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Kitaygorsky J, Komissarov I, Jukna A, Pan D, Minaeva O, Kaurova N, et al. Dark counts in nanostructured nbn superconducting single-photon detectors and bridges. IEEE Trans Appl Supercond. 2007;17(2):275–8.
Abstract: We present our studies on dark counts, observed as transient voltage pulses, in current-biased NbN superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs), as well as in ultrathin (~4 nm), submicrometer-width (100 to 500 nm) NbN nanobridges. The duration of these spontaneous voltage pulses varied from 250 ps to 5 ns, depending on the device geometry, with the longest pulses observed in the large kinetic-inductance SSPD structures. Dark counts were measured while the devices were completely isolated (shielded by a metallic enclosure) from the outside world, in a temperature range between 1.5 and 6 K. Evidence shows that in our two-dimensional structures the dark counts are due to the depairing of vortex-antivortex pairs caused by the applied bias current. Our results shed some light on the vortex dynamics in 2D superconductors and, from the applied point of view, on intrinsic performance of nanostructured SSPDs.
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Kitaygorsky J, Komissarov I, Jukna A, Minaeva O, Kaurova N, Divochiy A, et al. Fluctuations in two-dimensional superconducting NbN nanobridges and nanostructures meanders [abstract]. In: Proc. APS March Meeting. Vol 52.; 2007. L9.00013.
Abstract: We have observed fluctuations, manifested as sub-nanosecond to nanosecond transient, millivolt-amplitude voltage pulses, generated in two-dimensional NbN nanobridges, as well as in extended superconducting meander nanostructures, designed for single photon counting. Both nanobridges and nano-stripe meanders were biased at currents close to the critical current and measured in a range of temperatures from 1.5 to 8 K. During the tests, the devices were blocked from all incoming radiation by a metallic enclosure and shielded from any external magnetic fields. We attribute the observed spontaneous voltage pulses to the Kosterlitz-Thouless-type fluctuations, where the high enough applied bias current reduces the binding energy of vortex-antivortex pairs and, subsequently, thermal fluctuations break them apart causing the order parameter to momentarily reduce to zero, which in turn causes a transient voltage pulse. The duration of the voltage pulses depended on the device geometry (with the high-kinetic inductance meander structures having longer, nanosecond, pulses) while their rate was directly related to the biasing current as well as temperature.
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Korneev A, Divochiy A, Marsili F, Bitauld D, Fiore A, Seleznev V, et al. Superconducting photon number resolving counter for near infrared applications. In: Tománek P, Senderáková D, Hrabovský M, editors. Proc. SPIE. Vol 7138. Spie; 2008. 713828 (1 to 5).
Abstract: We present a novel concept of photon number resolving detector based on 120-nm-wide superconducting stripes made of 4-nm-thick NbN film and connected in parallel (PNR-SSPD). The detector consisting of 5 strips demonstrate a capability to resolve up to 4 photons absorbed simultaneously with the single-photon quantum efficiency of 2.5% and negligibly low dark count rate.
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Milostnaya I, Korneev A, Tarkhov M, Divochiy A, Minaeva O, Seleznev V, et al. Superconducting single photon nanowire detectors development for IR and THz applications. J Low Temp Phys. 2008;151(1-2):591–6.
Abstract: We present our progress in the development of superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs) based on meander-shaped nanowires made from few-nm-thick superconducting films. The SSPDs are operated at a temperature of 2–4.2 K (well below T c ) being biased with a current very close to the nanowire critical current at the operation temperature. To date, the material of choice for SSPDs is niobium nitride (NbN). Developed NbN SSPDs are capable of single photon counting in the range from VIS to mid-IR (up to 6 μm) with a record low dark counts rate and record-high counting rate. The use of a material with a low transition temperature should shift the detectors sensitivity towards longer wavelengths. We present state-of-the art NbN SSPDs as well as the results of our recent approach to expand the developed SSPD technology by the use of superconducting materials with lower T c , such as molybdenum rhenium (MoRe). MoRe SSPDs first were made and tested; a single photon response was obtained.
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Minaeva O, Fraine A, Korneev A, Divochiy A, Goltsman G, Sergienko A. High resolution optical time-domain reflectometry using superconducting single-photon detectors. In: Frontiers in Opt. 2012/Laser Sci. XXVIII. Optical Society of America; 2012. Fw3a.39.
Abstract: We discuss the advantages and limitations of single-photon optical time-domain reflectometry with superconducting single-photon detectors. The higher two-point resolution can be achieved due to superior timing performance of SSPDs in comparison with InGaAs APDs.
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