Skocpol' WJ, Beasley MR, Tinkham M. Self-heating hotspots in superconducting thin film microbridges. J Appl Phys. 1974;45:4054–66.
Abstract: Heating effects in both long and short superconducting thin-<ef><ac><81>lm rnicrobridges are described and analyzed. Except near T(c), at low voltages where superconducting quantum processes occur, all of our experimental dc I-V characteristics can be satisfactorily understood on the basis of a simple model of a localized normal hotspot maintained by Joule heating. We consider approximations appropriate to the cases of long bridges, short bridges, and bridges coupled to microwave radiation. The analysis leads to analytic expressions for the I-V characteristics which agree well with the experimental data. We show that the formation of such a hotspot is the dominant cause of the hysteresis observed in the I-V characteristics at low temperatures. We also show that the growth of such a hotspot imposes a high-voltage limit on the ac Josephson effect in these devices, and we compare the importance of such heating effects at high voltages in various types of superconducting weak links.
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Kooi JW, Baselmans JJA, Baryshev A, Schieder R, Hajenius M, Gao JR, et al. Stability of heterodyne terahertz receivers. J Appl Phys. 2006;100(6):064904 (1 to 9).
Abstract: In this paper we discuss the stability of heterodyne terahertz receivers based on small volume NbN phonon cooled hot electron bolometers (HEBs). The stability of these receivers can be broken down in two parts: the intrinsic stability of the HEB mixer and the stability of the local oscillator (LO) signal injection scheme. Measurements show that the HEB mixer stability is limited by gain fluctuations with a 1∕f spectral distribution. In a 60MHz noise bandwidth this results in an Allan variance stability time of ∼0.3s. Measurement of the spectroscopic Allan variance between two intermediate frequency (IF) channels results in a much longer Allan variance stability time, i.e., 3s between a 2.5 and a 4.7GHz channel, and even longer for more closely spaced channels. This implies that the HEB mixer 1∕f noise is strongly correlated across the IF band and that the correlation gets stronger the closer the IF channels are spaced. In the second part of the paper we discuss atmospheric and mechanical system stability requirements on the LO-mixer cavity path length. We calculate the mixer output noise fluctuations as a result of small perturbations of the LO-mixer standing wave, and find very stringent mechanical and atmospheric tolerance requirements for receivers operating at terahertz frequencies.
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Cherednichenko S, Drakinskiy V, Baubert J, Krieg J-M, Voronov B, Gol'tsman G, et al. Gain bandwidth of NbN hot-electron bolometer terahertz mixers on 1.5 μm Si3N4 / SiO2 membranes. J Appl Phys. 2007;101(12):124508 (1 to 6).
Abstract: The gain bandwidth of NbN hot-electron bolometer terahertz mixers on electrically thin Si3N4/SiO2 membranes was experimentally investigated and compared with that of HEB mixers on bulk substrates. A gain bandwidth of 3.5 GHz is achieved on bulk silicon, whereas the gain bandwidth is reduced down to 0.6–0.9 GHz for mixers on 1.5 μm Si3N4/SiO2 membranes. We show that application of a MgO buffer layer on the membrane extends the gain bandwidth to 3 GHz. The experimental data were analyzed using the film-substrate acoustic mismatch approach.
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Kawamura J, Blundell R, Tong C‐yu E, Gol’tsman G, Gershenzon E, Voronov B. Performance of NbN lattice‐cooled hot‐electron bolometric mixers. J Appl Phys. 1996;80(7):4232–4.
Abstract: The heterodyne performance of lattice‐cooled hot‐electron bolometric mixers is measured at 200 GHz. Superconducting thin‐film niobium nitride strips with ∼5 nm thickness are used as waveguide mixer elements. A double‐sideband receiver noise temperature of 750 K at 244 GHz is measured at an intermediate frequency centered at 1.5 GHz with 500 MHz bandwidth and with 4.2 K device temperature. The instantaneous bandwidth for this mixer is 1.6 GHz. The local oscillator power required by the mixer is about 0.5 μW. The mixer is linear to within 1 dB up to an input power level 6 dB below the local oscillator power. A receiver incorporating a hot‐electron bolometric mixer was used to detect molecular line emission in a laboratory gascell. This experiment unambiguously confirms that the receiver noise temperature determined from Y‐factor measurements reflects the true heterodyne sensitivity.
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Henrich D, Dorner S, Hofherr M, Il'in K, Semenov A, Heintze E, et al. Broadening of hot-spot response spectrum of superconducting NbN nanowire single-photon detector with reduced nitrogen content. J Appl Phys. 2012;112.
Abstract: The spectral detection efficiency and the dark count rate of superconducting nanowire
single-photon detectors (SNSPD) have been studied systematically on detectors made from thin
NbN films with different chemical compositions. Reduction of the nitrogen content in the 4 nm
thick NbN films results in a decrease of the dark count rates more than two orders of magnitude
and in a red shift of the cut-off wavelength of the hot-spot SNSPD response. The observed
phenomena are explained by an improvement of uniformity of NbN films that has been confirmed
by a decrease of resistivity and an increase of the ratio of the measured critical current to the
depairing current. The latter factor is considered as the most crucial for both the cut-off
wavelength and the dark count rates of SNSPD. Based on our results we propose a set of criteria
for material properties to optimize SNSPD in the infrared spectral region. VC 2012 American
Institute of Physics. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4757625]
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