Smirnov K, Korneev A, Minaeva O, Divochij A, Rubtsova I, Antipov A, et al. Superconducting single-photon detector for near- and middle IR wavelength range. In: Proc. 16th Int. Crimean Microwave and Telecommunication Technology. Vol 2.; 2006. p. 684–5.
Abstract: Presented in this paper are the results of research of NbN-film superconducting single-photon detector. At 2 K temperature, quantum efficiency in the visible light (0.56 mum) reaches 30-40 %. With the wavelength increase quantum efficiency decreases and comes to 20% at 1.55 mum and 0.02% at 5.6 mum. Minimum dark counts rate is 2times10-4s-1. The jitter of detector is 35 ps. The detector was successfully implemented for integrated circuits non-invasive optical testing. It is also perspective for quantum cryptography systems
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Antipov AV, Seleznev VA, Vakhtomin YB, Morozov PV, Vasilev DD, Malevannaya EI, et al. Investigation of WSi and NbN superconducting single-photon detectors in mid-IR range. In: IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. Vol 781.; 2020. 012011 (1 to 5).
Abstract: Spectral characteristics of WSi and NbN superconducting single-photon detectors with different surface resistance and width of nanowire strips have been investigated in the wavelength range of 1.3-2.5 μm. WSi structures with narrower strips demonstrated better performance for detection of single photons in longer wavelength range. The difference in normalized photon count rate for such structures reaches one order of magnitude higher in comparison with structures based on NbN thin films at 2.5 μm.
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Korneev A, Minaeva O, Rubtsova I, Milostnaya I, Chulkova G, Voronov B, et al. Superconducting single-photon ultrathin NbN film detector. Quantum Electronics. 2005;35(8):698–700.
Abstract: Superconducting single-photon ultrathin NbN film detectors are studied. The development of manufacturing technology of detectors and the reduction of their operating temperature down to 2 K resulted in a considerable increase in their quantum efficiency, which reached in the visible region (at 0.56 μm) 30%—40%, i.e., achieved the limit determined by the absorption coefficient of the film. The quantum efficiency exponentially decreases with increasing wavelength, being equal to ~20% at 1.55 μm and ~0.02% at 5 μm. For the dark count rate of ~10-4s-1, the experimental equivalent noise power was 1.5×10-20 W Hz-1/2; it can be decreased in the future down to the record low value of 5×10-21 W Hz-1/2. The time resolution of the detector is 30 ps.
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Svechnikov SI, Finkel MI, Maslennikov SN, Vachtomin YB, Smirnov KV, Seleznev VA, et al. Superconducting hot electron bolometer mixer for middle IR range. In: Proc. 16th Int. Crimean Microwave and Telecommunication Technology. Vol 2.; 2006. p. 686–7.
Abstract: The developed directly lens coupled hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixer was based on 5 nm superconducting NbN deposited on GaAs substrate. The layout of the structure, including 30x20 mcm^2 active area coupled with a 50 Ohm coplanar line, was patterned by photolithography. The responsivity of the mixer was measured in a direct detection mode in the 25-64 THz frequency range. The noise performance of the mixer and the directivity of the receiver were investigated in a heterodyne mode. A 10.6 mum wavelength CW CO2 laser was utilized as a local oscillator.
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Finkel MI, Maslennikov SN, Vachtomin YB, Svechnikov SI, Smirnov KV, Seleznev VA, et al. Hot electron bolometer mixer for 20 – 40 THz frequency range. In: Proc. 16th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. Göteborg, Sweden; 2005. p. 393–7.
Abstract: The developed HEB mixer was based on a 5 nm thick NbN film deposited on a GaAs substrate. The active area of the film was patterned as a 30×20 μm 2 strip and coupled with a 50 Ohm coplanar line deposited in situ. An extended hemispherical germanium lens was used to focus the LO radiation on the mixer. The responsivity of the mixer was measured in a direct detection mode in the 25÷64 THz frequency range. The noise performance of the mixer and the directivity of the receiver were investigated in a heterodyne mode. A 10.6 μm wavelength CW CO 2 laser was utilized as a local oscillator.
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