Ekstrom H, Karasik B, Weikle R, Yngvesson KS, Gol’tsman G, Kollberg E, et al. Mixers using superconducting Nb films in the resistive state. In: 23rd European Microwave Conf.; 1993. p. 787–9.
Abstract: The mixing of 20 GHz radiation in a Nb superconducting film in the resistive state was studied. The experiment gave evidence of electron-heating to be the origin of the non-linear phenomenon. The requirements on the operation mode and on the film parameters in order to obtain small conversion losses or even gain are determined. Our measurements indicate a conversion loss of about 6-8 dB. The hot-electron bolometer is considered to be very promising for use in heterodyne receivers in a wide frequency range from microwaves to terahertz frequencies.
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Rodriguez-Morales F, Zannoni R, Nicholson J, Fischetti M, Yngvesson KS, Appenzeller J. Direct and heterodyne detection of microwaves in a metallic single wall carbon nanotube. Appl Phys Lett. 2006;89(8):083502.
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Fu K, Zannoni R, Chan C, Adams SH, Nicholson J, Polizzi E, et al. Terahertz detection in single wall carbon nanotubes. Appl Phys Lett. 2008;92(3):033105.
Abstract: It is reported that terahertz radiation from 0.69 to 2.54 THz has been sensitively detected in a device consisting of bundles of carbon nanotubes containing single wall metallic carbon nanotubes, quasioptically coupled through a lithographically fabricated antenna, and a silicon lens. The measured data are consistent with a bolometric detection process in the metallic tubes and the devices show promise for operation well above 4.2 K.
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Zhang W, Khosropanah P, Gao JR, Kollberg EL, Yngvesson KS, Bansal T, et al. Quantum noise in a terahertz hot electron bolometer mixer. Appl Phys Lett. 2010;96(11):111113–(1.
Abstract: We have measured the noise temperature of a single, sensitive superconducting NbN hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixer in a frequency range from 1.6 to 5.3 THz, using a setup with all the key components in vacuum. By analyzing the measured receiver noise temperature using a quantum noise (QN) model for HEB mixers, we confirm the effect of QN. The QN is found to be responsible for about half of the receiver noise at the highest frequency in our measurements. The beta-factor (the quantum efficiency of the HEB) obtained experimentally agrees reasonably well with the calculated value.
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Gerecht E, Musante CF, Zhuang Y, Yngvesson KS, Gol’tsman GN, Voronov BM, et al. NbN hot electron bolometric mixerss—a new technology for low-noise THz receivers. IEEE Trans Appl Supercond. 1999;47(12):2519–27.
Abstract: New advances in hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixers have recently resulted in record-low receiver noise temperatures at terahertz frequencies. We have developed quasi-optically coupled NbN HEB mixers and measured noise temperatures up to 2.24 THz, as described in this paper. We project the anticipated future performance of such receivers to have even lower noise temperature and local-oscillator power requirement as well as wider gain and noise bandwidths. We introduce a proposal for integrated focal plane arrays of HEB mixers that will further increase the detection speed of terahertz systems.
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