized for three NbN superconducting HEB devices of different sizes. The transmission characteristics of Mylar and Zitex films with incidence waves of an elliptical polarization are also examined by measuring the mixer's noise temperature. The lowest receiver noise temperatures (with no corrections) of 750 and 1100 K are measured at 500 and 850 GHz, respectively. Experimental results also demonstrate that the bigger the HEB device is, the higher the stability of IF output power becomes.
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