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Verevkin AA, Ptitsina NG, Smirnov KV, Gol'tsman GN, Voronov BM, Gershenzon EM, et al. Hot electron bolometer detectors and mixers based on a superconducting-two-dimensional electron gas-superconductor structure. In: Proc. 4-th Int. Semicond. Device Research Symp.; 1997. p. 163–6.
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Gerecht E, Musante CF, Schuch R, Lutz CR, Jr., Yngvesson KS, et al. Hot electron detection and mixing experiments in NbN at 119 micrometer wavelength. In: Proc. 6th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.; 1995. p. 284–93.
Abstract: We have performed preliminary experiments with the goal of demonstrating a Hot Electron Bolometric (HEB) mixer for a 119 micrometer wavelength (2.5 THz). We have chosen a NbN device of size 700 x 350 micrometers. This device can easily be coupled to a laser LO source, which is advantageous for performing a prototype experiment. The relatively large size of the device means that the LO power required is in the mW range; this power can be easily obtained from a THz laser source. We have measured the amount of laser power actually absorbed in the device, and from this have estimated the best optical coupling loss to be about 10 di . We are developing methods for improving the optical coupling further. Preliminary measurements of the response of the device to a chopped black-body have not yet resulted in a measured receiver noise temperature. We expect to be able to complete this measurement in the near future.
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Cherednichenko S, Kroug M, Yagoubov P, Merkel H, Kollberg E, Yngvesson KS, et al. IF bandwidth of phonon cooled HEB mixers made from NbN films on MgO substrates. In: Proc. 11th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.; 2000. p. 219–27.
Abstract: An investigation of gain and noise bandwidth of phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometric (HEB) mixers is presented. The radiation coupling to the mixers is quasioptical through either a spiral or twin-slot antenna. A maximum gain bandwidth of 4.8 GHz is obtained for mixers based on a 3.5 nm thin NbN film with Tc= 10 K. The noise bandwidth is 5.6 GHz, at the moment limited by parasitic elements in the, device mount fixture. At 0.65 THz the DSB receiver noise temperature is 700-800 К in the IF band 1-2 GHz, and 1150-2700 К in the band 3.5-7 GHz.
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Gerecht E, Musante CF, Jian H, Yngvesson KS, Dickinson J, Waldman J, et al. Measured results for NbN phonon-cooled hot electron bolometric mixers at 0.6-0.75 THz, 1.56 THz, and 2.5 THz. In: Proc. 9th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.; 1998. p. 105–14.
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Gerecht E, Musante CF, Zhuang Y, Yngvesson KS, Gol’tsman GN, Voronov BM, et al. NbN hot electron bolometric mixerss—a new technology for low-noise THz receivers. IEEE Trans Appl Supercond. 1999;47(12):2519–27.
Abstract: New advances in hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixers have recently resulted in record-low receiver noise temperatures at terahertz frequencies. We have developed quasi-optically coupled NbN HEB mixers and measured noise temperatures up to 2.24 THz, as described in this paper. We project the anticipated future performance of such receivers to have even lower noise temperature and local-oscillator power requirement as well as wider gain and noise bandwidths. We introduce a proposal for integrated focal plane arrays of HEB mixers that will further increase the detection speed of terahertz systems.
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