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Bardeen, J.; Cooper, L. N.; Schrieffer, J. R. |
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Title |
Theory of superconductivity |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1957 |
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Phys. Rev. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Phys. Rev. |
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Volume |
108 |
Issue |
5 |
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1175-1204 |
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BCS |
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A theory of superconductivity is presented, based on the fact that the interaction between electrons resulting from virtual exchange of phonons is attractive when the energy difference between the electrons states involved is less than the phonon energy, â„<8f>ω. It is favorable to form a superconducting phase when this attractive interaction dominates the repulsive screened Coulomb interaction. The normal phase is described by the Bloch individual-particle model. The ground state of a superconductor, formed from a linear combination of normal state configurations in which electrons are virtually excited in pairs of opposite spin and momentum, is lower in energy than the normal state by amount proportional to an average (â„<8f>ω)2, consistent with the isotope effect. A mutually orthogonal set of excited states in one-to-one correspondence with those of the normal phase is obtained by specifying occupation of certain Bloch states and by using the rest to form a linear combination of virtual pair configurations. The theory yields a second-order phase transition and a Meissner effect in the form suggested by Pippard. Calculated values of specific heats and penetration depths and their temperature variation are in good agreement with experiment. There is an energy gap for individual-particle excitations which decreases from about 3.5kTc at T=0°K to zero at Tc. Tables of matrix elements of single-particle operators between the excited-state superconducting wave functions, useful for perturbation expansions and calculations of transition probabilities, are given. |
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901 |
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Author |
Cooper, L. N. |
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Title |
Bound electron pairs in a degenerate fermi gas |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1956 |
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Phys. Rev. |
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Phys. Rev. |
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104 |
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4 |
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1189-1190 |
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BCS |
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899 |
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Shah, Jagdeep; Pinczuk, A.; Gossard, A. C.; Wiegmann, W. |
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Title |
Energy-loss rates for hot electrons and holes in GaAs quantum wells |
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Journal Article |
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1985 |
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Phys. Rev. Lett. |
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Phys. Rev. Lett. |
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54 |
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2045-2048 |
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2DEG, GaAs/AlGaAs, heat flow, electron-phonon, hole-phonon, carrier-phonon, interactions |
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We report the first direct determination of carrier-energy-loss rates in a semiconductor. These measurements provide fundamental insight into carrier-phonon interactions in semiconductors. Unexpectedly large differences are found in the energy-loss rates for electrons and holes in GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells. This large difference results from an anomalously low electron-energy-loss rate, which we attribute to the presence of nonequilibrium optical phonons rather than the effects of reduced dimensionality or dynamic screening. |
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633 |
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Santhanam, P.; Wind, S.; Prober, D. E. |
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Localization, superconducting fluctuations, and superconductivity in thin films and narrow wires of aluminum |
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1987 |
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Phys. Rev. B |
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Phys. Rev. B |
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35 |
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7 |
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3188-3206 |
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Al films; electron-phonon scattering; electron-electron scattering; Disordered structures; amorphous and glassy solids, Relaxation times and mean free paths, Galvanomagnetic and other magnetotransport effects |
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We report a comprehensive set of experiments on wide and narrow thin-film strips of aluminum which test the predictions of recent localization theory. The experiments on wide films in the two-dimensional regime confirm the theoretical predictions and also yield insight into inelastic mechanisms and spin-orbit scattering rates. Our extension of the existing theory for one-dimensional systems to include spin-orbit scattering and Maki-Thompson superconducting fluctuations is verified by the experiments. We find clear evidence for one-dimensional localization, with inferred inelastic rates identical to those in two-dimensional films. The prediction of the localization theory for a dimensional crossover from two-dimensional to one-dimensional behavior is also confirmed. We have reanalyzed the results of some previous experiments on thin films and narrow wires in light of these results. |
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RPLAB @ gujma @ |
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757 |
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Romijn, J.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Renne, M. J.; Mooij, J. E. |
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Title |
Critical pair-breaking current in superconducting aluminum strips far below Tc |
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1982 |
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Phys. Rev. B |
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Phys. Rev. B |
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26 |
Issue |
7 |
Pages |
3648-3655 |
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Keywords |
superconducting nanowire |
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Critical currents of narrow, thin aluminum strips have been measured as a function of temperature. For the smallest samples uniformity of the current density is obtained over a large temperature range. Hence the intrinsic limit on the currentcarrying capacity of the superconductor was measured outside the Ginzburg-Landau -regime. The experimental values are compared with recent theoretical predictions by Kupriyanov and Lukichev. An approximate method of solving their equations is given, the results of which agree with the exact solution to within 1%. Experimental data are in excellent agreement with theoretical predictions. The absolute values agree if one assumes a Ïl value of 4×10–16 Ωm2 with vF=1.3×106 m/s. This value for Ïl is the same as that found from measurements of the anomalous skin effect but differs from values extracted from size-effect-limited resistivity. |
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Recommended by Klapwijk |
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925 |
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