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Hans Ekstrom, Karasik BS, Kollberg EL, Sigfrid Yngvesson. Conversion gain and noise of niobium superconducting hot–electron–mixers. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.. 1995;43(4):938–47.
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Gershenzon EM, Gol’tsman GN, Gousev YP, Elant’ev AI, Semenov AD. Electromagnetic radiation mixer based on electron heating in resistive state of superconductive Nb and YBaCuO films. IEEE Trans Magn. 1991;27(2):1317–20.
Abstract: A theory of an electron-heating mixer which makes it possible to calculate all the characteristics of the device is developed. It is shown that positive conversion gain is possible for such a mixer in the millimeter to near-infrared wavelength range. The dynamic range and the optimum heterodyne power can be selected from a very wide interval by varying the mixing element volume. Measurements made for Nb within the frequency range of 120-750 GHz confirm the theory. The conversion loss obtained at T=1.6 K and normalized to the element reaches 0.3 dB in the intermediate frequency band of 40 MHz; the possible noise temperature is 50 K. The estimation of noise temperature and output band for YBaCuO at T=77 yields 200 K and more than 10 GHz, respectively.
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Ekstrom H, Karasik B, Weikle R, Yngvesson KS, Gol’tsman G, Kollberg E, et al. Mixers using superconducting Nb films in the resistive state. In: 23rd European Microwave Conf.; 1993. p. 787–9.
Abstract: The mixing of 20 GHz radiation in a Nb superconducting film in the resistive state was studied. The experiment gave evidence of electron-heating to be the origin of the non-linear phenomenon. The requirements on the operation mode and on the film parameters in order to obtain small conversion losses or even gain are determined. Our measurements indicate a conversion loss of about 6-8 dB. The hot-electron bolometer is considered to be very promising for use in heterodyne receivers in a wide frequency range from microwaves to terahertz frequencies.
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