Lobanov Y, Shcherbatenko M, Finkel M, Maslennikov S, Semenov A, Voronov BM, et al. NbN hot-electron-bolometer mixer for operation in the near-IR frequency range. IEEE Trans Appl Supercond. 2015;25(3):2300704 (1 to 4).
Abstract: Traditionally, hot-electron-bolometer (HEB) mixers are employed for THz and “super-THz” heterodyne detection. To explore the near-IR spectral range, we propose a fiber-coupled NbN film based HEB mixer. To enhance the incident-light absorption, a quasi-antenna consisting of a set of parallel stripes of gold is used. To study the antenna effect on the mixer performance, we have experimentally studied a set of devices with different size of the Au stripe and spacing between the neighboring stripes. With use of the well-known isotherm technique we have estimated the absorption efficiency of the mixer, and the maximum efficiency has been observed for devices with the smallest pitch of the alternating NbN and NbN-Au stripes. Also, a proper alignment of the incident Eâƒ<2014>-field with respect to the stripes allows us to improve the coupling further. Studying IV-characteristics of the mixer under differently-aligned Eâƒ<2014>-field of the incident radiation, we have noticed a difference in their shape. This observation suggests that a difference exists in the way the two waves with orthogonal polarizations parallel and perpendicular Eâƒ<2014>-field to the stripes heat the electrons in the HEB mixer. The latter results in a variation in the electron temperature distribution over the HEB device irradiated by the two waves.
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Seliverstov S, Maslennikov S, Ryabchun S, Finkel M, Klapwijk TM, Kaurova N, et al. Fast and sensitive terahertz direct detector based on superconducting antenna-coupled hot electron bolometer. IEEE Trans Appl Supercond. 2015;25(3):2300304.
Abstract: We characterize superconducting antenna-coupled hot-electron bolometers for direct detection of terahertz radiation operating at a temperature of 9.0 K. The estimated value of responsivity obtained from lumped-element theory is strongly different from the measured one. A numerical calculation of the detector responsivity is developed, using the Euler method, applied to the system of heat balance equations written in recurrent form. This distributed element model takes into account the effect of nonuniform heating of the detector along its length and provides results that are in better agreement with the experiment. At a signal frequency of 2.5 THz, the measured value of the optical detector noise equivalent power is 2.0 × 10-13 W · Hz-0.5. The value of the bolometer time constant is 35 ps. The corresponding energy resolution is about 3 aJ. This detector has a sensitivity similar to that of the state-of-the-art sub-millimeter detectors operating at accessible cryogenic temperatures, but with a response time several orders of magnitude shorter.
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Hajenius M, Barends R, Gao JR, Klapwijk TM, Baselmans JJA, Baryshev A, et al. Local resistivity and the current-voltage characteristics of hot electron bolometer mixers. IEEE Trans Appl Supercond. 2005;15(2):495–8.
Abstract: Hot-electron bolometer devices, used successfully in low noise heterodyne mixing at frequencies up to 2.5 THz, have been analyzed. A distributed temperature numerical model of the NbN bridge, based on a local electron and a phonon temperature, is used to model pumped IV curves and understand the physical conditions during the mixing process. We argue that the mixing is predominantly due to the strongly temperature dependent local resistivity of the NbN. Experimentally we identify the origins of different transition temperatures in a real HEB device, suggesting the importance of the intrinsic resistive transition of the superconducting bridge in the modeling.
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Titova N, Kardakova AI, Tovpeko N, Ryabchun S, Mandal S, Morozov D, et al. Slow electron–phonon cooling in superconducting diamond films. IEEE Trans Appl Supercond. 2017;27(4):1–4.
Abstract: We have measured the electron-phonon energy-relaxation time, τ eph , in superconducting boron-doped diamond films grown on silicon substrate by chemical vapor deposition. The observed electron-phonon cooling times vary from 160 ns at 2.70 K to 410 ns at 1.8 K following a T -2-dependence. The data are consistent with the values of τ eph previously reported for single-crystal boron-doped diamond films epitaxially grown on diamond substrate. Such a noticeable slow electron-phonon relaxation in boron-doped diamond, in combination with a high normal-state resistivity, confirms a potential of superconducting diamond for ultrasensitive superconducting bolometers.
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Hajenius M, Yang ZQ, Gao JR, Baselmans JJA, Klapwijk TM, Voronov B, et al. Optimized sensitivity of NbN hot electron bolometer mixers by annealing. IEEE Trans Appl Supercond. 2007;17(2):399–402.
Abstract: We report that the heterodyne sensitivity of superconducting hot-electron bolometers (HEBs) increases by 25-30% after annealing at 85degC in high vacuum. The devices studied are twin-slot antenna coupled mixers with a small area NbN bridge of 1 mum times 0.15 mum, above which there is a SiO 2 passivation layer. The mixer noise temperature, gain, and resistance versus temperature curve of a HEB before and after annealing are compared and analysed. We show that the annealing reduces the intrinsic noise of the mixer by 37% and makes the superconducting transition of the bridge and the contacts sharper. We argue that the reduction ofthe noise is mainly due to the improvement of the transparency of the contact/film interface. The lowest receiver noise temperature of 700 K is measured at a local oscillator frequency of 1.63 THz and at a bath temperature of 4.2 K.
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